Deck 3: Social Cognition: How We Think About the Social World

Question 1

The cases of Amadou Diallo and Sean Bell,who were innocent African-American men shot by police officers,illustrates the point that

A)racism is a universal phenomenon.
B)police officers often look for an excuse to fire their weapons.
C)quick social judgments are not always accurate.
D)automatic processes are accurate.

Answer 1

quick social judgments are not always accurate.

Question 2

In the Amadou Diallo case,the police apparently acted

A)without consciously considering whether their assumptions were correct.
B)with malice aforethought.
C)in a deliberate and considered manner after a systematic analysis of the situation.
D)to create a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Answer 2

without consciously considering whether their assumptions were correct.

Question 3

Your textbook cites the example of the Amadou Diallo case as an example of automatic processing.How does this case show how automatic processing can lead to errors?

A)Police shot Diallo as he was pulling a weapon from his pocket but killed him unnecessarily.
B)Police shot Diallo as he was pulling a wallet from his pocket because they thought he was reaching for a gun.
C)Diallo shot the police and then was killed by them because he believed they would kill him.
D)Diallo mistook the American police for the police of his native West Africa and spoke to them in his native tongue.

Answer 3

Police shot Diallo as he was pulling a wallet from his pocket because they thought he was reaching for a gun.

Question 4

Psychologists distinguish between two types of cognitive processing. ____ processing is nonconscious and unintentional,whereas ____ processing is conscious and intentional.

A)Accurate; inaccurate
B)Automatic; controlled
C)Inefficient; efficient
D)Controlled; automatic

Question 5

Christopher is considering breaking up with his high-school sweetheart.He spends many hours weighing the benefits and drawbacks,he asks his friends for advice,and he thinks about it further before coming to his decision.In this case,Christopher is using

A)automatic processing.
B)the representativeness heuristic.
C)controlled thinking.
D)self-fulfilling prophecies.

Question 6

____ allow us to quickly organize information into categories.

A)Schemas
B)Heuristics
C)Planful deliberations
D)Egocentric biases

Question 7

____ refers to the way people select,interpret,remember,and use social information to make judgments and decisions about themselves and others.

A)Social cognition
B)Schemas
C)Counterfactual thinking
D)Decision rules

Question 8

According to the authors of your text,when people use automatic processes,they tend to size up new situations

A)slowly and inaccurately.
B)quickly and inaccurately.
C)slowly and accurately.
D)quickly and accurately.

Question 9

The chapter's opening vignette refers to the Amadou Diallo case,in which four police officers shot Diallo,an African immigrant,forty-one times when he tried to pull out his wallet.This story is used to illustrate the point that

A)white police officers are inevitably prejudiced against blacks.
B)racial profiling is harmful to the criminal justice system.
C)errors can result when people only have time to rely on automatic processing.
D)there are racial differences in the reliance on automatic and controlled processing.

Question 10

Automatic thinking tends to be all of the following except

A)nonconscious.
B)effortless.
C)voluntary.
D)unintentional.

Question 11

Most initial impressions of a novel situation are made using

A)controlled thinking processes.
B)the representativeness heuristic.
C)counterfactual thinking.
D)automatic thinking processes.

Question 12

According to the authors of your text,automatic processes are based on

A)subconscious desires and impulses.
B)biological responses and cognitive thought.
C)one's sense of self and identity.
D)past experiences and knowledge.

Question 13

Which of the following is not an example of automatic thinking?

A)forming a first impression of someone within seconds of meeting him or her
B)conducting a search on the internet
C)having a sense of whether an object is near or far from us
D)driving down the highway while also carrying on a conversation

Question 14

____ processing is nonconscious,effortless,and unintentional,whereas ____ processing is conscious,effortful,and intentional.

A)Biased; accurate
B)Automatic; controlled
C)Controlled; automatic
D)Illogical; logical

Question 15

In general,when people first encounter a novel situation,they tend to

A)be in a state of complete confusion until they have explored extensively.
B)size up the situation quickly and effortlessly and,for the most part,correctly.
C)size up the situation quickly and effortlessly,but with frequent and extensive errors that are corrected only with experience.
D)size up the situation quickly and effortlessly,but with frequent and extensive errors that are impervious to change.

Question 16

The fact that students "instantly" know the difference between a classroom and a party is an example of a(n)

A)controlled process.
B)automatic process.
C)schema.
D)social cognition.

