Deck 20: Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function

Question 1

The human spine acts like a weight-bearing column. Compare this to the spine of a horse, which acts like an elastic suspension bridge. Which organism would you predict to experience more back pain and why?

A) the horse, because its spine is less evolutionarily advanced
B) the horse, because its spine supports more organ systems than a human's spine supports
C) the human, because in order to walk upright, the human spine must be compressed
D) the human, because the human spine has longer neurons

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following statements about the cells of the mucous membrane lining air tubes of humans is false?

A) They manufacture secretory products.
B) They are stratified squamous epithelial cells.
C) They are cuboidal or columnar in shape.
D) They have cilia that collect and transport mucus up and out of the respiratory system.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Epithelial tissues

A) cause body movements.
B) cover both external and internal body surfaces.
C) sense stimuli.
D) form a framework that supports the body.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The most common type of connective tissue in the human body is

A) fibrous connective tissue.
B) adipose tissue.
C) loose connective tissue.
D) bone.

Question 5

Connective tissue is different from other major tissue types in that it

A) is made of cells.
B) has cells that are sparsely scattered through a nonliving matrix.
C) covers the surface of the body.
D) conducts electrical impulses throughout the body.

Question 6

What kind of connective tissue has an extracellular liquid matrix called plasma?

A) cartilage
B) loose connective tissue
C) bone
D) blood

Question 7

Which of the following items has a shape most similar to a squamous epithelial cell?

A) a watermelon
B) a cupcake
C) a fried egg
D) the letter "S"

Question 8

A physiologist is a biologist who studies the

A) structure of body parts.
B) evolution of animals.
C) physics of living things.
D) function of body parts.

Question 9

The connection between structure and ________ is a basic concept of biology.

A) species
B) adaptation
C) function
D) sex

Question 10

Which of the following is formed from a matrix of collagen fibers embedded in a hard mineral substance?

A) cartilage
B) bone
C) adipose tissue
D) fibrous connective tissue

Question 11

Structure in the living world is organized into hierarchical levels. Which of the following correctly lists these from least inclusive to most inclusive?

A) cell, molecule, organ, organ system, tissue, organism
B) molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
C) molecule, cell, organ, organ system, tissue, organism
D) cell, molecule, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of a tissue?

A) heart muscle
B) heart
C) red blood cell
D) circulatory system

Question 13

Which of the following is a type of connective tissue?

A) stratified squamous epithelium
B) cartilage
C) neuron
D) skeletal muscle

Question 14

Stratified squamous epithelium is well suited for

A) exchanging materials by diffusion.
B) lining our lungs.
C) lining body surfaces subject to abrasion.
D) secreting mucus.

Question 15

Smooth muscle is responsible for

A) voluntary body activities.
B) the pumping action of the heart.
C) an athlete's ability to run a 100-meter dash.
D) involuntary body activities.

Question 16

Which of the following is a major category of animal tissue?

A) epithelium
B) heart
C) lymph
D) biceps

Question 17

An organ system consists of

A) organs that collectively perform a vital body function.
B) a group of coordinated tissues.
C) a collection of similar cells.
D) blood, lymph, and other body fluids.

Question 18

The liquid part of human blood that consists of water, salts, and dissolved proteins is known as

A) interstitial fluid.
B) lymph.
C) plasma.
D) platelets.

Question 19

A leiomyoma is a benign tumor that affects smooth muscle. A large tumor of this type might be predicted to

A) impair a patient's ability to walk.
B) result in heart problems.
C) cause uterine pain in female patients.
D) disrupt signals from the eye to the brain.

Question 20

The laryngeal nerve is 15 feet long in giraffes because

A) a giraffe's throat is located far away from its brain.
B) this nerve connects to the spinal cord.
C) the nerve is modified from an ancestor that did not have a neck.
D) this nerve is a vestigial organ.

Question 21

Which organ system removes nitrogen-containing waste products from blood?

A) lymphatic system
B) integumentary system
C) muscular system
D) urinary system

Question 22

Which of the following tissues would likely be found in the small intestine?

A) cardiac muscle
B) nervous tissue
C) bone tissue
D) tendons

Question 23

What will happen if you scratch a mosquito bite and, in the process, damage some of your stratified squamous epithelial cells?

