Deck 14: Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Question 1

RNA polymerase moves in which direction along the DNA?

A) 5' to 3' along whichever strand it's on
B) 3' to 5' along the template strand
C) 5' to 3' along the template strand
D) 5' to 3' along the double-stranded DNA
E) 3' to 5' along the nontemplate strand

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following statements best describes the termination of transcription in prokaryotes?

A) RNA polymerase transcribes through the polyadenylation signal, causing proteins to associate with the transcript and cut it free from the polymerase.
B) RNA polymerase transcribes through the terminator sequence, causing the polymerase to separate from the DNA and release the transcript.
C) RNA polymerase transcribes through an intron, which causes the polymerase to let go of the transcript.
D) Once transcription has initiated, RNA polymerase transcribes until it reaches the end of the chromosome.
E) RNA polymerase transcribes through a stop codon, causing the polymerase to stop advancing through the gene and release the mRNA.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

What is a ribozyme?

A) an enzyme that uses RNA as a substrate
B) an RNA with enzymatic activity
C) an enzyme that catalyzes the association between the large and small ribosomal subunits
D) an enzyme that synthesizes RNA as part of the transcription process
E) an enzyme that synthesizes RNA primers during DNA replication

Answer 3

B

Question 4

A eukaryotic transcription unit that is 8,000 nucleotides long may use 1,200 nucleotides to make a protein consisting of approximately 400 amino acids. This is best explained by the fact that

A) many noncoding stretches of nucleotides are present in eukaryotic DNA.
B) there is redundancy in the genetic code.
C) many nucleotides are needed to code for each amino acid.
D) there are termination exons near the beginning of mRNA.

Question 5

RNA polymerase in a prokaryote is composed of several subunits. Most of these subunits are the same for the transcription of any gene, but one, known as sigma, varies considerably. Which of the following is the most probable advantage for the organism in having such variability in RNA polymerase?

A) It might allow the translation process to vary from one cell to another.
B) It might allow the polymerase to recognize different promoters under certain environmental conditions.
C) It might allow the polymerase to react differently to each stop codon.
D) It might alter the rate of translation and of exon splicing.

Question 6

The nitrogenous base adenine is found in all members of which of the following groups of molecules?

A) proteins, triglycerides, and testosterone
B) proteins, ATP, and DNA
C) ATP, RNA, and DNA
D) glucose, ATP, and DNA
E) proteins, carbohydrates, and ATP

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the significance of the TATA box in eukaryotic promoters?

A) It is the recognition site for a specific transcription factor.
B) It sets the reading frame of the mRNA.
C) It is the recognition site for ribosomal binding.
D) It signals the end of the nucleotide sequence of the gene.

Question 8

The genetic code is essentially the same for all organisms. Based on this information, one can logically assume which of the following statements to be correct?

A) A gene from an organism can theoretically be expressed by any other organism.
B) All organisms have experienced convergent evolution.
C) DNA was the first genetic material.
D) The same codons in different organisms translate into the different amino acids.
E) Different organisms have different numbers of different types of amino acids.

Question 9

A particular triplet of bases in the template strand of DNA is 5'-AGT-3'. The corresponding codon for the mRNA transcribed is

A) 3'-UCA-5'.
B) 3'-UGA-5'.
C) 5'-TCA-3'.
D) 3'-ACU-5'.
E) either UCA or TCA, depending on wobble in the first base.

Question 10

During splicing, which molecular component of the spliceosome catalyzes the excision reaction?

A) protein
B) DNA
C) RNA
D) lipid
E) sugar

Question 11

Garrod hypothesized that inherited diseases such as alkaptonuria, the inability to metabolize the chemical alkapton, occur because

A) metabolic enzymes require vitamin cofactors, and affected individuals have significant nutritional deficiencies.
B) many metabolic enzymes use DNA as a cofactor, and affected individuals have mutations that prevent their enzymes from interacting efficiently with DNA.
C) certain metabolic reactions are carried out by ribozymes, and affected individuals lack key splicing factors.
D) genes dictate the production of specific enzymes, and affected individuals have genetic defects that cause them to lack certain enzymes.

Question 12

In eukaryotes there are several different types of RNA polymerase. Which type is involved in transcription of mRNA known as pre-mRNA?

