Deck 13: Prejudice: Causes and Cures

Question 1

Philip Goldberg (1968)found that women rated articles by female authors ____ articles by men,suggesting that they regard women as intellectually ____ men.

A)higher than; superior to
B)lower than; inferior to
C)the same as; equal to
D)very differently from; more varied than

Answer 1

lower than; inferior to

Question 2

Thurgood Marshall is known as a former Supreme Court Justice.Yet he made other important contributions to policies related to prejudice,including

A)proposing affirmative action policies.
B)the Emancipation Proclamation.
C)developing the Civil Rights Act.
D)arguing the case of Brown v.Board of Education.

Answer 2

arguing the case of Brown v.Board of Education.

Question 3

In their classic "doll studies" with African-American children,social psychologists Kenneth and Mamie Clark (1947)demonstrated the negative effects of prejudice on children's self-esteem.This evidence was used by the Supreme Court to rule that

A)affirmative action is necessary some places.
B)schools should be desegregated.
C)African Americans should be required to seek psychological counseling.
D)the Ku Klux Klan is an illegal hate group.

Answer 3

schools should be desegregated.

Question 4

After reading an article by J.L.Burnet,Alexis gave it rave reviews.If Alexis were informed ahead of time that the article was written by Julie Lynn Burnet and not Jacob Leigh Burnet,how might Alexis's perception of the article change,according to research by Goldberg (1968)presented in your text?

A)Her perceptions would be unchanged; after all,it is the same article.
B)Her perceptions would be more favorable,to prove she is not sexist.
C)Her perceptions would be less favorable because of the stereotype that women are intellectually inferior.
D)Her perceptions would be unchanged because,although she would be anchoring her rating based on his initial perception,she would adjust it insufficiently for her prejudices.

Question 5

Lucas reads an article in the newspaper about a man recently arrested for polygamy."Yuck! That lifestyle disgusts me!" Lucas says with disdain.Lucas is expressing his ____ about polygamy.

A)stereotypes
B)beliefs
C)prejudice
D)politically correct opinion

Question 6

Recall that when they were given a choice between white or black dolls,African-American children as young as three years old often rejected the black doll (Clark & Clark,1947).These findings by Kenneth and Mamie Clark suggest that

A)victims of prejudice displace their frustration onto members of their own race.
B)prejudice harms the self-esteem of minority children.
C)inequities in the marketplace convince children that white dolls are prettier.
D)almost everyone wants to be a member of a dominant group,even minority group members.

Question 7

Which of the following statements about prejudice is false?

A)Everyone,no matter their origin,is a potential target of prejudice.
B)While our enemies regard us in distorted fashion,our allies perceive us without prejudice.
C)Prejudices exist for nationalities,gender,sexual orientation,religion,and aspects of appearance and health.
D)Prejudices tend to "cut both ways"; if we have prejudice about one group,they will have prejudices about us.

Question 8

Research conducted during the run-up to President Obama's election demonstrates that

A)one exception to the negative stereotypes about African Americans is not sufficient to reduce bias.
B)prior to the election,President Obama's candidacy alone was enough to produce sharp reductions in bias against blacks.
C)only after the election of President Obama did bias against blacks start to decline.
D)President Obama's candidacy-but not his election-increased bias against blacks.

Question 9

Although psychologists usually refer to prejudice only in a ____ sense,it is possible for a person to have a ____ prejudice about a particular group.

A)benign; destructive
B)positive; negative
C)negative; positive
D)specific; diffuse

Question 10

Prejudice against ethnic minorities is well-known.Which of the following is true about the limits of who experiences prejudice?

A)Only ethnic minorities experience prejudice and discrimination.
B)Only ethnic minorities and women experience prejudice.
C)Any group can experience prejudice.
D)Prejudice is a thing of the past; no groups experience it anymore.

Question 11

According to the authors,one nearly inevitable consequence of being the target of relentless prejudice is

A)genocide.
B)discrimination.
C)lower self-esteem.
D)rebellion.

