Deck 11: Mendel and the Gene Idea

Question 1

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
A man who is an achondroplastic dwarf with normal vision marries a color-blind woman of normal height. The man's father was 6 feet tall, and both the woman's parents were of average height. Achondroplastic dwarfism is autosomal dominant, and red-green color blindness is X-linked recessive.
How many unique gametes could be produced through independent assortment by an individual with the genotype AaBbCCDdEE?

A) 4
B) 8
C) 16
D) 64

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
A man who is an achondroplastic dwarf with normal vision marries a color-blind woman of normal height. The man's father was 6 feet tall, and both the woman's parents were of average height. Achondroplastic dwarfism is autosomal dominant, and red-green color blindness is X-linked recessive.
Which of the following statements describes the major reason that the individual with the genotype AaBbCCDdEE can make many kinds of gametes?

A) segregation of maternal and paternal alleles
B) crossing over during prophase I
C) different possible assortment of chromosomes into gametes
D) the tendency for dominant alleles to segregate together

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
A man who is an achondroplastic dwarf with normal vision marries a color-blind woman of normal height. The man's father was 6 feet tall, and both the woman's parents were of average height. Achondroplastic dwarfism is autosomal dominant, and red-green color blindness is X-linked recessive.
Two plants are crossed, resulting in offspring with a 3:1 ratio for a particular trait. What does this suggest?

A) that the parents were true-breeding for contrasting traits
B) that the trait shows incomplete dominance
C) that a blending of traits has occurred
D) that the parents were both heterozygous for a single trait
E) that each offspring has the same alleles for each of two traits

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
A man who is an achondroplastic dwarf with normal vision marries a color-blind woman of normal height. The man's father was 6 feet tall, and both the woman's parents were of average height. Achondroplastic dwarfism is autosomal dominant, and red-green color blindness is X-linked recessive.
What do we mean when we use the term dihybrid cross?

A) A dihybrid cross involves two parents.
B) A dihybrid cross produces two offspring.
C) A dihybrid cross involves organisms that are heterozygous for two characters.
D) A dihybrid cross is performed for two generations.
E) A dihybrid cross results in a 3:1 phenotype ratio in the F2 offspring.

Question 5

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
A man who is an achondroplastic dwarf with normal vision marries a color-blind woman of normal height. The man's father was 6 feet tall, and both the woman's parents were of average height. Achondroplastic dwarfism is autosomal dominant, and red-green color blindness is X-linked recessive.
A sexually reproducing animal has two unlinked genes, one for head shape (H) and one for tail length (T). Its genotype is HhTt. Which of the following genotypes is possible in a gamete from this organism?

A) tt
B) Hh
C) HhTt
D) T
E) HT

Question 6

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
A man who is an achondroplastic dwarf with normal vision marries a color-blind woman of normal height. The man's father was 6 feet tall, and both the woman's parents were of average height. Achondroplastic dwarfism is autosomal dominant, and red-green color blindness is X-linked recessive.
Mendel's second law of independent assortment has its basis in which of the following events of meiosis I?

A) synapsis of homologous chromosomes
B) crossing over
C) alignment of synapsed pairs of homologous chromosomes on the metaphase plate
D) separation of homologs at anaphase
E) separation of cells at telophase

Question 7

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
A man who is an achondroplastic dwarf with normal vision marries a color-blind woman of normal height. The man's father was 6 feet tall, and both the woman's parents were of average height. Achondroplastic dwarfism is autosomal dominant, and red-green color blindness is X-linked recessive.
Black fur in mice (B) is dominant to brown fur (b). Short tails (T) are dominant to long tails (t). What fraction of the progeny of crosses BbTt × BBtt will be expected to have black fur and long tails?

A) 1/16
B) 3/16
C) 3/8
D) 1/2
E) 9/16

Question 8

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
A man who is an achondroplastic dwarf with normal vision marries a color-blind woman of normal height. The man's father was 6 feet tall, and both the woman's parents were of average height. Achondroplastic dwarfism is autosomal dominant, and red-green color blindness is X-linked recessive.
In the cross AaBbCc × AaBbCc, what is the probability of producing the genotype AABBCC?