A) ligase
B) RNA polymerase I
C) RNA polymerase II
D) RNA polymerase III

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of a poly-A tail in mRNA?

A) It adds the modified guanine to the 3' end of the mRNA.
B) It indicates the site of translational termination.
C) It is a sequence that codes for the binding of RNA polymerase to the DNA.
D) It helps protect the mRNA from degradation by hydrolytic enzymes.

Question 14

A part of the promoter, called the TATA box, is said to be highly conserved in evolution. Which of the following might this illustrate?

A) The sequence evolves very rapidly.
B) The sequence does not mutate.
C) Any mutation in the sequence is selected against.
D) The sequence is found in many but not all promoters.
E) The sequence is transcribed at the start of every gene.

Question 15

In order for a eukaryotic gene to be engineered into a bacterial colony to be expressed, what must be included in addition to the coding exons of the gene?

A) the introns
B) eukaryotic polymerases
C) a bacterial promoter sequence
D) eukaryotic ribosomal subunits
E) eukaryotic tRNAs

Question 16

The "universal" genetic code is now known to have exceptions. Evidence for this can be found if which of the following is true?

A) if UGA, usually a stop codon, is found to code for an amino acid such as tryptophan (usually coded for by UGG only)
B) if one stop codon, such as UGA, is found to have the same effect on translation as another stop codon, such as UAA
C) if prokaryotic organisms are able to translate a eukaryotic mRNA and produce the same polypeptide
D) if several codons are found to translate to the same amino acid, such as serine

Question 17

Transcription in eukaryotes requires which of the following in addition to RNA polymerase?

A) the protein product of the promoter
B) start and stop codons
C) ribosomes and tRNA
D) several transcription factors
E) aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

Question 18

Garrod's information about the enzyme alteration resulting in alkaptonuria led to further understanding of these types of metabolic pathways in humans. Phenylketonuria (PKU) occurs when another enzyme in the pathway is altered or missing, resulting in a failure of phenylalanine (phe) to be metabolized to another amino acid: tyrosine. Tyrosine is an earlier substrate in the pathway altered in alkaptonuria. How might PKU affect the presence or absence of alkaptonuria?

A) It would have no effect because PKU occurs several steps away in the pathway.
B) It would have no effect because tyrosine is also available from the diet.
C) Anyone with PKU must also have alkaptonuria.
D) Anyone with PKU is born with a predisposition to later alkaptonuria.
E) Anyone with PKU has mild symptoms of alkaptonuria.

Question 19

Which of the following descriptions of nucleotide triplets best represents a codon?

A) a triplet separated spatially from other triplets
B) a triplet that has no corresponding amino acid
C) a triplet at the opposite end of tRNA from the attachment site of the amino acid
D) a triplet in the same reading frame as an upstream AUG
E) a sequence in tRNA at the 3' end

Question 20

Which of the following does not occur in prokaryotic gene expression, but does occur in eukaryotic gene expression?

A) mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA are transcribed.
B) RNA polymerase binds to the promoter.
C) A poly-A tail is added to the 3' end of an mRNA and a cap is added to the 5' end.
D) Transcription can begin as soon as translation has begun even a little.
E) RNA polymerase requires a primer to elongate the molecule.

Question 21

There are 61 mRNA codons that specify an amino acid, but only 45 tRNAs. This is best explained by the fact that

A) some tRNAs have anticodons that recognize four or more different codons.
B) the rules for base pairing between the third base of a codon and tRNA are flexible.
C) many codons are never used, so the tRNAs that recognize them are dispensable.
D) the DNA codes for all 61 tRNAs, but some are then destroyed.
E) competitive exclusion forces some tRNAs to be destroyed by nucleases.

Question 22

When translating secretory or membrane proteins, ribosomes are directed to the ER membrane by

A) a specific characteristic of the ribosome itself, which distinguishes free ribosomes from bound ribosomes.
B) a signal-recognition particle that brings ribosomes to a receptor protein in the ER membrane.
C) moving through a specialized channel of the nucleus.
D) a chemical signal given off by the ER.
E) a signal sequence of RNA that precedes the start codon of the message.

Question 23

Which of the following events in translation is the first to occur in eukaryotes?

