Deck 28: Plant Structure and Growth

Question 1

Which of the following statements is false?

A) A preprophase band determines where a cell plate will form in a dividing cell.
B) The way in which a plant cell differentiates is determined by the cell's position in the developing plant body.
C) Homeotic genes often control morphogenesis.
D) Plant cells differentiate because the cytoskeleton determines which genes will be turned "on" and "off."
E) Arabidopsis was the first plant to have its genome sequenced.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

A student examining leaf cross sections under a microscope finds many loosely packed cells with relatively thin cell walls. The cells have numerous chloroplasts. What type of cells are they?

A) parenchyma
B) xylem
C) endodermis
D) collenchyma
E) sclerenchyma

Answer 2

A

Question 3

One important difference between the anatomy of roots and the anatomy of leaves is that

A) only leaves have phloem and only roots have xylem.
B) root cells have cell walls and leaf cells do not.
C) a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from roots.
D) vascular tissue is found in roots but is absent from leaves.
E) leaves have epidermal tissue but roots do not.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which part of a plant absorbs most of the water and minerals taken up from the soil?

A) root cap
B) root hairs
C) the thick parts of the roots near the base of the stem
D) storage roots
E) sections of the root that have secondary xylem

Question 5

Choose the option that best describes the relationship between the cell wall thickness of parenchyma cells versus sclerenchyma cells.

A) The cell walls of parenchyma cells are thinner than those of sclerenchyma cells.
B) The cell walls of parenchyma cells are thicker than those of sclerenchyma cells.
C) The cell walls of both types of cells are roughly equal.
D) The thickness of the cell walls for both types of cells is too variable for a comparison to be made.
E) The cell walls of collenchyma cells are thicker than sclerenchyma or parenchyma cells.

Question 6

Axillary buds

A) are initiated by the cork cambium.
B) have dormant meristematic cells.
C) are composed of a series of internodes lacking nodes.
D) grow immediately into shoot branches.
E) do not form a vascular connection with the primary shoot.

Question 7

Which of the following is derived from the ground tissue system?

A) root hair
B) cuticle
C) periderm
D) pith
E) phloem

Question 8

Which of the following cell types retains the ability to undergo cell division?

A) a sclereid
B) a parenchyma cell 2 mm from the tip of a root
C) a functional sieve-tube element
D) a tracheid
E) a stem fiber

Question 9

________ is to xylem as ________ is to phloem.

A) Sclerenchyma cell; collenchyma cell
B) Apical meristem; vascular cambium
C) Vessel element; sieve-tube member
D) Cortex; pith
E) Vascular cambium; cork cambium

Question 10

Which of the following cells transport sugars over long distances?

A) parenchyma cells
B) collenchyma cells
C) sclerenchyma cells
D) tracheids and vessel elements
E) sieve-tube elements

Question 11

A vessel element would likely lose its protoplast in which section of a root?

A) zone of cell division
B) zone of elongation
C) zone of differentiation
D) root cap
E) apical meristem

Question 12

Which cells are no longer capable of carrying out the process of DNA transcription?

A) tracheids
B) mature mesophyll cells
C) companion cells
D) meristematic cells
E) glandular cells

Question 13

Vascular plant tissue includes all of the following cell types except

A) vessel elements.
B) sieve cells.
C) tracheids.
D) companion cells.
E) cambium cells.

Question 14

Which structure is incorrectly paired with its tissue system?

A) root hair-dermal tissue
B) palisade parenchyma-ground tissue
C) guard cell-dermal tissue
D) companion cell-ground tissue
E) tracheid-vascular tissue

Question 15

Land plants are composed of all of the following tissue types except

A) mesodermal.
B) epidermal.
C) meristematic.
D) vascular.
E) ground tissue.

Question 16

Which of the following have unevenly thickened primary walls that support young, growing parts of the plant?

A) parenchyma cells
B) collenchyma cells
C) sclerenchyma cells
D) tracheids and vessel elements
E) sieve-tube elements

Question 17

Which of the following are most responsible for supporting mature, nongrowing parts of the plant?