A) 1/4
B) 1/8
C) 1/16
D) 1/32
E) 1/64

Question 9

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
A man who is an achondroplastic dwarf with normal vision marries a color-blind woman of normal height. The man's father was 6 feet tall, and both the woman's parents were of average height. Achondroplastic dwarfism is autosomal dominant, and red-green color blindness is X-linked recessive.
Why did the F1 offspring of Mendel's classic pea cross always look like one of the two parental varieties?

A) No genes interacted to produce the parental phenotype.
B) Each allele affected phenotypic expression.
C) The traits blended together during fertilization.
D) One allele was dominant.
E) Phenotype was not dependent on genotype.

Question 10

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
A man who is an achondroplastic dwarf with normal vision marries a color-blind woman of normal height. The man's father was 6 feet tall, and both the woman's parents were of average height. Achondroplastic dwarfism is autosomal dominant, and red-green color blindness is X-linked recessive.
In certain plants, the tall trait is dominant to the short trait. If a heterozygous plant is crossed with a homozygous tall plant, what is the probability that the offspring will be short?

A) 1
B) 1/2
C) 1/4
D) 1/6
E) 0

Question 11

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
A man who is an achondroplastic dwarf with normal vision marries a color-blind woman of normal height. The man's father was 6 feet tall, and both the woman's parents were of average height. Achondroplastic dwarfism is autosomal dominant, and red-green color blindness is X-linked recessive.
Which of the following statements describes one difference between the law of independent assortment and the law of segregation?

A) The law of independent assortment explains the segregation of two or more genes relative to one another.
B) The law of segregation explains the segregation of two or more genes relative to one another.
C) The law of segregation requires having two or more generations to describe.
D) The law of segregation is accounted for by anaphase of mitosis.

Question 12

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
A man who is an achondroplastic dwarf with normal vision marries a color-blind woman of normal height. The man's father was 6 feet tall, and both the woman's parents were of average height. Achondroplastic dwarfism is autosomal dominant, and red-green color blindness is X-linked recessive.
Given the following cross between parents of the genotypes AABBCc × AabbCc, assume simple dominance for each trait and independent assortment. What proportion of the progeny will be expected to phenotypically resemble the first parent?

A) 1/4
B) 1/8
C) 3/4
D) 3/8
E) 1

Question 13

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
A man who is an achondroplastic dwarf with normal vision marries a color-blind woman of normal height. The man's father was 6 feet tall, and both the woman's parents were of average height. Achondroplastic dwarfism is autosomal dominant, and red-green color blindness is X-linked recessive.
Which of the following is the best description of the addition rule of probability?

A) the probability that two or more independent events will both occur
B) the probability that two or more independent events will both occur in the offspring of one set of parents
C) the probability that either one of two mutually exclusive events will occur
D) the probability of producing two or more heterozygous offspring

Question 14

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
A man who is an achondroplastic dwarf with normal vision marries a color-blind woman of normal height. The man's father was 6 feet tall, and both the woman's parents were of average height. Achondroplastic dwarfism is autosomal dominant, and red-green color blindness is X-linked recessive.
What was the most significant conclusion that Gregor Mendel drew from his experiments with pea plants?

A) There is considerable genetic variation in garden peas.
B) Traits are inherited in discrete units, and are not the results of the "blending" of traits.
C) Recessive genes occur more frequently in the F1 generation than do dominant ones.
D) Genes are composed of DNA.
E) An organism that is homozygous for many recessive traits is at a disadvantage.

Question 15

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
A man who is an achondroplastic dwarf with normal vision marries a color-blind woman of normal height. The man's father was 6 feet tall, and both the woman's parents were of average height. Achondroplastic dwarfism is autosomal dominant, and red-green color blindness is X-linked recessive.
The fact that all seven of the pea plant traits studied by Mendel obeyed the principle of independent assortment most probably indicates which of the following?

A) None of the traits obeyed the law of segregation.
B) Some traits obeyed the law of segregation and some did not.
C) All of the genes controlling the traits were located on the same chromosome.
D) All of the genes controlling the traits behaved as if they were located on different chromosomes.