Question 17

____ are the cognitive structures we use to organize our knowledge of the social world.

A)Heuristics
B)Schemas
C)Cognitive filters
D)Counterfactuals

Question 18

Karen is so used to driving to her boyfriend's house that when she is taking her little brother to softball practice early one morning,before she is fully awake,she finds herself driving to her boyfriend's house instead.This is an example of

A)judgmental heuristics.
B)counterfactual thinking.
C)controlled processing.
D)automatic processing.

Question 19

Parents seldom spend a lot of time explaining to their children how to ride a bicycle.Instead,they often get a bike with training wheels and let the children learn for themselves how to ride a bike.This is because our understanding about how to ride a bicycle is based on

A)automatic processing that is difficult to describe to someone else.
B)controlled processing that can only be learned by experience.
C)intuition that is difficult to express in language that a child can understand.
D)personal experience that is not likely to be believed by the child.

Question 20

The way that automatic and controlled processing tend to work together can be best compared to a

A)computer graphics system that relies on both bitmap (pixel by pixel)and vector (mathematically generated line)images.
B)modern jet system that can fly on automatic pilot but also has a manual override.
C)car that can drive in either four-wheel or two-wheel drive.
D)deciduous tree that has leaves in spring through fall but is bare in the winter.

Question 21

In a study by Correll et al.(2002)described in the text,people played a video game in which they saw white and black people holding either a gun or a cell phone,and had to press either a "shoot" button if the target had a gun or a "don't shoot" button if the target had a phone.People made the most errors in

A)shooting white men who had phones.
B)shooting black men who had phones.
C)failing to shoot white men who had guns.
D)failing to shoot black men who had guns.

Question 22

When most Americans walk into a fast food restaurant chain,they know they should walk up to the counter to order,pay,and pick up their food,rather than sit down and wait to be served.This knowledge of how to act in such a situation is called a

A)controlled process.
B)stereotype.
C)counterfactual thought.
D)script.

Question 23

Based on the Shooter Bias study by Payne and Cornell presented in your text,which of the following people would be most likely to be shot in a simulation?

A)a man holding a gun
B)a white person holding a gun
C)a black person holding a gun
D)anyone holding a gun

Question 24

Which of the following is not a function of schemas?

A)organize knowledge of the social world
B)influence the information we notice,think about,and recall
C)contain basic knowledge and impressions we use to interpret new situations
D)to make logical inferences based on an objective set of facts

Question 25

Studies by Payne and Cornell indicated that college students exhibit the "shooter bias," and were more likely to shoot at Black than White characters in a video game.What is one valid implication from these studies?

A)The police in the case of Diallo and Thomas were not excessively racist,but rather relying on stereotypes.
B)People in general are very racist,and most of the time use controlled processes as a cover-up.
C)Relying on stereotypes is usually the most accurate thing to do.
D)Most people are very violent by nature,and they use schemas to find appropriate people to vent on.

Question 26

When you meet your new roommate for the first time,he is wearing glasses,listening to classical music,and reading a copy of the New York Review of Books.You think,"Well,maybe rooming with an intellectual this year will be good for me." You instantly categorized your roommate as an intellectual on the basis of

A)your schemas.
B)your memories.
C)your intuitions.
D)your heuristics.

Question 27

In a study by Correll et al.(2002)described in the text,people played a video game in which they saw white and black people holding either a gun or a cell phone,and had to press either a "shoot" button or a "don't shoot" button.The results of the study showed a "shooter bias." This meant that people were more likely to press the "shoot" button

A)regardless of whether the target had a gun or a cell phone.
B)regardless of whether the target was white or black.
C)regardless of what the target held,but only if the target was black.
D)regardless of whether the target was white or black,but only if they held a gun.

Question 28

A stereotype can also be considered a(n) ____ about members of a social group.

A)misconception
B)schema
C)emotion
D)attribution

Question 29

Schemas that people apply to others who are members of a social group (e.g.,an ethnic group or a fraternity)are also called

A)social identities.
B)person attributions.
C)norms.
D)stereotypes.

Question 30

Based on information from the authors of your text,when we meet someone new,we are likely to

A)consider carefully all information about him or her before forming an impression.
B)use only internal characteristics such as personality to form an impression.
C)categorize this person based on our schemas and other people we know.
D)rely on scripts to form an accurate impression.

Question 31

Based on the results from studies conducted by both Payne and Cornell,how would most participants in their studies behave if they encountered the same situation as the police officers who assaulted Diallo?