A) The damaged cells will heal themselves.
B) The cells near the base of the epithelium will rapidly replicate to replace the damaged cells.
C) Vitamin D synthesis will not be able to take place.
D) Dermal cells will replace the epidermal cells to heal the injury.

Question 24

A common knee injury in athletes involves the anterior cruciate ligament, or ACL. The ACL consists of tissue that connects the bones of the femur (upper leg bone) and tibia (lower leg bone). What kind of tissue would you expect to be damaged in an ACL injury?

A) bone tissue
B) striated muscle tissue
C) fibrous connective tissue
D) cartilage

Question 25

The respiratory system includes all of the following structures except the

A) esophagus.
B) trachea.
C) larynx.
D) lung.

Question 26

Which of the following statements regarding skeletal muscle is true?

A) Skeletal muscle is attached to bones by tendons.
B) Skeletal muscle cells are not striated.
C) Skeletal muscle is largely responsible for involuntary body motions.
D) Skeletal muscle coordinates movement of nutrients and oxygen throughout the body.

Question 27

Which of the following is closely associated with the exchange functions of the digestive, respiratory, and urinary systems?

A) the skeletal system
B) the circulatory system
C) the reproductive system
D) the muscular system

Question 28

Fingernails are a component of the ________ system.

A) respiratory
B) integumentary
C) muscular
D) skeletal

Question 29

An organ represents a higher level of structure than the tissues composing it, and it performs functions that the tissues cannot perform alone. This is an example of the principle of

A) structural adaptations.
B) cellular regulation.
C) emergent properties.
D) biotechnology.

Question 30

Which of the following is a part of the immune system?

A) bone marrow
B) liver
C) pancreas
D) lungs

Question 31

Which of the following forms of homeostasis would not be affected by a severe burn involving both the epidermis and dermis?

A) control of water loss by the integumentary system
B) protection from microbes by the integumentary system
C) defense against microbes by the immune system
D) sensation of external temperature

Question 32

The main function of muscle tissue is

A) sensation.
B) support.
C) contraction.
D) protection.

Question 33

Which of the following best represents an adaptation to increase surface-to-volume ratio?

A) the long bones of a giraffe
B) the smooth skin of an earthworm
C) the multilobed sacs in the lungs
D) the striations of skeletal muscle

Question 34

The structural and functional unit of nervous tissue is the

A) dendrite.
B) axon.
C) neuron.
D) nerve.

Question 35

Facelifts are a type of cosmetic surgery that are meant to tighten the skin to give the face a smoother, more youthful appearance. In addition to the skin, what else would you predict is also involved in this type of surgery?

A) loose connective tissue
B) smooth muscle
C) bone
D) simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 36

Unlike both smooth and skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle has cells that

A) are held in a loose matrix of fibers.
B) are striated.
C) contract.
D) are branched.

Question 37

Which of the following statements about an organ is false?

A) An organ represents a higher level of structure than the tissues composing it.
B) An organ consists of several tissues.
C) An organ can only carry out the functions of its component tissues.
D) An organ consists of many cells.

Question 38

Which of the following is an example of positive feedback?

A) After eating a meal containing high glucose levels, the pancreas secretes more insulin, a hormone that lowers blood glucose levels.
B) After cutting your finger, the injured tissue releases chemicals that activate platelets in the blood. These activated platelets release chemicals to activate more platelets, leading to the formation of a blood clot.
C) An elevation in blood pressure causes heart rate to decrease, thereby causing blood pressure to decrease.
D) The secretion of the hormone TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine. Thyroxine, in turn, inhibits the secretion of TSH.

Question 39

Which type of tissue forms a communication and coordination system within the body?

A) nervous
B) epithelial
C) connective
D) muscle

Question 40

Which is the most abundant kind of tissue in an animal, such as a gorilla?

A) connective
B) epithelial
C) muscle
D) nervous

Question 41

In an experiment to test the effect of a new weight loss drug, half of the people in the study received the drug, and the other half received a placebo (a pill that has no physiological effect). In addition, only males from the ages of 20 to 25 were selected to participate in the study. All participants received their treatments (drug or placebo) every day for 4 weeks. Which of the following components of the study design served as the control group?