Question 16

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
A man who is an achondroplastic dwarf with normal vision marries a color-blind woman of normal height. The man's father was 6 feet tall, and both the woman's parents were of average height. Achondroplastic dwarfism is autosomal dominant, and red-green color blindness is X-linked recessive.
Why did Mendel continue some of his experiments to the F2 generation?

A) to obtain a larger number of offspring on which to base statistics
B) to observe whether or not a recessive trait would reappear
C) to observe whether or not the dominant trait would reappear
D) to distinguish which alleles were segregating

Question 17

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
A man who is an achondroplastic dwarf with normal vision marries a color-blind woman of normal height. The man's father was 6 feet tall, and both the woman's parents were of average height. Achondroplastic dwarfism is autosomal dominant, and red-green color blindness is X-linked recessive.
Mendel accounted for the observation that traits that had disappeared in the F1 generation reappeared in the F2 generation by proposing that

A) new mutations were frequently generated in the F2 progeny, "reinventing" traits that had been lost in the F1.
B) the mechanism controlling the appearance of traits was different between the F1 and the F2 plants.
C) traits can be dominant or recessive, and the recessive traits were "hidden" by the dominant ones in the F1.
D) the traits were lost in the F1 due to dominance of the parental traits.
E) members of the F1 generation had only one allele for each trait, but members of the F2 had two alleles for each trait.

Question 18

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
A man who is an achondroplastic dwarf with normal vision marries a color-blind woman of normal height. The man's father was 6 feet tall, and both the woman's parents were of average height. Achondroplastic dwarfism is autosomal dominant, and red-green color blindness is X-linked recessive.
Mendel's observation of the segregation of alleles in gamete formation has its basis in which of the following phases of cell division?

A) prophase I of meiosis
B) anaphase II of meiosis
C) metaphase I of meiosis
D) anaphase I of meiosis

Question 19

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
A man who is an achondroplastic dwarf with normal vision marries a color-blind woman of normal height. The man's father was 6 feet tall, and both the woman's parents were of average height. Achondroplastic dwarfism is autosomal dominant, and red-green color blindness is X-linked recessive.
What do we mean when we use the term monohybrid cross?

A) A monohybrid cross involves a single parent.
B) A monohybrid cross produces a single offspring.
C) A monohybrid cross involves organisms that are heterozygous for one character.
D) A monohybrid cross is performed for one generation.
E) A monohybrid cross results in a 9:3:3:1 phenotype ratio in the F2 offspring.

Question 20

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
A man who is an achondroplastic dwarf with normal vision marries a color-blind woman of normal height. The man's father was 6 feet tall, and both the woman's parents were of average height. Achondroplastic dwarfism is autosomal dominant, and red-green color blindness is X-linked recessive.
When crossing an organism that is homozygous recessive for a single trait with a heterozygote, what is the chance of producing an offspring with the homozygous recessive phenotype?

A) 0%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%

Question 21

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
Figure 11.2 shows a pedigree chart for a family, some of whose members exhibit the dominant trait, W. Affected individuals are indicated by a dark square or circle. Figure 11.2
What is the likelihood that the offspring of IV-3 and IV-4 will have the trait?

A) 0%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%
E) 100%

Question 22

Use the following pedigree (Figure 11.3) for a family in which dark-shaded symbols represent individuals with one of the two major types of colon cancer. Numbers under the symbols are the individual's age at the time of diagnosis. A slash through the symbol indicates that the individual is deceased. Figure 11.3
From this pedigree, how does this trait seem to be inherited?

A) from mothers
B) as a recessive trait
C) as a result of epistasis
D) as a dominant trait
E) as an incompletely dominant trait

Question 23

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
In a particular plant, leaf color is controlled by gene locus D. Plants with at least one D allele have dark green leaves, and plants with the homozygous recessive dd genotype have light green leaves. A true-breeding dark-leaved plant is crossed with a light-leaved one, and the F1 offspring is allowed to self-pollinate. The predicted outcome of the F2 is diagrammed in the Punnett square shown in Figure 11.1, where 1, 2, 3, and 4 represent the genotypes corresponding to each box within the square. Figure 11.1
Which of the plants will be true-breeding?

