Deck 3: Rocks: Materials of the Solid Earth

Question 1

Rhyolite is the fine-grained equivalent of this igneous rock.

A)basalt
B)andesite
C)granite
D)diorite

Answer 1

C

Question 2

If magma or lava cools quickly,the resulting igneous rock will have ________.

A)more silicate minerals
B)more variations in mineral types
C)very small crystals
D)very large crystals

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Obsidian exhibits a ________ texture.

A)fine-grained
B)glassy
C)coarse-grained
D)porphyritic

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What is the difference between "magma" and "lava"?

A)Magma is formed deep in the Earth and lava forms near the surface of the Earth.
B)It is just a name change,and lava is what magma is called if it reaches the surface of the Earth.
C)Magma makes igneous rocks and lava forms volcanoes.
D)Magma is less dense than lava.

Question 5

Why do crystals in a magma stop growing during cooling?

A)They run out of space.
B)They run out of heat.
C)They become too dense to grow.
D)The pressure from rocks above becomes too great and the magma stops growing crystals.

Question 6

Rocks that contain high amounts of silica typically also contain ________.

A)iron,magnesium,potassium
B)aluminum,magnesium,and potassium
C)aluminum,sodium,and potassium
D)calcium,magnesium,and potassium

Question 7

Which of the following is not a dark silicate mineral?

A)biotite
B)amphibole
C)quartz
D)pyroxene

Question 8

The texture of an igneous rock ________.

A)is controlled by the composition of magma
B)determines the color of the rock
C)is caused by leaching
D)records the rock's cooling history

Question 9

What is required for an igneous rock to weather?

A)It must move downslope under the influence of gravity.
B)It must be exposed at the surface of the Earth.
C)It must be uplifted from where it was emplaced.
D)It must be deposited by water or ice.

Question 10

Intrusive igneous rocks are often characterized as coarse-grained because ________.

A)the pressures at depth cause them to have a rough texture
B)the slow cooling at depth allows large crystals to grow
C)the uplift process that exposes the rock fractures them and makes them rough
D)small holes from escaping gases leave them rough and course

Question 11

Why does magma rise toward the Earth's surface?

A)because it is hot
B)because it is a liquid
C)because it is less dense than the material around it
D)because it is immiscible and cannot combine with the material around it

Question 12

Granite and gabbro ________.

A)have a similar mineral composition
B)have a similar texture
C)are similar in both texture and mineral composition
D)are not similar in either texture or mineral composition

Question 13

Select from the list below the coarse-grained rock which is composed mainly of quartz and potassium feldspar.

A)basalt
B)andesite
C)granite
D)diorite

Question 14

A porphyritic texture where large crystals are embedded in a matrix of small crystal may form when ________.

A)climate change causes crystals to cool at different rates
B)crystals of different compositions cool at different rates
C)crystals of different compositions grow to different sizes
D)a magma that has partially crystallized slowly moves to a different location where it then cools rapidly.

Question 15

What is the most common place for sediment to be deposited?

A)rivers
B)beaches
C)mountains
D)oceans

Question 16

Igneous rocks with an andesitic composition ________.

A)are denser than basaltic compositional rocks
B)make up most of the sea floor
C)are denser than granitic compositional rocks
D)are found primarily in continental interiors

Question 17

Which igneous texture is characterized by two distinctively different crystal sizes?

A)fine-grained
B)glassy
C)coarse-grained
D)porphyritic

Question 18

Which one of the following is an igneous rock?

A)limestone
B)rhyolite
C)slate
D)shale

Question 19

Which of the following is not true of peridotite?

A)It is rarely found at the Earth's surface.
B)It is denser than basaltic rocks.
C)It is composed almost entirely of olivine and pyroxene.
D)It is the main constituent of the Earth's crust.

Question 20

Which of the following places is well known for its intrusive igneous rocks that were exposed by erosion?

A)Mount St.Helens Volcano
B)Hawaii
C)Yosemite National Park
D)Yellowstone National Park

Question 21

Chalk forms from ________.

A)the hard parts of microscopic organisms that accumulate on the sea floor
B)magnesium rich fluids that chemically alter limestone bearing reefs
C)direct precipitation from seawater
D)evaporation of magnesium rich waters

Question 22

Death Valley is a site where ________ sedimentary rocks are common.

A)detrital
B)evaporite
C)biochemical
D)clastic

Question 23

The most common sedimentary rock is ________.

A)sandstone
B)shale
C)conglomerate
D)breccia

Question 24

Sedimentary rocks comprise approximately ________ percent of Earth's outermost 10 miles.

A)5
B)15
C)30
D)50

Question 25

Travertine,a form of limestone commonly found in caves,forms ________.