A)It is likely that ordinary people would have behaved the same way and shot him.
B)It is highly unlikely that most average people would have so quickly turned to violence.
C)Most average people would have resorted to violence,but only as a last resort.
D)There is no evidence from these studies that ordinary people would be more likely to shoot an African- American than a Caucasian.

Question 32

Schemas are typically useful for all of the following functions except

A)helping us use more controlled processes.
B)helping us organize knowledge.
C)helping us make sense of the world.
D)helping us come to a quick judgment.

Question 33

Which of the following is not a typical example of the kind of knowledge that is contained in a schema? Your knowledge

A)of the typical character traits and behaviors of lawyers.
B)of the first date when you spilled red punch all over your partner.
C)that fairy tales begin,"Once upon a time "
D)that it is common to leave a 15 percent tip when dining at an eat-in restaurant.

Question 34

When Matilda met Joe,she instantly categorized him as a nerd because of his appearance and intense interest in technology and mathematics.Matilda's categorization is an example of her use of

A)scripts.
B)schemas.
C)controlled processes.
D)base rate information.

Question 35

Based on Cornell and colleagues most recent work,presented by the authors of your text,there is one study which indicates that police officers are ____ likely relative to nonofficers to let stereotypes guide their decision to shoot someone.

A)more
B)twice as
C)equally
D)less

Question 36

Olivia thinks that all monks are silent,pious,devout men.This is an example of

A)a stereotype.
B)the base rate heuristic.
C)the overconfidence barrier.
D)controlled thinking.

Question 37

According to the authors of your text,people are likely to quickly categorize people they have just met.This is due to people's reliance on

A)self-fulfilling prophecies.
B)counterfactual thinking.
C)controlled processes.
D)schemas.

Question 38

Korsakov's syndrome is a neurological disorder that makes sufferers unable to form new memories.The world is disorienting and incoherent to patients with this disorder,so they often confabulate and invent fictions to make the world less scary and confusing.A social psychologist might say that these patients

A)invent schemas where none exist.
B)have lost their schemas.
C)can only use controlled but not automatic processes.
D)are not concerned with reducing ambiguity.

Question 39

When Robin meets her friend's new roommate,she sees that she has easels and paints strewn about,and has decorated her side of the room with lots of hand-made ceramic pots and paintings.At first,Robin is most likely

A)to use her "artistic" person schema and assume that her friend's roommate is free-thinking and creative.
B)not to make any assumptions about her friend's roommate's preferences and tastes.
C)to use her "artistic" person schema and focus on her friend's roommate's deviations from the schema,such as the fact that she is majoring in business.
D)to change her "artistic" person schema when she discovers that her friend's roommate is a business major.

Question 40

Why do we use schemas?

A)Humans are born with schemas.
B)Schemas are taught to us in our early childhood.
C)Without schemas,the world would seem inexplicable and confusing.
D)Schemas ensure that we interpret the world accurately.

Question 41

If you grew up in a household with a brother who was morbidly shy,you might have a different belief about a man you meet who avoids dating women than a person who grew up in a household with a brother who was gay.This difference in interpretation is due to differences in your and the other person's

A)schemas for gay men and shy men.
B)prejudices against gays.
C)chronic accessibility of gay vs.shy schemas.
D)temporary priming of gay vs.shy schemas.

Question 42

Alice goes to see a rerun of Jaws (a movie about a vicious shark)a few days before she takes off to Florida on spring break.On break,she finds that she is now too nervous to spend much time actually in the water,since she is convinced that anything she sees in the water is a shark.Her heightened sensitivity is due to

A)self-fulfilling prophecy.
B)priming.
C)anchoring and adjustment.
D)representativeness.

Question 43

Jennifer was walking along the street when she saw a man run out of a convenience store clutching on to a bag.The owner of the store runs out and shouts for the man to stop and come back.Jennifer immediately assumes that there has been a robbery,not that the man was in a hurry and forgot his change.How did she fill in this gap in her knowledge of the situation?

A)She was using the base rate heuristic.
B)She considered self-fulfilling prophecies.
C)She was using racial profiling.
D)She was relying on schema

Question 44

Recall that Harold Kelley (1950)told some college students that their guest lecturer was a warm person,and others that he was a cold person.The visitor then lectured for twenty minutes,and behaved in a very arrogant way during the lecture.When students evaluated the lecturer,

A)no matter what the expectation,none of the students liked the arrogant lecturer.
B)those students who expected a warm person interpreted his "arrogance" as insecurity.
C)students expecting a warm person rated the lecturer as funnier,but no less arrogant than students who expected a cold person.
D)students who expected a cold person rated the lecturer as less arrogant than students who expected a warm person.