A) parenchyma cells
B) collenchyma cells
C) trichomes
D) tracheids and vessel elements
E) sieve-tube elements

Question 18

The vascular bundle in the shape of a single central cylinder in a root is called the

A) cortex.
B) stele.
C) endodermis.
D) periderm.
E) pith.

Question 19

A plant has the following characteristics: a taproot system, several growth rings evident in a cross section of the stem, and a layer of bark around the outside. Which of the following best describes the plant?

A) herbaceous eudicot
B) woody eudicot
C) woody monocot
D) herbaceous monocot
E) woody annual

Question 20

Which of the following is incorrectly paired with its structure and function?

A) sclerenchyma-supporting cells with thick secondary walls
B) periderm-protective coat of woody stems and roots
C) pericycle-waterproof ring of cells surrounding the central stele in roots
D) mesophyll-parenchyma cells functioning in photosynthesis in leaves
E) ground meristem-primary meristem that produces the ground tissue system

Question 21

CO2 enters the inner spaces of the leaf through the

A) cuticle.
B) epidermal trichomes.
C) stoma.
D) phloem.
E) walls of guard cells.

Question 22

If you were able to walk into an opening cut into the center of a large redwood tree, when you exit from the middle of the trunk (stem) outward, you would cross, in order,

A) the annual rings, new xylem, vascular cambium, phloem, and bark.
B) the secondary xylem, cork cambium, phloem, and periderm.
C) the vascular cambium, oldest xylem, and newest xylem.
D) the secondary xylem, secondary phloem, and vascular cambium.
E) the summer wood, bark, and phloem.

Question 23

Gas exchange, which is necessary for photosynthesis, can occur most easily in which leaf tissue?

A) epidermis
B) palisade mesophyll
C) spongy mesophyll
D) vascular tissue
E) bundle sheath

Question 24

The following question is based on parts of a growing primary root.
I. root cap
II. zone of elongation
III. zone of cell division
IV. zone of cell differentiation
V. apical meristem
Which of the following root tissues gives rise to lateral roots?

A) endodermis
B) phloem
C) cortex
D) epidermis
E) pericycle

Question 25

The driving force that pushes the root tip through the soil is primarily

A) continuous cell division in the root cap at the tip of the root.
B) continuous cell division just behind the root cap in the center of the apical meristem.
C) elongation of cells behind the root apical meristem.
D) the elongation of root hairs.
E) continuous cell division of root cap cells.

Question 26

Additional vascular tissue produced as secondary growth in a root originates from which cells?

A) vascular cambium
B) apical meristem
C) endodermis
D) phloem
E) xylem

Question 27

Compared to most animals, the growth of most plants is best described as

A) perennial.
B) weedy.
C) indeterminate.
D) derivative.
E) primary.

Question 28

Figure 28.1
Which of the following are true statements about the cells shown in the photograph in Figure 28.1?

A) They are parenchyma cells.
B) They are photosynthetic.
C) They are usually found in roots.
D) They are phloem cells.
E) They are parenchyma cells and photosynthetic.

Question 29

Which of the following is a true statement?

A) Flowers may have secondary growth.
B) Secondary growth is a common feature of eudicot leaves.
C) Secondary growth is produced by both the vascular cambium and the cork cambium.
D) Primary growth and secondary growth alternate in the life cycle of a plant.
E) Plants with secondary growth are typically the smallest ones in an ecosystem.

Question 30

A person working with plants may reduce the inhibition of apical dominance by auxin via which of the following?

A) pruning shoot tips
B) deep watering of the roots
C) fertilizing
D) treating the plants with auxins
E) feeding the plants nutrients

Question 31

Pores on the leaf surface that function in gas exchange are called

A) hairs.
B) xylem cells.
C) phloem cells.
D) stomata.
E) sclereids.

Question 32

What effect does "pinching back" have on a houseplant?

A) increases apical dominance
B) inhibits the growth of lateral buds
C) produces a plant that will grow taller
D) stimulates lateral buds to grow
E) increases the flow of auxin down the shoot

Question 33

Which of the following is a true statement about growth in plants?