Question 12

Recall that Philip Goldberg (1968)asked female college students to rate articles written by either male or female authors.Although the articles were identical,women evaluated the article written by John McKay more positively than the article written by Joan McKay.These findings suggest that women

A)tend to seek approval by competing with members of their own gender.
B)displace their frustration onto other successful women.
C)accept the negative stereotype of women as inferior to men.
D)tend to dislike other women who violate sex-role stereotypes.

Question 13

In their classic "doll studies" with African-American children,social psychologists Kenneth and Mamie Clark (1947)demonstrated the negative effects of prejudice on ____ even early in life.

A)consumer choice
B)altruism
C)empathy
D)self-esteem

Question 14

In the introduction to Chapter 13 (Prejudice: Causes and Consequences)the authors describe two events: Thurgood Marshall's experience with prejudice and discrimination in the South,and the aftermath of the 0.J. Simpson murder trial.What do these two events have in common? They

A)reflect a racial divide that exists in the United States.
B)show that because of race,national celebrities are not always treated the same.
C)reveal that consequences of prejudice are different,depending on the part of the country.
D)demonstrate the power of prejudice to distort our interpretations.

Question 15

____ refers to an attitude toward a distinguishable group of people based solely on their group membership.

A)Discrimination
B)Stereotypes
C)Racism
D)Prejudice

Question 16

Which of the following best exemplifies the concept "prejudice" as used by social psychologists?

A)At parties,Lynne tends to seek out people who,like her,are psychology majors.
B)Kevin feels mistrustful of and uncomfortable around people from the Middle East.
C)Maria seldom hangs out with people who are not Catholic.
D)Barbara believes that women are smarter than men.

Question 17

Prejudice refers to both the general attitude structure and the ____ component of an attitude toward a group of people.

A)affective
B)behavioral
C)illustrative
D)cognitive

Question 18

According to your text,prejudice can be considered a(n)

A)attitude.
B)cognition.
C)belief.
D)estimation.

Question 19

According to the authors,because the number of blatant acts of prejudice and discrimination in the United States has declined,prejudice has now

A)gone underground and become more overt.
B)gone underground and become more covert..
C)become a thing of the past.
D)become irrelevant to the lives of students today.

Question 20

Since the 1940s,the text reports that levels of blatant prejudice in the U.S.have

A)been reduced so far as to say that prejudice no longer is a serious problem.
B)decreased markedly.
C)stayed about the same.
D)been steadily increasing.

Question 21

When asked to imagine someone who fits the description "construction worker," many people picture a man in a hard hat and work clothes.Such mental images of a group of people are examples of

A)prejudices.
B)stereotypes.
C)evaluations.
D)scripts.

Question 22

____ are generalizations about a group of people in which identical characteristics are ascribed to all members of the group,regardless of within-group variations.

A)Schemas
B)Stereotypes
C)In-group biases
D)Negative stereotypes

Question 23

____ is to affect as ____ is to cognition.

A)Stereotype; prejudice
B)Discrimination; stereotype
C)Prejudice; discrimination
D)Prejudice; stereotype

Question 24

When Gordon Allport (1954)described stereotyping as "the law of least effort," he was suggesting that stereotypes arise

A)from personal experience.
B)to help us conserve cognitive energy.
C)at the service of the ego.
D)to justify objectionable actions quickly and easily.

Question 25

Julius is an African American and Mike is a Caucasian; both are basketball players for high-school teams.They both score same number of baskets and have similar records of assists,rebounds,and free throws.According to information from your text,who would be viewed as having more athletic ability and as having played a better game overall?

A)Mike
B)Julius
C)It depends on the ethnicity of the person you ask.
D)They would be view equally.

Question 26

Stereotypes are beneficial to the extent that they

A)are selectively applied.
B)simplify a complex social world.
C)are reserved for ambiguous situations.
D)minimize differences within a group of people.

Question 27

A cashier at the store assumes that because his next customer is elderly,she will take a long time to pay.The cashier is using his stereotypes about the elderly and not taking the time or energy to carefully consider each customer in his line as an individual.His use of stereotypes best exemplifies Allport's idea of

A)the contact hypothesis.
B)the law of least effort.
C)scapegoating.
D)natural prejudice.