Question 45

According to the perspective presented in Chapter 3 (Social Cognition),a person who grew up in a home with an alcoholic parent who sees a man acting in a somewhat strange manner may be ____ likely to interpret this behavior as due to alcohol because of ____.

A)more; chronic accessibility of an alcoholic schema
B)more; ego-defensive biases
C)less; chronic accessibility of an alcoholic schema
D)less; ego-defensive biases

Question 46

Recall that Harold Kelley (1950)told some college students that their guest instructor was a warm person,and others that he was a cold person.Students who were told that the guest instructor was a warm person evaluated him more positively and participated more in class discussion than did students who were told that he was cold.These results support the idea that schemas are

A)universal.
B)impossible to modify.
C)especially influential when we encounter ambiguous information.
D)different,depending on the information to which we are exposed.

Question 47

Based on the study by Harold Kelley (1950)presented in your text,if you were to describe yourself to a blind date as being witty,how would she be most likely to view a slightly sarcastic comment you make?

A)as rude
B)as insensitive
C)as being funny and witty
D)as extremely sarcastic

Question 48

Carol has a subtle "Mona Lisa" smile that is much harder to detect than an obvious toothy grin.Assume that before you met Carol,a mutual friend described her as warm and friendly.The first time Carol smiled at you,if you were to rely on your schemas,you would probably conclude that she is

A)bored talking to you.
B)a friendly person.
C)a cool,aloof person.
D)very hard to read.

Question 49

Recall that Harold Kelley (1950)told some students that a guest instructor was warm and others that a guest instructor was cold.When the instructor behaved in an arrogant way,he was rated as immodest,no matter what students were told about him at the outset.These findings suggest that

A)in tense situations,we seldom rely on our schemas.
B)schemas change according to the situation they are applied in.
C)when behaviors are clear,we rely less on our schemas.
D)schemas are specific to the situation in which we find ourselves.

Question 50

Ethan and Heather see a man stumbling around as he walks down the street.Ethan,who belongs to Alcoholics Anonymous,thinks the man is drunk,but Heather,who just watched a TV special on Michael J.Fox,thinks the man has Parkinson's Disease.These differing interpretations of the same behavior seem to be caused by Ethan and Heather's differences in

A)accessibility.
B)current goals.
C)stereotypes.
D)self-fulfilling prophecies.

Question 51

Korsakov's syndrome is a neurological disorder more closely associated with abnormal psychology than with social psychology.Why would the authors of your text describe the symptoms of Korsakov's syndrome and provide Oliver Sacks's description of his encounter with a patient suffering from that disease? This discussion illustrates

A)the power of schemas to create a false reality.
B)the importance of schemas in helping humans make sense of their experiences.
C)the hazards of holding rigid,inflexible schemas.
D)the dangers of relying on heuristics to understand medical problems.

Question 52

We are most likely to rely on schemas when the situation we confront is

A)arousing.
B)ambiguous.
C)exciting.
D)forgettable.

Question 53

The extent to which schemas and concepts are at the forefront of people's minds and therefore likely to be used in making social judgments is called

A)functionality.
B)accessibility.
C)primacy.
D)recency.

Question 54

Recall that Harold Kelley (1950)told some college students that their guest lecturer was a warm person,and others that he was a cold person.The visitor then lectured for twenty minutes.After the lecture,

A)those students who expected the lecturer to be warm rated him higher and participated more in class discussion than those who expected him to be cold.
B)those students who expected the lecturer to be warm rated him higher but did not talk in class any more than those who expected him to be cold.
C)those students who expected him to be warm participated in class more than those who expected him to be cold,but did not rate him any differently.
D)those students who expected him to be warm and those who expected him to be cold did not differ in their assessments,since they both saw the same person.

Question 55

According to the authors of your text,what are the three reasons why schemas become accessible?

