Deck 11: Heroines of Myth: Women in Many Roles

Question 1

Compared to effectiveness studies, efficacy studies of psychotherapy outcome

A) typically have stronger internal validity.
B) typically include a wider variety of clients with more complex diagnostic profiles.
C) all of the above
D) none of the above

Answer 1

typically have stronger internal validity.

Question 2

According to surveys of clinical psychologists since 1960, the most commonly endorsed psychotherapy orientation

A) has consistently been the eclectic/integrative orientation.
B) has consistently been the behavioral orientation.
C) has consistently been the psychodynamic orientation.
D) was the psychodynamic orientation until the 1980s, and has been the cognitive orientation since that time.

Answer 2

has consistently been the eclectic/integrative orientation.

Question 3

The primary finding of Hans Eysenck's 1952 review of psychotherapy outcome studies was that

A) psychotherapy was of little benefit, since most clients got better without it.
B) psychotherapy was beneficial when practiced by therapists with doctoral degrees, but not beneficial when practiced by therapists with master's or bachelor's degrees.
C) humanistic psychotherapy was significantly more effective than psychodynamic psychotherapy.
D) cognitive psychotherapy was significantly more effective than behavioral psychotherapy.

Answer 3

psychotherapy was of little benefit, since most clients got better without it.

Question 4

A survey of clinical psychologists (Norcross, Karpiak, et al., 2005) found that the format of psychotherapy that was practiced by the highest percentage of clinical psychologists was

A) marital/couples.
B) individual.
C) family.
D) group.

Question 5

According to a landmark meta-analysis of 475 psychotherapy efficacy studies (Smith et al., 1980, p. 87), "the average person who receives therapy is better off at the end of it than ___ percent of the persons who do not."

A) 15
B) 50
C) 80
D) 95

Question 6

The "dodo bird verdict" refers to the finding that

A) behavioral psychotherapy is more beneficial than cognitive psychotherapy.
B) psychodynamic psychotherapy is more beneficial than humanistic psychotherapy.
C) behavioral psychotherapy is more beneficial than all other forms of psychotherapy.
D) various forms of psychotherapy are about equally beneficial

Question 7

According to surveys of clinical psychologists since 1960, the popularity of psychodynamic psychotherapy

A) has decreased.
B) has remained constant.
C) decreased through the 1960s and 1970s, but increased in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s.
D) has increased.

Question 8

The extent to which a psychotherapy works in "real world" settings such as clinics, private practices, and hospitals is best described as the _______ of that form of psychotherapy.

A) efficacy
B) effectiveness
C) evidence
D) none of the above

Question 9

The 1995 psychotherapy study published in Consumer Reports magazine

A) is an example of an efficacy study.
B) is an example of an effectiveness study.
C) concluded that treatment by a mental health professional usually did not produce benefits.
D) included a comparison group of individuals who were on the waiting list for psychotherapy but did not receive it.

Question 10

The term "common factors" refers to the idea that

A) intelligence tests by various authors (e.g., Wechsler, Binet) are based on the same underlying factors.
B) various forms of psychotherapy work about equally well because of fundamental, shared components.
C) the techniques used by behavioral, humanistic, psychodynamic, and cognitive psychotherapists are essentially similar.
D) projective and objective personality tests share essentially the same structure.

Question 11

The tripartite model, a theory related to the measurement of psychotherapy outcome, was created by

A) Hans Eysenck
B) Hans Strupp
C) Dianne Chambless
D) Bruce Wampold

Question 12

The dodo bird verdict has been challenged by some psychotherapy researchers, including

A) Bruce Wampold.
B) Dianne Chambless.
C) Stanley Messer.
D) all of the above

Question 13

An approach to psychotherapy in which specific therapy techniques are viewed as the treatment of choice for specific disorders is best described as the _____ approach.

A) behavioral
B) prescriptive
C) common-factors
D) relationship-based

Question 14

Which of the following statements most accurately summarizes the results of the thousands of psychotherapy efficacy studies that have been conducted?

A) Psychotherapy doesn't work.
B) Psychotherapy works.
C) Psychotherapy with female clients works; psychotherapy with male clients doesn't work.
D) It is not possible to determine whether psychotherapy works.

Question 15

According to a survey of experts in the field of clinical psychology (Norcross, Hedges, & Prochaska, 2002), which of the following is likely to happen in the near future?

A) a rise in the use of cognitive and behavioral approaches to psychotherapy
B) a decline in the use of evidence-based forms of psychotherapy
C) a decline in the use of eclectic/integrative approaches to psychotherapy
D) a rise in the use of classic psychoanalysis

Question 16

According to surveys of clinical psychologists since 1960, the humanistic orientation to psychotherapy

A) was the most commonly endorsed orientation in the 1970s.
B) was the most commonly endorsed orientation in the 1990s.
C) all of the above
D) none of the above

Question 17

A(n) ______ approach to psychotherapy involves selecting the best treatment for a given client based on empirical data from studies of the treatment of similar clients.

A) integrative
B) psychodynamic
C) eclectic
D) behavioral

Question 18

Psychotherapy outcome researchers have proposed that __________ is a common factor across diverse forms of psychotherapy.

A) the therapeutic relationship
B) hope/positive expectations
C) all of the above
D) none of the above

Question 19

The most common professional activity of clinical psychologists is

A) personality assessment.
B) intelligence testing.
C) psychotherapy.
D) teaching.

Question 20

According to surveys of clinical psychologists since 1960, the popularity of cognitive therapy

A) has decreased.
B) has increased.
C) increased in the 1960s and 1970s, but decreased in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s.
D) has remained constant.

Question 21

Chiles et al. (1999) conducted a review of over 90 studies of the effect of psychotherapy on medical costs and found that, in comparison to clients receiving no psychotherapy, clients receiving psychotherapy

A) had higher medical costs.
B) spent more days in the hospital.
C) all of the above.
D) none of the above.

Question 22

Briefly explain how individualism/collectivism may influence the behavior of psychotherapy clients of diverse ethnicities.

Question 23

The tripartite model, created by Hans Strupp and colleagues, essentially suggests that

A) multiple parties may have meaningful and potentially inconsistent views of psychotherapy outcome.
B) various styles of psychotherapy are equally effective due to common factors.
C) the success of the first three sessions of psychotherapy correlate very strongly to the eventual success of psychotherapy after its completion.
D) psychotherapy yields the best results when at least three approaches are blended together into a new, integrative approach.

Question 24

Researchers have measured the outcome of psychotherapy by

A) assessing the reduction in spending on medical services when psychotherapy is provided.
B) using PET and fMRI scans to view changes in the brain subsequent to psychotherapy.
C) surveying clients about their experiences in psychotherapy.
D) all of the above.

Question 25

According to the tripartite model of assessing psychotherapy outcome, whose perspective can be sought regarding psychotherapy outcome?

Question 26

Briefly compare and contrast eclectic and integrative approaches to psychotherapy.

Question 27

List and briefly explain three common factors proposed by psychotherapy outcome researchers.

Question 28

What is the difference between the efficacy and effectiveness of a form of psychotherapy?