Question 28

Keep in mind Gordon Allport's (1954)description of stereotyping as "the law of least effort." From Allport's perspective,people are often

A)motivated tacticians.
B)cognitive misers.
C)prone to scapegoating.
D)lay scientists.

Question 29

Stereotypes are the ____ component of a negative attitude toward a group of people.

A)denotative
B)behavioral
C)cognitive
D)affective

Question 30

Which of the following examples best captures the social-psychological concept of a stereotype?

A)Arlene refuses to enter an elevator in which men are riding.
B)Mitch believes that women are seductive,duplicitous,and not to be trusted.
C)Aaron becomes uncomfortable when a man sits too close to him.
D)Nicole avoids homeless people on the street.

Question 31

Some would argue that the stereotype that African Americans are athletic is flattering.Which of the following is one reason why it is abusive?

A)It is a gross overgeneralization.
B)It is denying Caucasian children the opportunity to play sports.
C)It implies that African Americans are built for hard labor.
D)It is a means of scapegoating.

Question 32

Stereotyping is a way of ____ the complex information around us,and thus is sometimes ____.

A)coding; destructive
B)simplifying; adaptive
C)justifying; reassuring
D)judging; decisive

Question 33

If someone from Texas and someone from Massachusetts were asked about their stereotypes of Hollywood actors,they would probably have remarkably similar stereotypes.This is because stereotypes are perpetuated in a culture on a large scale through

A)heredity.
B)religion.
C)the media.
D)politicians.

Question 34

Shane believes that women are more dependent,more nurturing,more intuitive,and less rational than men.These are examples of Shane's ____ women.

A)prejudice toward
B)stereotypes about
C)discrimination against
D)negative affect toward

Question 35

There is some evidence that there is at least a shred of truth underneath the stereotypes that African Americans are more athletic than Caucasians.One example of such evidence is that

A)80 percent of PGA golfers are African-American.
B)Caucasian boxers lose to African-American boxers 90 percent of the time.
C)75 percent of the NBA is made up of African Americans.
D)most Olympic Gold medalists are of African decent.

Question 36

Stereotypes are harmful to the extent they

A)exist.
B)are overgeneralized to members of a group.
C)are based on experience.
D)reduce cognitive effort.

Question 37

"Female humans are more nurturant than males,because throughout time,females who were poor nurturers did not successfully pass on 'non-nurturant' genes." This assertion would have been made by a(n) ____ psychologist.

A)personality
B)comparative
C)evolutionary
D)cognitive

Question 38

____ psychologists have argued that men and women differ on domains that have historically posed different adaptive problems.

A)Evolutionary
B)Personality
C)Social
D)Sex-role

Question 39

Recall that Jeff Stone and his colleagues (1997)exposed participants to a twenty-minute audiotape of a college basketball game.Half of the participants were led to believe that one player,Mark Flick,was African- American,and the other half were led to believe that Mark Flick was Caucasian.When participants were asked to rate Mark Flick's performance,

A)they rated the "white" Mark Flick as a uniformly better player.
B)white participants and black participants demonstrated a "same race" bias.
C)they rated the "African American" Mark Flick as more athletic.
D)they did not rate the "African-American" and "white" Mark Flick differently.

Question 40

The term ____ was coined by journalist Walter Lippman (1922),who referred to these phenomena as "the little pictures we carry around in our heads."

A)generalization
B)heuristics
C)prejudgments
D)stereotype

Question 41

Jessica isn't invited to a Super Bowl party her coworkers are throwing because she's a woman.Jessica is experiencing ____ from her coworkers.

A)discrimination
B)prejudice
C)hostile sexism
D)race-based exclusion

Question 42

One common stereotype about women that your text discusses is that they tend to be

A)aggressive.
B)better than men at throwing long distances.
C)more nurturing.
D)good at math.