A)when water in a cave is heated
B)when water in a cave is cooled
C)when carbon dioxide in the water escapes into the air
D)when carbon dioxide from the air contacts the moisture in the cave

Question 26

Detrital sedimentary rocks are typically classified on the basis of their ________.

A)lithology
B)texture
C)provenance
D)particle size

Question 27

Chemical sedimentary rocks form from materials ________.

A)carried in solution
B)too fine to see without a microscope
C)that form weak bonds with oxygen
D)all of the above

Question 28

When sand lithifies,the resulting rock is commonly called ________.

A)sandstone
B)shale
C)conglomerate
D)breccia

Question 29

Chemical weathering would be most effective ________.

A)in a warm,dry climate
B)in a cold,dry climate
C)in a warm,humid climate
D)equally in any kind of climate

Question 30

Which one of the following is not related to chemical weathering?

A)decomposition
B)frost wedging
C)hydrolysis
D)oxidation

Question 31

Silts and clays are commonly deposited in lakes,lagoons,swamps and marine environments because ________.

A)those settings are more acidic
B)those settings are more basic
C)those settings have relatively still water
D)those settings have highly varied activities and multiple inlets for water

Question 32

Which of the following is not a product of the chemical weathering of potassium feldspar?

A)silica
B)potassium ions
C)iron oxide
D)clay

Question 33

Igneous rock is formed ________.

A)by the weathering of preexisting rocks
B)by changes in mineral composition
C)at great depth within Earth
D)by crystallization of magma

Question 34

Which of the following is an economically important sedimentary rock?

A)marble
B)coal
C)pumice
D)calcite

Question 35

An important condition for the formation of coal is ________.

A)abundant plant and animal life in a region
B)decomposition of organic matter with abundant oxygen
C)incomplete decomposition of organic matter due to a lack of oxygen
D)acid rich waters that reduce the organic matter to pure carbon

Question 36

Which of the following pairs are likely products of weathering granite?

A)sandstone and calcite
B)feldspar and mica
C)clay and quartz
D)olivine and pyroxene

Question 37

Limestone is formed primarily through ________.

A)direct precipitation from seawater
B)chemical interactions between ocean bottom sediments and ions in sea water
C)biochemical sediments secreted by marine organisms
D)evaporation of calcite rich seawater

Question 38

Breccia,a rock with angular particles,is likely to have traveled ________.

A)in a mountain stream
B)only a short distance
C)a long distance
D)in a glacier

Question 39

The first step in turning a rock into a sediment is ________.

A)gravity and erosional agents (wind,water,etc.)remove material from the parent rock
B)rock is broken into small pieces during the transportation phase
C)weathering alters the rock
D)compaction

Question 40

Most sediment is formed by ________.

A)settling out of a fluid
B)the downhill movement of material during mass wasting
C)the rapid distribution of material in a mountain stream
D)rocks that erode from the bottoms of glaciers

Question 41

The common source of pressure during compaction of sediments is ________.

A)the weight of the sediments deposited above the compacting sediments
B)the pressure of the sediments pushing the compacting sediments out of the way during deposition
C)the weight of the compacting sediments causing internal pressure
D)the weight of water above the sediments after they are deposited

Question 42

Mountain building causes metamorphism because ________.

A)mountains are heavy and they compress the rocks under them.
B)mountains are heavy and they push shallow,cool rocks to depths where they get heated
C)mountains form by the gradual buildup of material that comes from other areas and this can produce an uneven pressure on rocks
D)all of the above

Question 43

Slate is ________ than shale.

A)more planar
B)darker
C)denser
D)lighter

Question 44

Detrital sediments would predominate in all of the following environments except ________.

A)swamp
B)salt flat
C)river floodplain
D)delta

Question 45

The most important agent(s)of metamorphism,according to your text,is (are)________.

A)chemically active fluids
B)heat
C)differential stress
D)confining pressure

Question 46

Chemically active fluids are ________.

A)fluids that readily change to gases at surface conditions
B)fluids that contain large quantities of oxygen which reacts with most minerals to form new minerals during metamorphism
C)more acidic than regular fluids
D)more basic than regular fluids

Question 47

The low grade metamorphism of shale produces ________.

A)marble
B)schist
C)gneiss
D)slate

Question 48

Confining pressure is where ________.

A)forces are applied equally in all directions
B)forces are applied from the top and the bottom equally
C)pressure is applied in a cubic region
D)pressure is parallel to the bedding planes

Question 49

Which of the following best describes bedded gypsum and rock salt?

A)detrital sedimentary rocks
B)varieties of dolostone
C)varieties of coal and peat
D)evaporates; chemical,sedimentary rocks

Question 50

In an area where the temperature increase with depth averages 20°C per kilometer,the temperature at a depth of 5 kilometers would be ________.

A)100°C
B)200°C
C)50°C
D)20°C

Question 51

The major role of thermal energy (heat)in metamorphism is ________.