A)chronic accessibility due to experience; a current goal; priming
B)priming; recent experiences; current goals
C)chronic accessibility due to experience; priming; base rate information
D)priming; chronic accessibility due to experience; non-applicable information

Question 56

Recall that Harold Kelley (1950)told some college students that their guest lecturer was a warm person,and others that he was a cold person.The visitor then lectured for twenty minutes,and behaved in a very cocky,arrogant way during the lecture.All students viewed the lecturer as arrogant,but differed in their assessments of how humorous he was.These results suggest that schemas are

A)modifiable.
B)more likely to be used to interpret ambiguous behaviors.
C)abandoned in the face of ambiguous behaviors.
D)specific to a particular situation.

Question 57

The first day of class,Maria absolutely loved her new social psychology professor,but Daniel couldn't stand her.If their interpretations were influenced by schemas,in all likelihood,Maria had heard ____,whereas Daniel had heard ____.

A)that the professor was great; nothing about the professor
B)nothing about the professor; that the professor was horrible
C)that the professor was great; that the professor was horrible
D)that the professor was an introvert; that the professor was an extravert

Question 58

The text discusses three reasons why schemas can become accessible.Which of the following is not one of these reasons?

A)chronic accessibility due to past experience
B)base rate information about a person
C)related to a current goal
D)temporary accessibility due to recent experiences

Question 59

The authors of your textbook point out that it is reasonable to use schemas to resolve ambiguity,but that this can become problematic when the schema is

A)negative.
B)unclear.
C)newly developed.
D)inaccurate.

Question 60

Professor Chadwick is young and looks even younger than his years.He dresses in jeans,grubby tennis shoes,and Hawaiian print shirts.One day in the hallway,he strikes up a conversation with a student.During the conversation,the student begins to complain about the poor teaching of the faculty in the department and about the bad things he's heard about the course that Professor Chadwick teaches.Needless to say,when the student finds out he was actually talking to a professor,he feels embarrassed and avoids Professor Chadwick.What is the moral of this story?

A)Students should be seen and not heard.
B)Schemas may make us efficient,but sometimes at a cost in accuracy.
C)Heuristics make us more efficient,but only if we apply them to schemas.
D)The world would be a better place if people abandoned their schemas altogether.

Question 61

Recall that Higgins,Rholes,and Jones (1977)had participants memorize a number of words before reading an ambiguous passage about a character named Donald.The results of this study showed that

A)people who memorized any positive words about Donald,whether or not they applied to the passage,viewed him more positively.
B)people who memorized positive words about Donald viewed him positively only when those words were also applicable to the passage.
C)people who memorized negative words about Donald made a concerted attempt to overcome their prejudices and viewed him more positively.
D)people were not affected by the positivity or negativity of the words they memorized.

Question 62

"People literally create their own realities" is the basic idea behind ____.

A)the representativeness heuristic
B)counterfactual thinking
C)ironic processing
D)the self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 63

You are listening to a radio broadcast which describes a person who donated a kidney to a complete stranger in need of a transplant,when the phone rings and the fireman's local asks you to make a donation.The idea of priming suggests that

A)you will be less likely to make a donation because your self-esteem has been threatened by realizing that you will never be as saintly as the person in the story.
B)you will be more likely to make a donation because you feel in a good mood after hearing the heartwarming story.
C)you will be more likely to make a donation because the schema of being charitable has been made more accessible.
D)you will not be affected in your likelihood of making a donation by the radio broadcast.

Question 64

In order for priming to work successfully,thoughts need to be both

A)accessible and salient.
B)chronic and experiential.
C)applicable and accessible.
D)long-term and chronic.

Question 65

A study by Bargh and Pietromonaco (1982)described in the text flashed words such as hostile and unkind on a computer screen so fast that participants only saw a flash of light and did not consciously see the words. This study demonstrated that priming effects

A)do not occur unless the primes are consciously perceived.
B)can be automatic and nonconscious.
C)depend on whether or not a participant is cognitively distracted.
D)occur for negative but not for positive primes.

Question 66

Self-fulfilling prophecies can best be defined as

A)someone who believes he or she can do something and does it.
B)when people inadvertently make schemas come true by the way they treat others.
C)the perseverance of a schema after it has been discredited.
D)the nonconscious processes that help us function in daily life.

Question 67

According to the authors of your text,priming

A)is a controlled process.
B)is automatic and nonconscious.
C)is caused by the accessibility of our current goals.
D)is both automatic and conscious.

Question 68

Recall that Higgins,Rholes,and Jones (1977)had participants memorize a number of words before reading an ambiguous passage about a character named Donald.The words participants read influenced how they interpreted Donald's somewhat ambiguous behavior.The take-home message of this study is that thoughts have to be ____ before they affect our impressions of the social world.