A) elongation of the polypeptide
B) base pairing of activated methionine-tRNA to AUG of the messenger RNA
C) binding of the larger ribosomal subunit to smaller ribosomal subunits
D) covalent bonding between the first two amino acids
E) the small subunit of the ribosome recognizing and attaching to the 5' cap of mRNA

Question 24

Use the following model of a eukaryotic transcript to answer the question. E1-4 refer to the exons and I1-3 refer to the introns in the pre-mRNA transcript.
5' UTR E1 I1 E2 I2 E3 I3 E4 UTR 3'
Which components of the previous molecule will also be found in mRNA in the cytosol?

A) 5' UTR I1 I2 I3 UTR 3'
B) 5' E1 E2 E3 E4 3'
C) 5' UTR E1 E2 E3 E4 UTR 3'
D) 5' I1 I2 I3 3'
E) 5' E1 I1 E2 I2 E3 I3 E4 3'

Question 25

What is the function of GTP in translation?

A) GTP provides the energy for the formation of the initiation complex, using initiation factors.
B) GTP is hydrolyzed to provide phosphate groups for tRNA binding.
C) GTP is hydrolyzed to provide energy for breaking peptide bonds.
D) GTP supplies phosphates and energy to make ATP from ADP.

Question 26

When the ribosome reaches a stop codon on the mRNA, no corresponding tRNA enters the A site. If the translation reaction were to be experimentally stopped at this point, which of the following sets of structures would you be able to isolate from the cell?

A) an assembled ribosome with a polypeptide attached to the tRNA in the P site
B) separated ribosomal subunits, a polypeptide, and free tRNA
C) an assembled ribosome with a separated polypeptide
D) separated ribosomal subunits with a polypeptide attached to the tRNA

Question 27

A mutant bacterial cell has a defective aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase that attaches a lysine to tRNAs with the anticodon AAA instead of the normal phenylalanine. What would be a potential consequence for a cell in which this happens? Remember that phenylalanine may be encoded by multiple codons.

A) None of the proteins in the cell will contain phenylalanine.
B) Proteins in the cell will include lysine instead of phenylalanine at amino acid positions specified by the codon UUU.
C) The cell will compensate for the defect by attaching phenylalanine to tRNAs with lysine-specifying anticodons.
D) The ribosome will skip a codon every time a UUU is encountered.

Question 28

The process of translation in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes requires tRNAs, amino acids, and ribosomal subunits. Which of the following components must also be present for translation to proceed?

A) protein factors and ATP
B) protein factors and GTP
C) polymerases and GTP
D) signal peptides plus release factor

Question 29

Use the following model of a eukaryotic transcript to answer the question. E1-4 refer to the exons and I1-3 refer to the introns in the pre-mRNA transcript.
5' UTR E1 I1 E2 I2 E3 I3 E4 UTR 3'
Where on a pre-mRNA transcript does a spliceosome bind?

A) to the exons
B) to the 5' UTR
C) to the 3' UTR
D) to each end of an intron

Question 30

Use the following model of a eukaryotic transcript to answer the question. E1-4 refer to the exons and I1-3 refer to the introns in the pre-mRNA transcript.
5' UTR E1 I1 E2 I2 E3 I3 E4 UTR 3'
Suppose that an induced mutation removes most of the 5' end of the 5' UTR. What might be the result of this removal?

A) Removal of the 5' UTR has no effect because the exons remain intact.
B) Removal of the 5' UTR also removes the 5' cap, so the mRNA may be quickly degraded by hydrolytic enzymes.
C) The 3' UTR will duplicate and one copy will replace the 5' end.
D) The first exon will not be read because I1 will now serve as the UTR.

Question 31

Accuracy in the translation of mRNA into the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide depends on specificity in which of the following?

A) binding of ribosomes to mRNA
B) shape of the A and P sites of ribosomes
C) attachment of amino acids to tRNAs
D) bonding of the anticodon to the codon and the attachment of amino acids to tRNAs

Question 32

When the spliceosome binds to a pre-mRNA transcript, where does it typically attach?

A) to the exons
B) to the 5' UTR
C) to the 3' UTR
D) at certain sequences along an intron

Question 33

Which of the following statements correctly describes alternative RNA splicing?

A) It is a mechanism that can increase the rate of transcription.
B) It can allow the production of proteins of different sizes and functions from a single mRNA.
C) It allows the production of similar proteins from different RNAs.
D) It increases the rate of transcription.