A)reducing the strength of rocks so that stress can be an effective agent of change
B)increasing the processes of dissolution and flow of different minerals
C)driving chemical reactions that lead to recrystallization
D)providing energy for the physical changes that occur during metamorphism

Question 52

For a geologist,the most important characteristic of a sedimentary rock is its ________.

A)texture
B)composition
C)layering
D)lithology

Question 53

Compaction would probably be most significant as a lithification process for ________.

A)shale
B)sandstone
C)conglomerate
D)breccia

Question 54

Which rock type is associated with a high-energy environment (such as a very turbulent stream)?

A)conglomerate
B)shale
C)chert
D)none of these

Question 55

The most abundant chemical sedimentary rock is ________.

A)limestone
B)dolomite
C)chert
D)rock salt

Question 56

Coal beds originate in ________.

A)shallow lakes in a dry,desert region
B)channels of fast-moving streams
C)deep,marine basins below wave action
D)freshwater coastal swamps and bogs

Question 57

Metamorphism occurs when a rock ________.

A)experiences conditions that include high temperatures
B)experiences conditions that include high pressures
C)experiences conditions that are significantly different from those that formed the rock
D)experiences conditions that are similar to those that formed the rock

Question 58

When rocks experience high temperatures and differential stresses deep in the Earth,their grains tend to ________.

A)break in small fragments like a piece of fine crystal
B)fracture along planes of weakness
C)flatten and elongate
D)form new minerals

Question 59

Recrystallization during metamorphism causes grains to grow longer in the ________.

A)direction of maximum differential stress
B)direction perpendicular to the compressional stress
C)direction parallel to the compressional stress
D)horizontal direction

Question 60

The quartz in granite begins to melt at 650°C,so if we find a migmatite where quartz has melted in a granitic rock and we know the temperature in the region increased with depth by about 25°C per kilometer,we could estimate the depth that the rock had been at to be about ________.

A)12.5 km
B)18.0 km
C)23.5 km
D)26.0 km

Question 61

The primary agent of contact metamorphism is ________.

A)folding
B)heat
C)stress
D)strain

Question 62

Which of the following lists the rocks in the order of increasing grain size and increasing grade of metamorphism?

A)phyllite,slate,schist
B)schist,slate,phyllite
C)slate,phyllite,schist
D)slate,schist,phyllite

Question 63

Magma differentiation tends to produce deposits of ________ near the base of intrusions.

A)gold
B)silver
C)chromite
D)copper

Question 64

Examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option which does not fit the pattern.

-granite basalt diorite gabbro

Question 65

calcite iron oxide shale silica

Question 66

________ is composed of alternating bands of light and dark silicate minerals.

A)Marble
B)Mica schist
C)Phyllite
D)Gneiss

Question 67

A major difference between coal and oil/gas is ________.

A)coal forms in deep marine environments and oil/gas form in shallow marine environments
B)coal forms in shallow marine environments and oil/gas form in swamps
C)coal forms in swamps and oil/gas form in marine environments
D)coal forms on land from dinosaurs and oil/gas form from ancient fish

Question 68

The common rock produced by the metamorphism of limestone is ________.

A)marble
B)mica schist
C)phyllite
D)gneiss

Question 69

Under the right circumstances,any rock can be transformed into another type of rock in the rock cycle.

Question 70

shale sandstone breccia conglomerate

Question 71

The change from a sediment to a sedimentary rock typically involves burying the sediment.

Question 72

confining pressure differential stress melting chemical fluids

Question 73

The very large crystals of quartz,feldspar,and muscovite found in pegmatites form from ________.

A)the early crystallizing parts of a magma
B)the final crystallizing parts of a magma
C)the middle crystallizing parts of a magma
D)all of the above

Question 74

lithification cementation weathering compaction

Question 75

The minerals gold,silver and mercury are often found in ________.

A)hydrothermal veins
B)the lower parts of an intrusion
C)disseminated deposits
D)alteration of limestone

Question 76

In order to get oil and gas in sufficient quantities to make a profit,an oil trap must exist with ________.

A)no fractures or structure
B)permeability and porosity
C)lateral continuity that allows fluids to migrate
D)shale with little or no sulfur.

Question 77

Examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option which does not fit the pattern.

-lava magma pahoehoe aa

Question 78

Which of the following is not an example of a foliation in a metamorphic rock?

A)compositional banding
B)bedding planes and strata
C)parallel alignment of flattened pebbles
D)parallel alignment of platy or flat minerals

Question 79

pyroxene plagioclase quartz olivine

Question 80

Which of the following changes may occur during metamorphism?

A)Certain minerals may recrystallize.
B)The rock becomes more compact.
C)Crystals may grow larger.
D)all of the above