A) The 4-week length of the experiment.
B) The restriction of study participants in age and gender.
C) The participants who received a placebo.
D) The participants who received the drug.

Question 42

Hyperthyroidism treatment in cats usually involves antithyroid medication or the use of radioactive iodine to destroy the abnormal (overactive) tissue growing in the thyroid gland. Surgery to remove the abnormal tissue is generally not advised, as the surgery could also accidentally destroy parathyroid tissue. The parathyroid gland releases a hormone called PTH that increases blood calcium levels. Based on your knowledge of homeostasis, predict why surgery is ill-advised.

A) Blood calcium levels would reach abnormally low levels if there is a lack of PTH.
B) Blood calcium levels would reach abnormally high levels if there is a lack of PTH.
C) Positive feedback will not be able to compensate for any problems caused by negative feedback.
D) A lack of PTH disrupts positive feedback control of blood calcium levels.

Question 43

Which layer of the skin lacks connective tissue?

A) epidermis
B) dermis
C) hypodermis
D) hair

Question 44

You are looking at a tissue under a microscope. You see mostly densely packed fibers with some cells scattered throughout. You would predict that the function of this tissue is to

A) attach bones to muscles or other bones.
B) connect epithelia to underlying tissues.
C) conduct electrical impulses.
D) produce voluntary movements of the body.

Question 45

Structure in the living world is organized into hierarchical levels. Which of the following correctly lists these from least inclusive to most inclusive?

A) neuron, nervous system, nerve tissue, human
B) neuron, nerve tissue, brain, nervous system, human
C) neuron, brain, nervous system, nerve tissue, human

Question 46

Which of the following is most likely to be responsible if, when your blood sugar level rises, the level of sugar goes back down to a set point?

A) a malfunction in a homeostatic mechanism based on negative feedback
B) a homeostatic mechanism based on negative feedback
C) a malfunction in a homeostatic mechanism based on positive feedback
D) a homeostatic mechanism based on positive feedback

Question 47

Which of the following indicates a poorly designed study?

A) a control group
B) variables were controlled
C) bias
D) follow-up studies

Question 48

Imagine an invertebrate that lives in an estuary where salinity varies cyclically with the tides. If this individual is able to adjust the salt concentration of its body fluids, its salt concentration will have

A) slight fluctuations that are kept within a narrow range.
B) irregular fluctuations that range from large to small.
C) a cyclic fluctuation opposite that of the surrounding water.
D) a cyclic fluctuation depending upon when the animal drinks.

Question 49

If the epithelium that lines the air sacs of your lungs were to gain a layer of cells, which of the following would likely occur to the rate of oxygen diffusion?

A) Oxygen will diffuse across the lung surface more quickly.
B) Oxygen will diffuse across the lung surface more slowly.
C) Oxygen will diffuse across the lung surface out of, instead of into, the body.
D) Oxygen will diffuse across the lung surface at a normal rate because it is only the shape of the cells that affect diffusion rate.

Question 50

The vertebrate kidney helps to keep the acidity of body fluids constant by varying the amount of hydrogen ions (H+) it secretes into the urine. You can confidently predict that this aspect of kidney function will be controlled by

A) a positive feedback mechanism.
B) a negative feedback mechanism.
C) nerve impulses from the brain.
D) a hormone produced in the kidney itself.

Question 51

You are looking at a sample of epithelial tissue under a microscope. What would you look for to determine the type of epithelium you are viewing?

A) the number of cell layers
B) the shape of the cells
C) the color of the cells
D) the number of cell layers and the shape of the cells

Question 52

Materials such as food, minerals, and oxygen are passed to cells through

A) water.
B) interstitial fluid.
C) matrix fibers.
D) neurons.

Question 53

Most homeostasis depends on

A) positive feedback control.
B) negative feedback control.
C) the size of cells.
D) predictable environmental conditions.

Question 54

Bioengineering to create organs for transplants involves

A) growing cells without a scaffold.
B) seeding a scaffold of connective tissue matrix with stem cells.
C) transplanting unaltered organs.
D) using 3D printers to make organs that function without copying structure.

