Deck 11: Correlational Designs

Question 1

The proportion of variability in one variable that can be determined or explained by a second variable is known as the

A)proportional variance coefficient.
B)phi coefficient.
C)coefficient of determination.
D)product moment correlation coefficient.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The following are correlation coefficients that you might find when correlating scores for two variables EXCEPT?

A)- 1.35
B)- 1.00
C)- .80
D)- .01

Answer 2

- 1.35

Question 3

Correlational designs have benefited from what quantitative developments in the history of research?

A)The development of computers
B)The refinements in the calculations of correlations
C)The measurement of continuous variables
D)The identification of multiple variables to measure

Answer 3

A

Question 4

A researcher conducts a study to determine if good interpersonal skills should be used to hire new competent bus drivers for the public school district.What type of correlational design would this researcher use?

A)A correlational statistic design
B)An explanatory correlational design
C)A prediction correlational design
D)An interpersonal correlational design

Question 5

What is the basic feature of multiple regression analysis?

A)It examines the association between two variables.
B)It examines the effect of multiple independent variables on one dependent variable.
C)It examines the effect of one independent variable on multiple dependent variables.
D)It indicates the causal sequence among variables.

Question 6

Examine the following correlation matrix and then answer the following questions.
A Correlation Matrix
$\begin{array}{|lcccccc|}\hline \text { Variables }&1&2&3&4&5&6\\\hline \text { 1. School climate } &\underline{\quad\quad} \\\text { 2. Number of teachers } &.36^{**} &\underline{\quad\quad} \\\text { 3. School in-service } & .45 &-.03\\\text { activities } & \\\text { 4. Funding } & .22&.51^{**} &.30^{*}&\underline{\quad\quad} \\\text { 5. Support from } & -.09&-.02&-.60^{**}&.16 &\underline{\quad\quad} \\\text { community } & \\\text { 6. Yrs. Experience of } & .25^{**} &-.10&.39^{**}&.29^{*}&.10 &\underline{\quad\quad} \\\text { leaders }\\\hline \end{array}$
*p<.05 and **p<.01

-From examining the matrix,what type of relationship exists between school climate the outcome)and the other variables measured in the study?

Question 7

A researcher conducting a study examining the influence of stress on achievement in a middle school draws the conclusion that stress causes low achievement scores.What correlational ethical issue is the researcher breaching?

A)The ethical issue of seeking permissions from school personnel to conduct the study.
B)The ethical issue of data reporting and potentially reporting contradictory findings.
C)The ethical issue of establishing causality when the results show patterns of relationships.
D)The ethical issue of reporting an association between scores when causality exists.

Question 8

Which of the following advanced correlational statistical procedures provides extensive information about which variables affect others variables and the direction of these effects?

A)Hierarchical linear modeling
B)Discriminant function analysis
C)Factor analysis
D)Structural equation modeling

Question 9

Which of the following steps is most important to remember when conducting a meta-analysis?

A)Code the studies based on criteria about the study and its basic characteristics.
B)Determine that at least two studies are available for the analysis.
C)Each study included should focus on a different issue or topic.
D)Each study included must report continuous rather than dichotomous outcome variables.

Question 10

Examine the following correlation matrix and then answer the following questions.
A Correlation Matrix
$\begin{array}{|lcccccc|}\hline \text { Variables }&1&2&3&4&5&6\\\hline \text { 1. School climate } &\underline{\quad\quad} \\\text { 2. Number of teachers } &.36^{**} &\underline{\quad\quad} \\\text { 3. School in-service } & .45 &-.03\\\text { activities } & \\\text { 4. Funding } & .22&.51^{**} &.30^{*}&\underline{\quad\quad} \\\text { 5. Support from } & -.09&-.02&-.60^{**}&.16 &\underline{\quad\quad} \\\text { community } & \\\text { 6. Yrs. Experience of } & .25^{**} &-.10&.39^{**}&.29^{*}&.10 &\underline{\quad\quad} \\\text { leaders }\\\hline \end{array}$
*p<.05 and **p<.01

-What association is the strongest of all of the variables in the matrix?

Question 11

A researcher collects scores for male and female students and scores running from a 50 to a 99 on a math final test.This researcher is interested in correlating these scores to determine if there is an association between gender and test scores.What correlation statistic would this researcher use?

A)Pearson correlation statistic
B)Phi-coefficient statistic
C)Point-biserial correlation
D)Regression statistic

Question 12

Examine the following correlation matrix and then answer the following questions.
A Correlation Matrix
$\begin{array}{|lcccccc|}\hline \text { Variables }&1&2&3&4&5&6\\\hline \text { 1. School climate } &\underline{\quad\quad} \\\text { 2. Number of teachers } &.36^{**} &\underline{\quad\quad} \\\text { 3. School in-service } & .45 &-.03\\\text { activities } & \\\text { 4. Funding } & .22&.51^{**} &.30^{*}&\underline{\quad\quad} \\\text { 5. Support from } & -.09&-.02&-.60^{**}&.16 &\underline{\quad\quad} \\\text { community } & \\\text { 6. Yrs. Experience of } & .25^{**} &-.10&.39^{**}&.29^{*}&.10 &\underline{\quad\quad} \\\text { leaders }\\\hline \end{array}$
*p<.05 and **p<.01

-What pattern of association would you expect to find if the scores were plotted for the variable,funding,and the variable,number of teachers?
________

Question 13

Examine the following correlation matrix and then answer the following questions.
A Correlation Matrix
$\begin{array}{|lcccccc|}\hline \text { Variables }&1&2&3&4&5&6\\\hline \text { 1. School climate } &\underline{\quad\quad} \\\text { 2. Number of teachers } &.36^{**} &\underline{\quad\quad} \\\text { 3. School in-service } & .45 &-.03\\\text { activities } & \\\text { 4. Funding } & .22&.51^{**} &.30^{*}&\underline{\quad\quad} \\\text { 5. Support from } & -.09&-.02&-.60^{**}&.16 &\underline{\quad\quad} \\\text { community } & \\\text { 6. Yrs. Experience of } & .25^{**} &-.10&.39^{**}&.29^{*}&.10 &\underline{\quad\quad} \\\text { leaders }\\\hline \end{array}$
*p<.05 and **p<.01

-Why are some cells left blank?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

Question 14

Student scores on a "positive outlook toward life" and the number of close friends were plotted on a graph.The points on the graph show that high scores on the "positive outlook" scale were related to low scores on the number of friends and that high scores on the number of friends were related to low scores on the "positive outlook" scale.What type of relationship do these scores depict?

A)No relationship
B)A positive relationship
C)A negative relationship
D)An uncorrelated relationship

Question 15

An explanatory and a prediction correlational design have what factor in common?

A)They both examine the association between two or more variables.
B)They both try to explain and predict outcomes of a study.
C)They both include predictor variables to be measured.
D)They both use advanced statistical procedures for analysis.

Question 16

Which one of the factors below best distinguishes between experimental and correlational research?

A)The measurement of variables
B)The use of an intervention
C)The use of association statistics
D)The use of random selection

Question 17

Which one of the following is a good example of the concept of co-variance in correlational research?

A)Two scores vary back and forth.
B)A high positive correlation exists between two scores.
C)You can predict one score from the other.
D)There is variance between two scores.

Question 18

If you were to examine two plots of scores on two scatterplots and draw circles around the scores,which two plots listed below would be the most similar in form?

A)Positive linear and positive uncorrelated
B)Positive linear and negative linear
C)Curvilinear and no correlation
D)Curvilinear and negative linear