A) 1 and 4 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1, 2, 3, and 4
D) 1 only
E) 1 and 2 only

Question 24

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
A man who is an achondroplastic dwarf with normal vision marries a color-blind woman of normal height. The man's father was 6 feet tall, and both the woman's parents were of average height. Achondroplastic dwarfism is autosomal dominant, and red-green color blindness is X-linked recessive.
One of two major forms of a human condition called neurofibromatosis (NF 1) is inherited as a dominant allele, although it may range from mildly to very severely expressed. If a young child is the first in her family to be diagnosed, which of the following is the best explanation?

A) The mother carries the allele but does not express it at all.
B) One of the parents has very mild expression of the gene.
C) The condition skipped a generation in the family.
D) The child has a different allele of the gene than the parents.

Question 25

Use the following pedigree (Figure 11.3) for a family in which dark-shaded symbols represent individuals with one of the two major types of colon cancer. Numbers under the symbols are the individual's age at the time of diagnosis. A slash through the symbol indicates that the individual is deceased. Figure 11.3
The affected woman in generation IV is thinking about her future and asks her oncologist (cancer specialist) whether she can know whether any or all of her children will have a high risk of the same cancer. The doctor would be expected to advise which of the following: (I) genetic counseling; (II) prenatal diagnosis when/if she becomes pregnant; (III) testing to see whether she has the allele; (IV) testing to see whether her future spouse or partner has the allele?

A) I only
B) II only
C) I, II, and IV only
D) III only
E) III and IV only

Question 26

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
A man who is an achondroplastic dwarf with normal vision marries a color-blind woman of normal height. The man's father was 6 feet tall, and both the woman's parents were of average height. Achondroplastic dwarfism is autosomal dominant, and red-green color blindness is X-linked recessive.
Which of the following describes the ability of a single gene to have multiple phenotypic effects?

A) incomplete dominance
B) multiple alleles
C) pleiotropy
D) epistasis

Question 27

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
A man who is an achondroplastic dwarf with normal vision marries a color-blind woman of normal height. The man's father was 6 feet tall, and both the woman's parents were of average height. Achondroplastic dwarfism is autosomal dominant, and red-green color blindness is X-linked recessive.
Hydrangea plants of the same genotype are planted in a large flower garden. Some of the plants produce blue flowers and others produce pink flowers. This can be best explained by which of the following statements?

A) Multiple alleles are involved in the expression of the phenotype.
B) The allele for blue hydrangea is completely dominant.
C) The alleles are codominant.
D) Environmental factors such as soil pH affect phenotype.

Question 28

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
Figure 11.2 shows a pedigree chart for a family, some of whose members exhibit the dominant trait, W. Affected individuals are indicated by a dark square or circle. Figure 11.2
What is the probability that individual III-1 is Ww?

A) 3/4
B) 1/4
C) 2/4
D) 2/3
E) 1

Question 29

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
A man who is an achondroplastic dwarf with normal vision marries a color-blind woman of normal height. The man's father was 6 feet tall, and both the woman's parents were of average height. Achondroplastic dwarfism is autosomal dominant, and red-green color blindness is X-linked recessive.
Which of the following statements provides an example of epistasis?

A) Recessive genotypes for each of two genes (aabb) result in an albino corn snake.
B) In rabbits and many other mammals, one genotype (ee) prevents any fur color from developing.
C) In Drosophila (fruit flies), white eyes can be due to a combination of multiple genes.
D) In cacti, there are several genes for the type of spines.

Question 30

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
A man who is an achondroplastic dwarf with normal vision marries a color-blind woman of normal height. The man's father was 6 feet tall, and both the woman's parents were of average height. Achondroplastic dwarfism is autosomal dominant, and red-green color blindness is X-linked recessive.
In cattle, roan coat color (mixed red and white hairs) occurs in the heterozygous (CRCr) offspring of red (CRCR) and white (CrCr) homozygotes. Which of the following crosses would produce offspring in the ratio of 1 red:2 roan:1 white?