A) Primary growth is localized at meristems, whereas secondary growth is localized at buds.
B) Some plants lack secondary growth.
C) Secondary growth occurs only in stems.
D) Reproductive structures are produced by secondary growth.
E) Monocots have only primary growth, and eudicots have only secondary growth.

Question 34

Which of the following cells or tissues arise from lateral meristem activity?

A) secondary xylem
B) leaves
C) trichomes
D) tubers
E) cortex

Question 35

Cells produced by lateral meristems are known as

A) dermal and ground tissue.
B) lateral tissues.
C) pith.
D) secondary tissues.
E) shoots and roots.

Question 36

Shoot elongation in a growing bud is due primarily to

A) cell division at the shoot apical meristem.
B) cell elongation directly below the shoot apical meristem.
C) cell division localized in each internode.
D) cell elongation localized in each internode.
E) cell division at the shoot apical meristem and cell elongation directly below the shoot apical meristem.

Question 37

Water is most likely to enter a mesophyll cell

A) as a gas.
B) as a liquid.
C) covalently bound to sugars.
D) coupled to ion transport.
E) via endocytosis.

Question 38

Plants contain meristems whose major function is to

A) attract pollinators.
B) absorb ions.
C) photosynthesize.
D) produce more cells.
E) produce flowers.

Question 39

What tissue makes up most of the wood of a tree?

A) primary xylem
B) secondary xylem
C) secondary phloem
D) mesophyll cells
E) vascular cambium

Question 40

The following question is based on parts of a growing primary root.
I. root cap
II. zone of elongation
III. zone of cell division
IV. zone of cell differentiation
V. apical meristem
Which of the following is the correct sequence from the growing tips of the root upward?

A) I, II, V, III, IV
B) III, V, I, II, IV
C) II, IV, I, V, III
D) IV, II, III, I, V
E) I, V, III, II, IV

Question 41

The following questions are based on the drawing of root or stem cross sections shown in Figure 28.2.
Figure 28.2
A plant that is at least 3 years old is represented by

A) I only.
B) II only.
C) III only.
D) IV only.
E) both I and III.

Question 42

Which of the following arise, directly or indirectly, from meristematic activity?

A) secondary xylem
B) leaves
C) dermal tissue
D) tubers
E) all of the above

Question 43

Suppose George Washington completely removed the bark from around the base of a cherry tree but was stopped by his father before cutting the tree down. The leaves retained their normal appearance for several weeks, but the tree eventually died. The tissue(s) that George left functional was/were the

A) phloem.
B) xylem.
C) cork cambium.
D) cortex.
E) companion and sieve-tube members.

Question 44

A woody eudicot is represented by

A) I only.
B) II only.
C) III only.
D) IV only.
E) both I and III.

Question 45

Which of the following would not be seen in a cross section through the woody part of a root?

A) sclerenchyma cells
B) parenchyma cells
C) sieve-tube elements
D) root hairs
E) vessel elements

Question 46

Heartwood and sapwood consist of

A) bark.
B) periderm.
C) secondary xylem.
D) secondary phloem.
E) cork.

Question 47

The innermost layer of the root cortex is the

A) core.
B) pericycle.
C) endodermis.
D) pith.
E) vascular cambium.

Question 48

Lateral roots arise from the

A) periderm.
B) vascular cambium.
C) pericycle.
D) root apical meristem.
E) root cap.

Question 49

As a youngster, you drive a nail in the trunk of a young tree that is 3 meters tall. The nail is about 1.5 meters from the ground. Fifteen years later, you return and discover that the tree has grown to a height of 30 meters. About how many meters above the ground is the nail?

A) 0.5
B) 1.5
C) 3.0
D) 15.0
E) 28.5

Question 50

The following questions are based on the drawing of root or stem cross sections shown in Figure 28.2.
Figure 28.2
A monocot stem is represented by

A) I only.
B) II only.
C) III only.
D) IV only.
E) both I and III.