Question 43

Recall that Janet Swim and Lawrence Sanna (1996)systematically studied a series of fifty-eight experiments conducted over the last twenty years.These researchers found that when men succeed at a given task,participants attribute their success to ability,whereas when women succeed at that same task,participants attribute their success to hard work.These findings are significant because they suggest that

A)stereotypes about women have remained consistent over the last two decades.
B)stereotypes about women have become more positive over the last two decades.
C)gender stereotypes (about men and women)have changed over the last two decades.
D)female actors make different attributions for their success than observers do.

Question 44

Twelve-year-old Julie's mother believes in gender stereotypes quite strongly.Based on research by Jacobs and Eccles presented in your text,Julie is most likely to

A)aspire to be a cheerleader.
B)develop anorexia.
C)see boys as superior to her.
D)think she isn't very good at math.

Question 45

Charles Bond and his colleagues (1988)found that prejudice led to ____ treatment of black patients than white patients by white professionals in a psychiatric hospital.

A)more haphazard
B)more neglectful
C)more intensive
D)harsher

Question 46

Janis Jacobs and Jacquelynne Estes (1992)found that when mothers held stereotypic beliefs about gender,their daughters doubted their own math ability.These findings are most compatible with the social- psychological concept of

A)biased attributions.
B)inferiority complex.
C)stereotype threat.
D)self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 47

Recall that male and female college students provided their perceptions of either a successful male or a successful female physician (Feldman-Summers & Kiesler,1974).Although male and female participants differed in some of their perceptions,they tended to agree that the female physician was more motivated than the male physician.This agreement implies that

A)both men and women view women as less skillful than men.
B)our stereotypes are shaped by our sex roles.
C)both men and women believe that men have an easier time succeeding.
D)both men and women hold stereotypes that are often self-serving.

Question 48

Recall that in a study by Charles Bond et al.(1988),the treatment of mental health patients by the staff was examined,and the staff was found to use harsher penalties for violent behavior by black patients than for whites (straitjackets and drugs as opposed to time-outs).After the patients had been in the hospital for about a month,what happened?

A)Most black patients were lobotomized.
B)More white patients were released than black patients.
C)The staff was treating black and white patients equally.
D)The black patients' families filed a lawsuit against the staff.

Question 49

The definition of ____ is "unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because of his or her membership in that group."

A)affirmative action
B)prejudice
C)discrimination
D)racism

Question 50

Discrimination is the ____ component of negative attitudes toward a group of people.

A)cognitive
B)pejorative
C)affective
D)behavioral

Question 51

Which of the following is an example of discrimination?

A)Luke thinks all women are manipulative.
B)Ryan feels mistrustful of Jews.
C)Laura scoots over a few feet when an African American sits next to her in a waiting room.
D)Jenny believes that all Hispanics are fluent in Spanish and can cook terrific Tex-Mex food.

Question 52

Social psychologist Janet Swim (1994)has collected data that suggest that gender stereotypes

A)tend to overestimate true gender differences.
B)are held by men,but not by women.
C)tend to underestimate true gender differences.
D)are more often positive than negative,unlike racial stereotypes.

Question 53

Recall that Janet Swim and Lawrence Sanna (1996)systematically studied a series of fifty-eight experiments conducted over the last twenty years.These researchers found that when men succeed at a given task,participants attribute their success to ____,whereas when women succeed at that same task,participants attribute their success to ____

A)ability; hard work
B)skill; good luck
C)hard work; good luck
D)hard work; ability

Question 54

According to evolutionary psychologists,what is the underlying reason why women are more nurturing than men?

A)the influence of culture on the development of gender identity
B)anatomical differences which cause women to bear and tend to infants
C)Men have always been the hunters and warriors.
D)societal expectations and pressure on girls

Question 55

Recall that in a study by Charles Bond et al.(1988),the treatment of mental health patients by the staff was examined,and the staff was found to use harsher penalties for violent behavior by black patients than for whites (straitjackets and drugs as opposed to time-outs).This treatment is discriminatory because

A)the black patients were treated more negatively than the white patients.
B)the white patients were given special privileges.
C)there was no difference in the number of violent incidents caused by blacks and by whites.
D)the mental patients were treated in a harsh and demeaning manner.