A) red × white
B) roan × roan
C) white × roan
D) red × roan

Question 31

Use the following pedigree (Figure 11.3) for a family in which dark-shaded symbols represent individuals with one of the two major types of colon cancer. Numbers under the symbols are the individual's age at the time of diagnosis. A slash through the symbol indicates that the individual is deceased. Figure 11.3
In each generation of this family after generation I, the age at diagnosis is significantly lower than would be found in nonfamilial (sporadic) cases of this cancer (~63 years). What is the most likely reason?

A) Members of this family know to be checked for colon cancer early in life.
B) Hereditary (or familial) cases of this cancer typically occur at earlier ages than do nonfamilial forms.
C) This is pure chance; it would not be expected if you were to look at a different family.
D) This cancer requires mutations in more than this one gene.
E) Affected members of this family are born with colon cancer, and it can be detected whenever they are first tested.

Question 32

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
Figure 11.2 shows a pedigree chart for a family, some of whose members exhibit the dominant trait, W. Affected individuals are indicated by a dark square or circle. Figure 11.2
What is the genotype of individual II-5?

A) WW
B) Ww
C) ww
D) WW or ww
E) ww or Ww

Question 33

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
In a particular plant, leaf color is controlled by gene locus D. Plants with at least one D allele have dark green leaves, and plants with the homozygous recessive dd genotype have light green leaves. A true-breeding dark-leaved plant is crossed with a light-leaved one, and the F1 offspring is allowed to self-pollinate. The predicted outcome of the F2 is diagrammed in the Punnett square shown in Figure 11.1, where 1, 2, 3, and 4 represent the genotypes corresponding to each box within the square. Figure 11.1
Which of the boxes correspond(s) to plants with a heterozygous genotype?

A) 1 only
B) 1 and 2
C) 1, 2, and 3
D) 2 and 3
E) 2, 3, and 4

Question 34

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
A man who is an achondroplastic dwarf with normal vision marries a color-blind woman of normal height. The man's father was 6 feet tall, and both the woman's parents were of average height. Achondroplastic dwarfism is autosomal dominant, and red-green color blindness is X-linked recessive.
Marfan syndrome in humans is caused by an abnormality of the connective tissue protein fibrillin. Patients are usually very tall and thin, with long spindly fingers, curvature of the spine, sometimes weakened arterial walls, and sometimes eye problems, such as lens dislocation. Which of the following would you conclude about Marfan syndrome from this information?

A) It is recessive.
B) It is dominant.
C) It is pleiotropic.
D) It is epistatic.

Question 35

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
A man who is an achondroplastic dwarf with normal vision marries a color-blind woman of normal height. The man's father was 6 feet tall, and both the woman's parents were of average height. Achondroplastic dwarfism is autosomal dominant, and red-green color blindness is X-linked recessive.
Which of the following traits is an example of polygenic inheritance?

A) pink flowers in snapdragons
B) the ABO blood group in humans
C) Huntington's disease in humans
D) white and purple flower color in peas
E) skin pigmentation in humans

Question 36

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
A man who is an achondroplastic dwarf with normal vision marries a color-blind woman of normal height. The man's father was 6 feet tall, and both the woman's parents were of average height. Achondroplastic dwarfism is autosomal dominant, and red-green color blindness is X-linked recessive.
Which of the following calculations require that you utilize the addition rule?

A) Calculate the probability of black offspring from the cross AaBb × AaBb, when B is the symbol for black.
B) Calculate the probability of children with both cystic fibrosis and polydactyly when parents are each heterozygous for both genes.
C) Calculate the probability of each of four children having cystic fibrosis if the parents are both heterozygous.
D) Calculate the probability of a child having either sickle-cell anemia or cystic fibrosis if parents are each heterozygous for both.