Question 34

A particular triplet of bases in the coding sequence of DNA is AAA. The anticodon on the tRNA that binds the mRNA codon is

A) TTT.
B) UUA.
C) UUU.
D) AAA.
E) either UAA or TAA, depending on first base wobble.

Question 35

An experimenter has altered the 3' end of the tRNA corresponding to the amino acid methionine in such a way as to remove the 3' AC. Which of the following statements correctly describes the most likely result of this change?

A) tRNA will not form a cloverleaf.
B) The nearby stem end will pair improperly.
C) The amino acid methionine will not be covalently bound to the altered tRNA.
D) The anticodon will not bind with the mRNA codon.
E) The aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase will not be formed.

Question 36

In an experimental situation, a student researcher inserts an mRNA molecule into a eukaryotic cell after he has removed its 5' cap and poly-A tail. Which of the following would you expect him to find?

A) The mRNA would not be transported out of the nucleus.
B) The cell recognizes the absence of the tail and adds a new poly-A tail to the mRNA.
C) The molecule is digested by restriction enzymes in the nucleus.
D) The molecule is degraded by hydrolytic enzymes because it is no longer protected at the 5' end and the 3' end.
E) The molecule attaches to a ribosome and is translated, but more slowly.

Question 37

Which of the following statements correctly describes the function of a signal peptide?

A) It directs an mRNA molecule into the Golgi apparatus.
B) It causes RNA polymerase to bind DNA and initiate transcription.
C) It terminates translation of the messenger RNA.
D) It assists in the translocation of polypeptides across the ER membrane.
E) It leads the initiation of transcription.

Question 38

Use the following model of a eukaryotic transcript to answer the question. E1-4 refer to the exons and I1-3 refer to the introns in the pre-mRNA transcript.
5' UTR E1 I1 E2 I2 E3 I3 E4 UTR 3'
Suppose that exposure to a chemical mutagen results in a change in the sequence that alters the 5' end of intron 1 (I1). Which of the following results might occur?

A) loss of the gene product
B) loss of E1
C) premature stop to the mRNA
D) inclusion of I1 in the mRNA

Question 39

What is the function of the release factor in translation?

A) It separates tRNA in the A site from the growing polypeptide.
B) It binds to the stop codon in the A site in place of a tRNA.
C) It releases the amino acid from its tRNA to allow the amino acid to form a peptide bond.
D) It releases the ribosome from the ER to allow polypeptides into the cytosol.

Question 40

Which of the following experimental procedures is most likely to speed up mRNA degradation in a eukaryotic cell?

A) lengthening of the poly-A tail
B) removal of the 5' cap
C) removal of C nucleotides
D) removal of one or more exons

Question 41

In the 1920s, Hermann Muller discovered that X-rays caused genetic changes in Drosophila. In a related series of experiments in the 1940s, other scientists discovered that other types of chemicals have a similar effect. A new chemical food additive is developed by a cereal manufacturer. Why is it necessary to test for its ability to cause mutation?

A) We worry that it might cause mutation in cereal grain plants.
B) We want to make sure that it does not emit radiation.
C) We want to be sure that it increases the rate of mutation sufficiently.
D) We want to prevent any chance that it might cause mutations.

Question 42

Figure 14.1
Examine the simple metabolic pathway in Figure 14.1. A mutation results in a defective enzyme A. Which of the following results would be a consequence of that mutation?

A) an accumulation of A and no production of B and C
B) an accumulation of A and B and no production of C
C) an accumulation of B and no production of A and C
D) an accumulation of B and C and no production of A
E) an accumulation of C and no production of A and B

Question 43

Figure 14.1
Examine the simple metabolic pathway in Figure 14.1. If A, B, and C are all required for growth, a strain that is mutant for the gene-encoding enzyme 1 would be able to grow on which of the following media?

A) minimal medium
B) minimal medium supplemented with nutrient A only
C) minimal medium supplemented with nutrient B only
D) minimal medium with no supplements

Question 44

Which of the following statements is true about protein synthesis in prokaryotes?

A) Extensive RNA processing is required before prokaryotic transcripts can be translated.
B) Translation can begin while transcription is still in progress.
C) Prokaryotic cells have multiple mechanisms for targeting proteins to the appropriate cellular organelles.
D) Unlike eukaryotes, prokaryotes require no initiation or elongation factors.

