Deck 3: Perceiving and Understanding

Question 1

Mike arrives at his class after the students and teacher have already begun discussing the topic for the day. Mike doesn't make any contributions during discussion. Based on what you know, which of the following is (are) inferences about Mike?

A) He was late getting to class.
B)He hadn't read the assignment so he couldn't contribute.
C) Jed didn't contribute to class discussion, either.
D) Class began before Jed arrived.
E) Both B and C are inferences

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following is a prototype?

A) the dictionary definition of a co-worker
B) how a co-worker measures up on the dimension of intelligent-unintelligent
C)the person who is the best example of a co-worker to you
D) your idea about how you should act in specific situations with a co-worker
E) your expectation of how a co-worker will behave

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Don goes to class on Friday but the instructor is not present. The teaching assistant announces that the instructor is ill and there will be no class that day. When Don comes to class on Monday, he notices that students are handing in an assignment to the instructor. He discovers that the TA told students that even though there was no class Friday, they had a homework assignment to complete. Don's failure to attend to that part of the TA's message reflects which aspect of the perception process?

A)selection
B) organization
C) personal constructs
D) stereotypes
E) interpretation

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Annika says, "I didn't get a job offer because the interviewer was biased and it was a nasty day. However, Kathy didn't get an offer because she isn't qualified." This is an example of __________.

A) construct differentiation
B) stereotyping
C)self-serving bias
D) internal attributions
E) scripting

Question 5

The ability to perceive another as a unique individual is called __________.

A) personal construct theory
B) intelligence
C) visualization
D) intrapersonal perception
E)person-centeredness

Question 6

Which of the following is an example of tentative language?

A) Lucy is mean.
B) Rosie is friendly.
C) Christine is neurotic.
D) Lisa is nice.
E)Sheryl may be upset.

Question 7

Which of the following is a personal construct?

A) the dictionary definition of a co-worker
B)how a co-worker measures up on the dimension of intelligent-unintelligent
C) the person who is the best example of a co-worker to you
D) your idea about how you should act in specific situations with a co-worker
E) your expectation of how a co-worker will behave

Question 8

All of the following influence perceptions EXCEPT __________.

A) social roles
B) cognitive abilities
C) cultural factors
D) expectations
E)all of the above influence perception

Question 9

Which of the following is a script?

A) the dictionary definition of a co-worker
B) how a co-worker measures up on the dimension of intelligent-unintelligent
C) the person who is the best example of a co-worker to you
D)your idea about how you should act in specific situations with a co-worker
E) your expectation of how a co-worker will behave

Question 10

Three-year-old Elena calls every adult male "Daddy" because she doesn't yet make cognitive distinctions among men. This is an example of __________.

A)a simple cognitive system
B) a complex cognitive system
C) certainty vs. provisionalism
D) focus on abstract constructs
E) reliance on multiple schemata

Question 11

The number of personal constructs used, how abstract they are, and how elaborately they interact to shape perceptions is called __________.

A) interpersonal communication
B) cognitive depression
C)cognitive complexity
D) schemata theory
E) reified perception theory

Question 12

A deduction that goes beyond what you know or assume to be a fact is known as __________.

A)inference
B) culture
C) empathy
D) judgment
E) expectancy violation theory

Question 13

The technique for imagining ourselves as successful is called __________.

A) success reinforcement
B)positive visualization
C) role assumption
D) cognitive reinforcement
E) none of the above

Question 14

Cultural influences in the United States tend to place high value on which of the following?

A)individualism
B) relaxation and a leisurely pace of living
C) collectivist orientation
D) cooperation and deference
E) membership and community

Question 15

The active process of selecting, organizing and interpreting people, objects, events, situations, and activities is known as __________

A) prototypes
B)perception
C) self-serving bias
D) empathy
E) cognitive schemata

Question 16

According to Wood, the ability to feel with another person is called __________.

A) cognitive complexity
B) mind reading
C)empathy
D) inference
E) self-serving bias

Question 17

Catching yourself in the process of self-serving bias is most likely the result of __________.

A) inference
B) lower cognitive complexity
C)monitoring
D) scripts
E) prototypes
TRUE/FALSE

Question 18

When you are tired, stressed, or sick, you are likely to perceive things more negatively than when you are well rested. This is an example of __________.

A) expectations
B) social influences
C)physiological influences
D) self-serving bias
E) attribution

Question 19

Cognitive schemata include all of the following EXCEPT __________.

A)abstractions
B) stereotypes
C) scripts
D) personal constructs
E) prototypes

Question 20

A group of people who are part of an overall society but also distinct from the overall society in that they hold values, understandings, and practices that are not shared by people outside the group is called a __________.

A)social community
B) cultural identity
C) isolated culture
D) native culture
E) community theatre

Question 21

__________ __________ are mental yardsticks that allow us to measure phenomena on bi-polar dimensions.

Question 22

Your __________ for a first date describes how you and another person are supposed to act on a first date.

Question 23

Attribution is the act of explaining why something happens or why a person acts a particular way.

Question 24

Stereotypes may be accurate generalizations about groups.

Question 25

Cultures can be made up of social communities that have their own unique values and practices.

Question 26

Western cultures emphasize individualism more than other cultures, especially Eastern ones.

Question 27

A __________ is a belief or opinion that is based on observations, feelings, assumptions, or other phenomena that are not facts.

Question 28

We passively receive stimuli from around us.

Question 29

The person you think of as the ideal friend or the best example of what a friend is like, is your __________ for a friend.

Question 30

A judgment is a deduction that goes beyond what you know or assume to be a fact.

Question 31

__________ is a theory that holds that we organize and interpret experience by applying cognitive structures called cognitive schemata.

Question 32

Self-serving bias is the subjective process of creating explanations for what we observe and experience.

Question 33

A __________ consists of beliefs, values, understandings, practices, and ways of interpreting experience that a number of people share.

Question 34

A __________ is a predictive generalization about a person or situation.

Question 35

Mind reading is useful for good friends who want to communicate sincerely.

Question 36

Perception consists of these three interrelated processes: __________ , __________ and __________.

Question 37

Empathy and person-centeredness are the same.

Question 38

__________ is the process of calling behaviors or other phenomena to our attention so that we can observe and regulate them.

Question 39

Attributing your strengths and good actions to your personal integrity while attributing your weaknesses and mistakes to external factors beyond your control is known as the __________.

Question 40

Monitoring is the process of calling behaviors or other phenomena to our attention so that we can observe and regulate them.

Question 41

Discuss how we organize our perceptions in meaningful ways. Identify and explain the four methods of organization discussed in Chapter 3.

Question 42

Describe how facts differ from inferences and explain why it is important to avoid confusing the two.

Question 43

Define the 4 types of cognitive schemata and illustrate how they are used to organize perceptions. Include an example in which all 4 types are present.

Question 44

Explain what mind reading is and why it is generally not beneficial in communication.