Question 37

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
A man who is an achondroplastic dwarf with normal vision marries a color-blind woman of normal height. The man's father was 6 feet tall, and both the woman's parents were of average height. Achondroplastic dwarfism is autosomal dominant, and red-green color blindness is X-linked recessive.
A scientist discovers a DNA-based test for one allele of a particular gene. This and only this allele, if homozygous, produces an effect that results in death at or about the time of birth. Which of the following statements describes the best use of this discovery?

A) Screen all newborns of an at-risk population.
B) Design a test for identifying heterozygous carriers of the allele.
C) Introduce a normal allele into deficient newborns.
D) Follow the segregation of the allele during meiosis.

Question 38

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
A man who is an achondroplastic dwarf with normal vision marries a color-blind woman of normal height. The man's father was 6 feet tall, and both the woman's parents were of average height. Achondroplastic dwarfism is autosomal dominant, and red-green color blindness is X-linked recessive.
Cystic fibrosis affects the lungs, the pancreas, the digestive system, and other organs, resulting in symptoms ranging from breathing difficulties to recurrent infections. Which of the following terms best describes this expression of phenotypes?

A) incomplete dominance
B) multiple alleles
C) pleiotropy
D) epistasis
E) codominance

Question 39

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
In a particular plant, leaf color is controlled by gene locus D. Plants with at least one D allele have dark green leaves, and plants with the homozygous recessive dd genotype have light green leaves. A true-breeding dark-leaved plant is crossed with a light-leaved one, and the F1 offspring is allowed to self-pollinate. The predicted outcome of the F2 is diagrammed in the Punnett square shown in Figure 11.1, where 1, 2, 3, and 4 represent the genotypes corresponding to each box within the square. Figure 11.1
Which of the boxes marked 1-4 correspond(s) to plants with dark leaves?

A) 1 only
B) 1 and 2
C) 2 and 3
D) 4 only
E) 1, 2, and 3

Question 40

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
A man who is an achondroplastic dwarf with normal vision marries a color-blind woman of normal height. The man's father was 6 feet tall, and both the woman's parents were of average height. Achondroplastic dwarfism is autosomal dominant, and red-green color blindness is X-linked recessive.
The frequency of heterozygosity for the sickle-cell anemia allele is unusually high, presumably because this reduces the frequency of malaria. Such a relationship is related to which of the following concepts?

A) Mendel's law of independent assortment
B) Mendel's law of segregation
C) Darwin's explanation of natural selection
D) Darwin's observations of competition

Question 41

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
Drosophila (fruit flies) usually have long wings (+), but mutations in two different genes can result in bent wings (bt) or vestigial wings (vg).
If flies that are heterozygous for both the bent wing gene and the vestigial wing gene are mated, what is the probability of offspring with bent wings only?

A) 1/8
B) 3/8
C) 1/4
D) 9/16
E) 3/16

Question 42

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
Two true-breeding stocks of pea plants are crossed. One parent has red axial flowers and the other has white terminal flowers; all F1 individuals have red axial flowers. The genes for flower color and location assort independently.
If 1,000 F2 offspring resulted from the cross, approximately how many of them would you expect to have red terminal flowers?

A) 65
B) 190
C) 250
D) 565
E) 750

Question 43

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
Radish flowers may be red, purple, or white. A cross between a red-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant yields all-purple offspring. The part of the radish we eat may be oval or long, with long being the dominant trait.
In the F2 generation of the above cross, which of the following phenotypic ratios would be expected?

A) 9:3:3:1
B) 9:4:3
C) 1:1:1:1
D) 1:1:1:1:1:1
E) 6:3:3:2:1:1

Question 44

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
Labrador retrievers are black, brown, or yellow. In a cross of a black female with a brown male, results can be all black puppies, 1/2 black to 1/2 brown puppies, or 3/4 black to 1/4 yellow puppies.
These results indicate which of the following?

A) Brown is dominant to black.
B) Black is dominant to brown and to yellow.
C) Yellow is dominant to black.
D) There is incomplete dominance.
E) Epistasis is involved.

Question 45

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
Drosophila (fruit flies) usually have long wings (+), but mutations in two different genes can result in bent wings (bt) or vestigial wings (vg).
If a homozygous bent wing fly is mated with a homozygous vestigial wing fly, which of the following offspring would you expect?