Question 45

Figure 14.1
Examine the simple metabolic pathway in Figure 14.1. According to Beadle and Tatum's hypothesis, how many genes are necessary for this pathway?

A) 0
B) 1
C) 2
D) 3
E) It cannot be determined from the pathway.

Question 46

Which of the following types of mutations could result in a frameshift mutation?

A) a base insertion only
B) a base deletion only
C) a base substitution only
D) deletion of three consecutive bases
E) either an insertion or a deletion of a base

Question 47

The most commonly occurring mutation in people with cystic fibrosis is a deletion of a single codon. What is the most likely result of this mutation in the protein product?

A) a base-pair substitution
B) a nucleotide mismatch
C) a frameshift mutation
D) a polypeptide missing an amino acid
E) a nonsense mutation

Question 48

Which of the following types of mutation, resulting in an error in the mRNA just after the 3ʹ AUG start codon, is likely to have the most serious effect on the polypeptide product?

A) a deletion of a codon
B) a deletion of two nucleotides
C) a substitution of the third nucleotide in an ACC codon
D) a substitution of the first nucleotide of a GGG codon
E) an insertion of a codon

Question 49

Of the following, which is the most current and complete description of a gene?

A) a unit of heredity that causes formation of a phenotypic characteristic
B) a DNA subunit that codes for a single complete protein
C) a DNA sequence that is expressed to form a functional product: either RNA or polypeptide
D) a DNA-RNA sequence combination that results in an enzymatic product
E) a discrete unit of hereditary information that consists of a sequence of amino acids

Question 50

In comparing DNA replication with RNA transcription in the same cell, which of the following is true only of replication?

A) It uses RNA polymerase.
B) It makes a new molecule from its 5' end to its 3' end.
C) The process is extremely fast once it is initiated.
D) The process occurs in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.
E) The entire template molecule is represented in the product.

Question 51

Which of the following DNA mutations is likely to have the most negative effect on the protein it specifies?

A) a base-pair deletion
B) a codon substitution
C) a substitution in the last base of a codon
D) a codon deletion

Question 52

Which of the following mutations is most likely to cause a phenotypic change?

A) a duplication of all or most introns
B) a nucleotide substitution in an exon coding for a transmembrane protein
C) a single nucleotide deletion in an exon coding for an active site of a protein
D) a frameshift mutation one codon away from the 3' end of the nontemplate strand

Question 53

In what way might a point mutation in DNA make a difference in the function of a protein?

A) It might result in a chromosomal translocation.
B) It might exchange one stop codon for another stop codon.
C) It might exchange one serine codon for a different serine codon.
D) It might substitute a different amino acid in the active site.
E) It might substitute the N-terminus of the polypeptide for the C-terminus.

Question 54

Suppose that an error in transcription alters the formation of a single tRNA molecule in a cell. The altered tRNA still attaches to the same amino acid (Phe), but its anticodon loop has the sequence AAU, which binds to the mRNA codon UUA (usually specifying the amino acid leucine, Leu). What will be the effect on the translation of polypeptides in this cell?

A) The altered tRNA will cause this mRNA to make only nonfunctioning product.
B) The tRNA-Leu will not be able to enter the ribosome to bind to the UUA codon.
C) One altered tRNA molecule will have little effect because it will compete with many "normal" ones.
D) The altered tRNA will result in an amino acid variant in all copies of the protein.

Question 55

Which small-scale mutation would be most likely to have the greatest negative effect on the functioning of a protein?

A) a base substitution
B) a base deletion near the start of a gene
C) a base deletion near the end of the coding sequence, but not in the terminator codon
D) deletion of three bases near the start of the coding sequence, but not in the initiator codon
E) a base insertion near the end of the coding sequence, but not in the terminator codon

Question 56

What is the effect of a nucleotide-pair substitution that results in a nonsense mutation in a gene?

A) It changes an amino acid in the encoded protein.
B) It has no effect on the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein.
C) It introduces a premature stop codon into the mRNA.
D) It alters the reading frame of the mRNA.