Question 56

Research with elementary school girls and boys (Nichols,1975)has revealed that girls tend to make ____,whereas boys tend to make ____.

A)internal attributions for success; external attributions for failure
B)external attributions for success; external attributions for failure
C)self-serving attributions for success; self-serving attributions for failure
D)self-serving attributions for failure; self-serving attributions for success

Question 57

Jamal and Tina just earned the top two scores on their calculus examination.In response to this good news,Tina is likely to say ____ whereas Jamal is likely to say ____.

A)"Women are just as good at math as men are"; "I guess that studying hard pays off."
B)"Well,I did study for ten hours"; "Some people have it and some people don't."
C)"I really learned the material well"; "Man,I really got lucky this time."
D)"It's 99 percent perspiration and 1 percent inspiration"; "I should have studied this way all along."

Question 58

Keep in mind research conducted by Deborah Stipek and Heidi Galinski (1991),who studied junior high school students' attributions for success and failure.Based on this research,which of the following people would be most likely to say,"It had to be the luck of the draw?"

A)Jim,who could not solve a math problem
B)Karen,who could not solve a math problem
C)Kevin,who solved a difficult math problem
D)Amanda,who lost a game of cards

Question 59

Maria and Barbara are both twelve years old.Maria's mother subscribes to gender stereotypes,but Barbara's mother does not hold stereotypical beliefs about gender.Maria is more likely to believe ____ and Barbara is more likely to believe ____.

A)that she is good at math; the same thing
B)that she is good at math; that she is bad at math
C)that she is bad at math; the same thing
D)that she is bad at math; that she is good at math

Question 60

Deborah Stipek and Heidi Galinksi (1991)found that junior high school girls tend to attribute their success in math to ____,whereas boys tend to attribute their success to ____.

A)effort; ability
B)luck; ability
C)effort; luck
D)internal causes; external causes

Question 61

If Julie identifies herself as a woman,a mother,and a teacher,who would not be another in-group member for her?

A)Jake,a high-school math teacher
B)Lucy,who waits tables as the corner diner
C)Bill,an accountant
D)Mary,a mother of three

Question 62

Which of the following statements about in-groups is true?

A)Almost any group can be an in-group.
B)We seldom identify with fellow members.
C)We are likely to compete with in-group members.
D)In-groups are always minimal groups.

Question 63

When third-grade teacher Jane Elliot sorted schoolchildren based on eye color,she created

A)an in-group.
B)an out-group.
C)minimal groups.
D)realistic conflict.

Question 64

"Similar is good,but different is bad" represents a ____ that might contribute to prejudice.

A)stereotype
B)judgmental heuristic
C)schema
D)faulty memory process

Question 65

According to research by Hebl and his colleagues (2002)presented in your text,homosexuals are more likely to encounter ____ discrimination and less likely to encounter ____ discrimination.

A)formal; informal
B)interpersonal; formal
C)formal; interpersonal
D)informal; violent

Question 66

Jason is a basketball player,loves the Rolling Stones,and is a patriot.Who would be an out-group member,based on his identity?

A)Robbie,a groupie of the Rolling Stones
B)Jill,who plays basketball for her high school
C)Alice,who is a pro-life demonstrator
D)Barry,who loves the United States and all that it stands for

Question 67

What distinguishes an in-group from an out-group?

A)a person having others include them in the group
B)the similarity of group members
C)a person's identification with the group
D)the size of the group

Question 68

Results of a field study (Hebl et al.,2002)on how homosexuals are treated when they apply for jobs indicate that

A)there was no evidence of any kind of discrimination against homosexual applicants.
B)there was significant formal discrimination against homosexual applicants (e.g.,employers being less likely to indicate that jobs were still available),but no informal discrimination (e.g.,less eye contact).
C)there was no formal discrimination against homosexual applicants (e.g.,employers being less likely to indicate that jobs were still available),but there was significant informal discrimination (e.g.,less eye contact).
D)there was both formal discrimination against homosexual applicants (e.g.,employers being less likely to indicate that jobs were still available)and informal discrimination (e.g.,less eye contact).