A) all +bt +vg heterozygotes
B) 1/2 bent and 1/2 vestigial flies
C) all homozygous + flies
D) 3/4 bent and 1/4 vestigial flies
E) 1/2 bent and vestigial and 1/2 normal flies

Question 46

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
Two true-breeding stocks of pea plants are crossed. One parent has red axial flowers and the other has white terminal flowers; all F1 individuals have red axial flowers. The genes for flower color and location assort independently.
Among the F2 offspring, what is the probability of plants with white axial flowers?

A) 9/16
B) 1/16
C) 3/16
D) 1/8
E) 1/4

Question 47

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
Radish flowers may be red, purple, or white. A cross between a red-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant yields all-purple offspring. The part of the radish we eat may be oval or long, with long being the dominant trait.
The flower color trait in radishes is an example of which of the following?

A) a multiple allelic system
B) sex linkage
C) codominance
D) incomplete dominance
E) epistasis

Question 48

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
A woman who has blood type A positive has a daughter who is type O positive and a son who is type B negative. Rh positive is a trait that shows simple dominance over Rh negative and is designated by the alleles R and r, respectively. A third gene for the MN blood group has codominant alleles M and N.
Which of the following is a possible partial genotype for the son?

A) IBIB
B) IAIB
C) ii
D) IBi
E) IAIA

Question 49

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
Labrador retrievers are black, brown, or yellow. In a cross of a black female with a brown male, results can be all black puppies, 1/2 black to 1/2 brown puppies, or 3/4 black to 1/4 yellow puppies.
How many genes must be responsible for these coat colors in Labrador retrievers?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 50

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
Radish flowers may be red, purple, or white. A cross between a red-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant yields all-purple offspring. The part of the radish we eat may be oval or long, with long being the dominant trait.
If true-breeding red long radishes are crossed with true-breeding white oval radishes, the F1 will be expected to be which of the following?

A) red and long
B) red and oval
C) white and long
D) purple and long
E) purple and oval

Question 51

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
Skin color in a certain species of fish is inherited via a single gene with four different alleles.
One fish of this type has alleles 1 and 3 (S1S3) and its mate has alleles 2 and 4 (S2S4). If each allele confers a unit of color darkness such that S1 has one unit, S2 has two units, and so on, then what proportion of their offspring would be expected to have five units of color?

A) 1/4
B) 1/5
C) 1/8
D) 1/2
E) 0

Question 52

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
Tallness (T) in snapdragons is dominant to dwarfness (t), and red (CR) flower color is not dominant to white (Cr). The heterozygous condition results in pink (CRCr) flower color.
A dwarf red snapdragon is crossed with a plant homozygous for tallness and white flowers. What are the genotype and phenotype of the F1 individuals?

A) ttCRCr-dwarf and pink
B) ttCrCr-dwarf and white
C) TtCRCr-tall and red
D) TtCRCr-tall and pink
E) TTCRCR-tall and red

Question 53

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
Tallness (T) in snapdragons is dominant to dwarfness (t), and red (CR) flower color is not dominant to white (Cr). The heterozygous condition results in pink (CRCr) flower color.
If snapdragons are heterozygous for height as well as for flower color, a mating between them will result in what ratio?

A) 9:3:3:1
B) 6:3:3:2:1:1
C) 1:2:1
D) 27:9:9:9:3:3:3:1
E) 9:4:3

Question 54

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
Gene S controls the sharpness of spines in a type of cactus. Cactuses with the dominant allele, S, have sharp spines, whereas homozygous recessive ss cactuses have dull spines. At the same time, a second gene, N, determines whether or not cactuses have spines. Homozygous recessive nn cactuses have no spines at all.
The relationship between genes S and N is an example of

A) incomplete dominance.
B) epistasis.
C) complete dominance.
D) pleiotropy.
E) codominance.