A)either accessible or applicable
B)accessible,but not necessarily applicable
C)applicable,but not necessarily accessible
D)both accessible and applicable

Question 69

Which of the following provides the best example of the self-fulfilling prophecy?

A)A lawyer asks you to describe the last fight you were in and the jury now believes you have a pronounced history of aggressive behavior,even though that was your only fight.
B)A person tries to bring a shy person out of her shell by acting in a very friendly manner.
C)Due to a rumor of a stock market crash,Wall Street has a significant drop when too many people take their money out of the market.
D)You remember that your waitress friend prefers beer to wine,but mistakenly recall that your librarian friend prefers wine to beer.

Question 70

The self-fulfilling prophecy occurs because we often

A)work to revise our schemas when necessary.
B)act based on our schemas.
C)distort our perception of reality to support our schemas.
D)abandon our schemas when we're under pressure.

Question 71

Based on information from the authors of your text,what is one possible explanation as to why girls and boys perform about the same in math in elementary school,but a gender gap appears around puberty?

A)estrogen impairs cognition
B)testosterone impairs cognition
C)self-fulfilling prophecies seem to occur
D)peer pressure become more important to girls

Question 72

Chronic accessibility is to long-term exposure to a stimulus as temporary accessibility is to

A)awareness.
B)positive mood.
C)priming.
D)heuristics.

Question 73

In the self-fulfilling prophecy,a perceiver has a(n) ____ that affects the ____ of the target of perception.

A)bias; emotional reaction
B)expectation; behavior
C)schema; schema
D)emotional reaction; expectation

Question 74

You drive past a billboard advertising a certain candy bar every day,but never really notice the ad.If this billboard is priming you to purchase the candy bar,which of the following is most likely to happen?

A)You feel compelled to pull into the nearest convenience store to buy several of these candy bars.
B)You never purchase the candy bar,but dream about it.
C)At the snack bar,hungry,you consider-and perhaps even purchase-the candy bar.
D)After several days,you start craving the candy bar,even when you aren't hungry.

Question 75

Jordan has just read about the importance of good communication in romantic relationships.Yet when he goes to play basketball with his friends,he repeatedly fails to communicate who he is passing the ball to,and never indicates when he is open to receive a pass.The best explanation for why Jordan was not successfully primed to be a good communicator with his friends is that the article about romantic relationships was not considered ____ in the new context.

A)applicable
B)accessible
C)available
D)retrievable

Question 76

Diana currently has a goal to lose fifteen pounds by the summer,and she notices that lately her friend,Sarah,hasn't been eating much.Based on your text's discussion of how current goals can affect accessibility,how is Diana most likely to interpret Sarah's behavior?

A)Sarah is ill and has no appetite.
B)Sarah has symptoms of depression.
C)Sarah must be on a diet too.
D)Sarah must not like the food.

Question 77

Warren believes that Tom is an outgoing,gregarious person."Whom did you hang out with this weekend?" Warren asks Tom."Tell me about all of the fun things that you have planned for the summer," Warren continues.Although Tom is usually rather quiet and reserved,he responds to Warren in an outgoing,friendly manner.This is an example of

A)the perseverance effect.
B)the primacy effect.
C)reconstructive memory.
D)a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 78

The authors cite a number of statistics that point to girls' relatively poor academic performance on standardized tests compared to boys' performance on those tests.The authors suggest that these gender differences may be due in part to

A)the gender bias that pervades standardized tests.
B)biological differences in the ways males and females process information.
C)girls' and young women's "fear of success" schemas.
D)the power of teachers' self-fulfilling prophecies.

Question 79

In a study by Higgins,Rholes,and Jones (1977)described in the textbook,participants memorized either the word reckless or the word adventurous before reading an ambiguous passage about Donald in which he was described as engaging in a number of recreational activities (e.g.,driving in a demolition derby,white-water rafting)in which he had risked injury and even death.This method was used to study the concept of

A)priming.
B)attribution formation.
C)representativeness.
D)counterfactual thinking.

Question 80

James has a goal of being able to run a marathon by next year.When he sees a woman dart out of a store and start running he immediately thinks,"Oh,she must be a runner too!" rather than,"She's a shoplifter trying to get away." Which of the following is the best explanation for why one schema was accessible rather than another?

A)chronic accessibility due to past experience
B)a current goal
C)base-rate information
D)applicability of priming