Question 69

"Klee style" versus "Kandinsky style," blue eyes versus brown eyes,and tall versus short all represent meaningless criteria by which to

A)create in-groups and out-groups.
B)minimize the effects of group membership.
C)perpetuate stereotypes.
D)reduce prejudice.

Question 70

Research by Rohan and Zanna (1996)on parents' and children's attitude and value similarity found

A)a high correlation between parents' and children's degree of prejudice.
B)a correlation between parents' and children's attitudes,but only for prejudiced participants.
C)a correlation between parents' and children's attitudes,but only for egalitarian participants.
D)virtually no correlation between parents' and children's attitudes.

Question 71

Which of the following groups of people is not protected by national laws banning discrimination in the workplace?

A)women
B)homosexuals
C)ethnic minorities
D)people with disabilities

Question 72

From a social cognitive perspective,the first step toward prejudice is

A)the categorization of people into groups.
B)the preference we give to in-groups.
C)our tendency to disparage out-groups.
D)identification with similar others.

Question 73

Which of the following would pose the biggest problem for a biological approach to prejudice? We

A)are more kindly disposed to those who appear to be genetically similar to us.
B)are more likely to fear and dislike those who appear to be genetically different.
C)discriminate based on such biologically inconsequential characteristics as religion.
D)tend to hold prejudices similar to those of our parents.

Question 74

Based on the results of Hebl et al.'s (2002)field study on employers' reactions to homosexual job applicants,which of the following interactions is most likely to occur?

A)When Jarvis,who is gay,responds to an ad for a salesperson,the employer is open and friendly,but indicates that the job has already been filled (even though the ad just appeared that morning).
B)When Stacia,who is a lesbian,responds to an ad for a waitress,the restaurant owner calls her back for a second interview but is not very talkative and does not make eye contact with her.
C)When Marvin,who is gay,responds to an ad for a bank teller,the interviewer is verbally abrupt and does not even allow him to fill out an application.
D)When Holly,who is a lesbian,responds to an ad for a receptionist,the boss is verbally very friendly and calls her back for a second interview.

Question 75

In 1977,a school teacher,Jane Elliot,created prejudice in her classroom as a lesson for her third graders.What did she do to create an environment of prejudice?

A)She divided her class up by gender,then told the boys that they were inferior in math.
B)She divided her class by eye color,then allowed one group to have more privileges than the other.
C)She asked her class to imagine the plight of African Americans in the early twentieth century.
D)She asked her students to pretend to be mini-members of the Ku Klux Klan.

Question 76

An in-group is a group with which individuals

A)cooperate.
B)communicate.
C)identify.
D)affiliate.

Question 77

Recall the study that Jane Elliot (1977)did in her classroom in which she divided her students by eye color.She allowed one group to have certain privileges one day,and the other group to have these privileges the next day.Why did she subject her students to experiencing prejudice?

A)She wanted to raise the awareness of Caucasian children living in an all-white area.
B)to extinguish their prejudices against her,an African-American woman
C)as a punishment for doing poorly on a test
D)to help them understand the evils of urban life

Question 78

John,who is gay,goes on a job interview.His interviewers give him very good reviews,but seemed aloof and didn't make a lot of small talk or eye contact with him.In this example,John was the target of

A)prejudice.
B)formal discrimination.
C)homophilia.
D)interpersonal discrimination.

Question 79

Which of the following concepts is most closely related to a social cognition approach to prejudice?

A)schemas and heuristics
B)realistic conflict
C)self-justification processes
D)the frustration-aggression link

Question 80

Based on research presented in your text by Rohan and Zanna (1996),if Timmy's parents hold egalitarian beliefs,what types of beliefs is Timmy likely to hold as an adult?

A)egalitarian
B)bigoted
C)slightly prejudiced
D)homophobic,but not racist