Question 57

Figure 14.2
Examine the table of codons in Figure 14.2. A possible sequence of nucleotides in the template strand of DNA that would code for the polypeptide sequence phe-leu-ile-val would be

A) 5'-TTG-CTA-CAG-TAG-3'.
B) 3'-AAC-GAC-GUC-AUA-5'.
C) 5'-AUG-CTG-CAG-TAT-3'.
D) 3'-AAA-AAT-ATA-ACA-5'.
E) 3'-AAA-GAA-TAA-CAA-5'.

Question 58

When the genome of a particular species is said to include 20,000 protein-coding regions, what does this imply?

A) There are 20,000 genes.
B) Each gene codes for one protein.
C) There are also additional genes for RNAs other than mRNA.
D) The species is highly evolved.

Question 59

What must happen to a newly made polypeptide before it can be secreted from a cell?

A) It must be translated by a ribosome that remains free of attachment to the ER.
B) Its signal sequence must target it to the ER, after which it goes to the Golgi.
C) Its signal sequence must be cleaved off before the polypeptide can enter the ER.
D) Its signal sequence must target it to the plasma membrane, where it causes exocytosis.
E) Its signal sequence must cause it to be encased in a vesicle as soon as it is translated.

Question 60

Figure 14.1
Examine the simple metabolic pathway in Figure 14.1. If A, B, and C are all required for growth, a strain mutant for the gene-encoding enzyme 2 would be capable of growing on which of the following media?

A) minimal medium
B) minimal medium supplemented with A only
C) minimal medium supplemented with B only
D) minimal medium supplemented with C only
E) minimal medium supplemented with nutrients A and B

Question 61

Figure 14.5
The tRNA shown in Figure 14.5 has its 3' end projecting beyond its 5' end. What will occur at this 3' end?

A) The codon and anticodon will complement one another.
B) The amino acid will bind covalently.
C) The small and large subunits of the ribosome will attach to it.
D) The 5' cap of the mRNA will become covalently bound.

Question 62

Which of the following is not true of a codon?

A) It may code for the same amino acid as another codon.
B) It never codes for more than one amino acid.
C) It extends from one end of a tRNA molecule.
D) It is the basic unit of the genetic code.

Question 63

Figure 14.2
Examine the table of codons in Figure 14.2. What amino acid sequence will be produced based on the following mRNA codon sequence?
5'-AUG-UCU-UCG-UUA-UCC-UUG-3'

A) met-arg-glu-arg-glu-arg
B) met-glu-arg-arg-glu-leu
C) met-ser-leu-ser-leu-ser
D) met-ser-ser-leu-ser-leu
E) met-leu-phe-arg-glu-glu

Question 64

Figure 14.5
Figure 14.5 represents tRNA that recognizes and binds a particular amino acid (in this instance, phenylalanine). Which codon on the mRNA strand codes for this amino acid?

A) UGG
B) GUG
C) GUA
D) UUC
E) CAU

Question 65

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
A transfer RNA (#1) attached to the amino acid lysine enters the ribosome. The lysine binds to the growing polypeptide on the other tRNA (#2) already in the ribosome.
Where does tRNA #2 move to after this bonding of lysine to the polypeptide?

A) A site
B) P site
C) E site
D) exit tunnel
E) directly to the cytosol

Question 66

Figure 14.2
Examine the table of codons in Figure 14.2. A peptide has the sequence NH2-phe-pro-lys-gly-phe-pro-COOH. Which of the following sequences in the coding strand of the DNA could code for this peptide?

A) 3'-UUU-CCC-AAA-GGG-UUU-CCC
B) 3'-AUG-AAA-GGG-TTT-CCC-AAA-GGG
C) 5'-TTT-CCC-AAA-GGG-TTT-CCC
D) 5'-GGG-AAA-TTT-AAA-CCC-ACT-GGG
E) 5'-ACT-TAC-CAT-AAA-CAT-TAC-UGA

Question 67

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
A transfer RNA (#1) attached to the amino acid lysine enters the ribosome. The lysine binds to the growing polypeptide on the other tRNA (#2) already in the ribosome.
Which component of the complex described enters the exit tunnel through the large subunit of the ribosome?