Question 55

After you swallow the first bite of your food, your stomach becomes active. Polypeptides in the ingested food stimulate the stomach to release acid and enzymes, which creates more polypeptides. This greater concentration of polypeptides stimulates the stomach to release even more acid and enzymes, which continues until the contents of the stomach pass into the next digestive chamber. This phenomenon is best explained by

A) positive feedback control.
B) the relationship between structure and function.
C) how evolution does not lead to a perfect animal form.
D) how different tissues form an organ.

Question 56

One of the functions of skin is the synthesis of vitamin D. Which of the following would be evidence for this function?

A) Vitamin D levels are higher in people who take supplements, such as multivitamins.
B) Vitamin D levels are lower in people who wear sunscreen.
C) Cancer rates are higher in people with more sun exposure.
D) People living in the tropics are vitamin D deficient.

Question 57

The human wrist is very agile, but because of this agility it is also very prone to injuries involving the tissue connecting the wrist bones. This statement illustrates that animal structures

A) fit their functions and that nervous tissue can be damaged.
B) fit their functions and that muscle tissue can be damaged.
C) are not perfect and that muscle tissue can be damaged.
D) are not perfect and that connective tissue can be damaged.

Question 58

Dialysis is a treatment that can replace kidney function in some patients with kidney failure, while they await transplantation. Based on your knowledge of kidney function, how do you expect dialysis to work?

A) Dialysis extracts metabolic wastes from the blood.
B) Dialysis exchanges gases between the blood and the atmosphere.
C) Dialysis delivers nutrients to the blood.
D) Dialysis produces heat in the blood.

Question 59

Homeostasis

A) is the maintenance of a relatively constant internal state.
B) results from hormone imbalance.
C) occurs when the external environment changes to match the internal environment.
D) is the way the internal environment influences the external environment.

Question 60

When body temperature is too high, which of the following occurs?

A) Hypothalamus ceases to function.
B) Blood vessels in the skin dilate.
C) Capillaries contract.
D) Skeletal muscles contract.

Question 61

Use the figure below to answer the questions that follow.

Which part of the figure shows an organ?

A) part A
B) part B
C) part C
D) part D

Question 62

Use the figure below to answer the questions that follow.

Which type of epithelial tissue shown is a stratified tissue?

A) tissue A
B) tissue B
C) tissue C
D) tissue D

Question 63

Use the figure below to answer the questions that follow.

Which part of the figure shows a complete organ system?

A) part A
B) part B
C) part C
D) part D

Question 64

After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow.
A leading motivation for scientists to bioengineer human organs for transplant is the trend in the percentage of patients on the organ transplant waiting list who receive a transplant (that is, [Number receiving transplant/Number on the wait list] × 100), as shown in this graph. Furthermore, although ethnic groups generally donate in proportion to their group's representation in the U.S. population, the need for particular organs in some groups is much higher than in others. For example, chronic kidney disease is three times more common in African Americans, Asians and Pacific Islanders, and Hispanics/Latinos as compared to Caucasians. Although organ compatibility is based on blood type and tissue markers, and not ethnicity, a compatible match is more likely between people of the same ethnic group (that is, with greater genetic similarity). Thus, bioengineering of human organs can also potentially solve the problem of decreased access to organ transplants among diverse groups of people.
Change in percent of organ transplant waiting list who receive a transplant
Bioengineered organs can potentially reduce the risk of transplants being rejected by a patient's immune system. What is the best design for a study that examines transplant rejection of bioengineered organs in different ethnic groups?

A) Compare the frequency of transplant rejection of different organs within one ethnic group of people.
B) Compare the frequency of transplant rejection of one organ within one ethnic group of people.
C) Compare the frequency of transplant rejection of one organ for one ethnic group to the frequency of rejection of a different organ for a different ethnic group.
D) Compare the frequency of transplant rejection of one organ among different ethnic groups of people.

Question 65

Use the figure below to answer the questions that follow.

Which part of the figure shows a tissue?