Question 55

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
Feather color in budgies is determined by two different genes, Y and B, one for pigment on the outside of the feather and one for the inside. YYBB, YyBB, or YYBb is green; yyBB or yyBb is blue; YYbb or Yybb is yellow; and yybb is white.
Two blue budgies were crossed. Over the years, they produced 22 offspring, 5 of which were white. What are the most likely genotypes for the two blue budgies?

A) yyBB and yyBB
B) yyBB and yyBb
C) yyBb and yyBb
D) yyBB and yybb
E) yyBb and yybb

Question 56

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
Gene S controls the sharpness of spines in a type of cactus. Cactuses with the dominant allele, S, have sharp spines, whereas homozygous recessive ss cactuses have dull spines. At the same time, a second gene, N, determines whether or not cactuses have spines. Homozygous recessive nn cactuses have no spines at all.
A cross between a true-breeding sharp-spined cactus and a spineless cactus would produce

A) all sharp-spined progeny.
B) 50% sharp-spined, 50% dull-spined progeny.
C) 25% sharp-spined, 50% dull-spined, 25% spineless progeny.
D) all spineless progeny.
E) It is impossible to determine the phenotypes of the progeny.

Question 57

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
Feather color in budgies is determined by two different genes, Y and B, one for pigment on the outside of the feather and one for the inside. YYBB, YyBB, or YYBb is green; yyBB or yyBb is blue; YYbb or Yybb is yellow; and yybb is white.
A blue budgie is crossed with a white budgie. Which of the following results is possible?

A) green offspring only
B) yellow offspring only
C) blue offspring only
D) blue and white offspring
E) a 9:3:3:1 ratio

Question 58

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
Labrador retrievers are black, brown, or yellow. In a cross of a black female with a brown male, results can be all black puppies, 1/2 black to 1/2 brown puppies, or 3/4 black to 1/4 yellow puppies.
In one cross of black × black, the results were as follows:
9/16 black, 4/16 yellow, 3/16 brown
The genotype eebb must result in which of the following?

A) black
B) brown
C) yellow
D) a lethal result
E) white

Question 59

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
Skin color in a certain species of fish is inherited via a single gene with four different alleles.
How many different types of gametes would be possible in this system?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 8
E) 16

Question 60

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
Gene S controls the sharpness of spines in a type of cactus. Cactuses with the dominant allele, S, have sharp spines, whereas homozygous recessive ss cactuses have dull spines. At the same time, a second gene, N, determines whether or not cactuses have spines. Homozygous recessive nn cactuses have no spines at all.
If doubly heterozygous SsNn cactuses were allowed to self-pollinate, the F2 would segregate in which of the following ratios?

A) 3 sharp-spined:1 spineless
B) 1 sharp-spined:2 dull-spined:1 spineless
C) 1 sharp-spined:1 dull-spined:1 spineless
D) 1 sharp-spined:1 dull-spined
E) 9 sharp-spined:3 dull-spined:4 spineless

Question 61

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
A woman who has blood type A positive has a daughter who is type O positive and a son who is type B negative. Rh positive is a trait that shows simple dominance over Rh negative and is designated by the alleles R and r, respectively. A third gene for the MN blood group has codominant alleles M and N.
Which of the following is a possible genotype for the mother?

A) IAIA
B) IBIB
C) ii
D) IAi
E) IAIB

Question 62

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
A woman who has blood type A positive has a daughter who is type O positive and a son who is type B negative. Rh positive is a trait that shows simple dominance over Rh negative and is designated by the alleles R and r, respectively. A third gene for the MN blood group has codominant alleles M and N.
If both children are of blood type M, which of the following is possible?

A) Each parent is either M or MN.
B) Each parent must be type M.
C) Both children are heterozygous for this gene.
D) Neither parent can have the N allele.
E) The MN blood group is recessive to the ABO blood group.

Question 63

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
A woman who has blood type A positive has a daughter who is type O positive and a son who is type B negative. Rh positive is a trait that shows simple dominance over Rh negative and is designated by the alleles R and r, respectively. A third gene for the MN blood group has codominant alleles M and N.
Which of the following is a possible phenotype for the father?

A) A negative
B) O negative
C) B positive
D) AB negative
E) impossible to determine