A) tRNA with attached lysine (#1)
B) tRNA with polypeptide (#2)
C) tRNA that no longer has attached amino acid
D) newly formed polypeptide
E) initiation and elongation factors

Question 68

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
A part of an mRNA molecule with the following sequence is being read by a ribosome: 5'-CCG-ACG-3' (mRNA). The charged transfer RNA molecules shown in Figure 14.4 (with their anticodons shown in the 3' to 5' direction) are available. Two of them can correctly match the mRNA so that a dipeptide can form. Figure 14.4
The dipeptide that will form will be

A) cysteine-alanine.
B) proline-threonine.
C) glycine-cysteine.
D) alanine-alanine.
E) threonine-glycine.

Question 69

Figure 14.3
In the transcription event of the DNA in Figure 14.3, where would the promoter be located?

A) at the 3' end of the newly made RNA
B) to the right of the template strand
C) to the left of the template strand
D) to the right of the sense strand
E) to the left of the sense strand

Question 70

Figure 14.3
Given the locally unwound double strand in Figure 14.3, in which direction does the RNA polymerase move?

A) 3' → 5' along the template strand
B) 5' → 3' along the template strand
C) 3' → 5' along the complementary strand
D) 5' → 3' along the complementary strand
E) 5' → 3' along the double-stranded DNA

Question 71

Figure 14.5
What type of bonding is responsible for maintaining the shape of the tRNA molecule in Figure 14.5?

A) covalent bonding between sulfur atoms
B) ionic bonding between phosphates
C) hydrogen bonding between base pairs
D) van der Waals interactions between hydrogen atoms
E) peptide bonding between amino acids

Question 72

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
The enzyme polynucleotide phosphorylase randomly assembles nucleotides into a polynucleotide polymer.
You add polynucleotide phosphorylase to a solution of adenosine triphosphate and guanosine triphosphate. How many artificial mRNA three-nucleotide codons would be possible?

A) 3
B) 4
C) 8
D) 16
E) 6

Question 73

Using the figure below, identify a 5' → 3' sequence of nucleotides in the DNA template strand for an mRNA coding for the polypeptide sequence Phe-Pro-Lys. Figure 14.6

A) 5′-UUUCCCAAA-3′
B) 5′-GAACCCCTT-3′
C) 5′-CTTCGGGAA-3′
D) 5′-AAACCCUUU-3′

Question 74

Which component is not directly involved in translation?

A) GTP
B) DNA
C) tRNA
D) ribosomes

Question 75

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
A part of an mRNA molecule with the following sequence is being read by a ribosome: 5'-CCG-ACG-3' (mRNA). The charged transfer RNA molecules shown in Figure 14.4 (with their anticodons shown in the 3' to 5' direction) are available. Two of them can correctly match the mRNA so that a dipeptide can form. Figure 14.4
The anticodon loop of the first tRNA that will complement this mRNA is

A) 3'-GGC-5'.
B) 5'-GGC-3'.
C) 5'-ACG-3'.
D) 5'-UGC-3'.
E) 3'-UGC-5'.

Question 76

Which of the following is not true of RNA processing?

A) Exons are cut out before mRNA leaves the nucleus.
B) Nucleotides may be added at both ends of the RNA.
C) Ribozymes may function in RNA splicing.
D) RNA splicing can be catalyzed by spliceosomes.

Question 77

In eukaryotic cells, transcription cannot begin until

A) the two DNA strands have completely separated and exposed the promoter.
B) several transcription factors have bound to the promoter.
C) the 5' caps are removed from the mRNA.
D) the DNA introns are removed from the template.

Question 78

The anticodon of a particular tRNA molecule is

A) complementary to the corresponding mRNA codon.
B) complementary to the corresponding triplet in rRNA.
C) the part of tRNA that bonds to a specific amino acid.
D) catalytic, making the tRNA a ribozyme.

Question 79

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
The enzyme polynucleotide phosphorylase randomly assembles nucleotides into a polynucleotide polymer.
You add polynucleotide phosphorylase to a solution of ATP, GTP, and UTP. How many artificial mRNA three-nucleotide codons would be possible?

A) 3
B) 6
C) 9
D) 27
E) 81

Question 80

Which of the following mutations would be most likely to have a harmful effect on an organism?

A) a deletion of three nucleotides near the middle of a gene
B) a single nucleotide deletion in the middle of an intron
C) a single nucleotide deletion near the end of the coding sequence
D) a single nucleotide insertion downstream of, and close to, the start of the coding sequence