A) part A
B) part B
C) part C
D) part D

Question 66

After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow.
A leading motivation for scientists to bioengineer human organs for transplant is the trend in the percentage of patients on the organ transplant waiting list who receive a transplant (that is, [Number receiving transplant/Number on the wait list] × 100), as shown in this graph. Furthermore, although ethnic groups generally donate in proportion to their group's representation in the U.S. population, the need for particular organs in some groups is much higher than in others. For example, chronic kidney disease is three times more common in African Americans, Asians and Pacific Islanders, and Hispanics/Latinos as compared to Caucasians. Although organ compatibility is based on blood type and tissue markers, and not ethnicity, a compatible match is more likely between people of the same ethnic group (that is, with greater genetic similarity). Thus, bioengineering of human organs can also potentially solve the problem of decreased access to organ transplants among diverse groups of people.
Change in percent of organ transplant waiting list who receive a transplant
What is the best explanation for the trend in the percentage of patients on the organ transplant waiting list who receive a transplant, and how can bioengineering help to reverse this trend?

A) The number of people on the waiting list is decreasing relative to the number of organ donors. Bioengineered organs could further decrease the number of people on the waiting list.
B) The number of people on the waiting list is increasing relative to the number of organ donors. Bioengineered organs, if available, would equate to more organ donors.
C) Both the number of people on the waiting list and the number of organ donors is increasing. Bioengineered organs would reduce the number of people on the waiting list.
D) Both the number of people on the waiting list and the number of organ donors is decreasing. Bioengineering would not help to reverse the trend.

Question 67

After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow.
A leading motivation for scientists to bioengineer human organs for transplant is the trend in the percentage of patients on the organ transplant waiting list who receive a transplant (that is, [Number receiving transplant/Number on the wait list] × 100), as shown in this graph. Furthermore, although ethnic groups generally donate in proportion to their group's representation in the U.S. population, the need for particular organs in some groups is much higher than in others. For example, chronic kidney disease is three times more common in African Americans, Asians and Pacific Islanders, and Hispanics/Latinos as compared to Caucasians. Although organ compatibility is based on blood type and tissue markers, and not ethnicity, a compatible match is more likely between people of the same ethnic group (that is, with greater genetic similarity). Thus, bioengineering of human organs can also potentially solve the problem of decreased access to organ transplants among diverse groups of people.
Change in percent of organ transplant waiting list who receive a transplant
Imagine that fully functioning kidneys have been successfully created through bioengineering. What data analysis would measure the effectiveness of bioengineered organs in improving access to organ transplants among diverse groups of people?

A) Compare the percentage of different ethnic groups who donate kidneys both before and after bioengineered kidneys are available. A smaller percentage of African Americans, Asians and Pacific Islanders, and Hispanics/Latinos would donate kidneys after bioengineered kidneys are available compared to before.
B) Compare the number of people in different ethnic groups who donate kidneys both before and after bioengineered kidneys are available. A greater number of African Americans, Asians and Pacific Islanders, and Hispanics/Latinos would donate kidneys after bioengineered kidneys are available compared to before.
C) Compare the percentage of different ethnic groups who receive kidney transplants before and after bioengineered kidneys are available. A greater percentage of African Americans, Asians and Pacific Islanders, and Hispanics/Latinos should receive transplants after bioengineered kidneys are available compared to before.
D) Compare the number of people in different ethnic groups who receive kidney transplants before and after bioengineered kidneys are available. A smaller number of African Americans, Asians and Pacific Islanders, and Hispanics/Latinos should receive transplants after bioengineered kidneys are available compared to before.

Question 68

After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow.
Under normal conditions, blood sugar levels are controlled within a narrow range by negative feedback. Two hormones are involved in maintaining blood sugar levels at the set point (about 90 mg of glucose/100 mL of blood). When blood sugar levels rise above the set point, the hormone insulin signals the liver to absorb the excess sugar. When blood sugar levels drop below the set point, the hormone glucagon signals the liver to release its stored glucose to the bloodstream.
For negative feedback control of blood glucose homeostasis to function properly,

A) the set point changes in response to changes in blood glucose levels.
B) there must be sensors that monitor blood glucose levels.
C) glucagon acts as a stimulus to trigger the control center to activate a response.
D) an increase in blood glucose is continuously amplified by the liver.