Deck 12: Mixed Design: Which Therapy Is Best for Treating Eating Disorders

Question 1

Dr. Ames conducts a mixed design ANOVA and finds the following outcome: F(1, 89) = 9.8, p = .002, eta² = .09. Which number represents the F score?

A) .002
B) .09
C) 9.8
D) 1

Answer 1

9.8

Question 2

Which of the following uses only a between-subjects methodology?

A) two-group design
B) repeated measures design
C) mixed design
D) pretest-posttest design

Answer 2

two-group design

Question 3

Dr. Ames conducts a mixed design ANOVA and finds the following outcome: F(1, 89) = 9.8, p = .002, eta² = .09. Which number represents the between subjects degrees of freedom?

A) .002
B) .09
C) 9.8
D) 89

Answer 3

89

Question 4

A-B design refers to a single-subject design in which researchers take a _____and then introduce the intervention and measure the same variable again.

A) posttest measurement
B) baseline measurement
C) mixed measurement
D) single-blind procedure

Question 5

Participants in the _____do not receive treatment or intervention until after the completion of the study.

A) waiting-list control group
B) placebo control group
C) intervention group
D) research participant pool

Question 6

Dr. Ames conducts a mixed design ANOVA and finds the following outcome: F(1, 89) = 9.8, p = .002, eta² = .09. Which number represents the significant level?

A) .002
B) .09
C) 9.8
D) 1

Question 7

In a mixed design _____of the within-subjects factor but only one level of the between-subjects factor.

A) half of the participants get one level
B) all participants get every level
C) half of the participant get every level
D) all participants get one level

Question 8

A double-blind procedure is used in an effort to reduce the likelihood that _____ of condition will influence the results; therefore, both the participants and the administrators of treatment are unaware of which treatments are being provided.

A) the expectancies
B) the inexperience
C) the unfamiliarity
D) the foreignness

Question 9

An A-B-A-B design is a single-subject design in which researchers establish a baseline, introduce the intervention, remove the intervention, and then reintroduce the intervention, measuring the _____each time.

A) dependent variable
B) independent variable
C) manipulation
D) baseline measurement

Question 10

An A-B-A design is a single-subject design in which researchers establish a baseline, introduce the intervention and measure the same variable again, then remove _____ and take another measurement.

A) the dependent variable
B) the intervention
C) the manipulation
D) the independent variable

Question 11

A 2013 study examining the dynamics of anorexia nervosa and representations of the self, the mother, and the father researchers found that:

A) anorexia nervosa patients more commonly had trouble relationship with their fathers.
B) anorexia nervosa patients more commonly had lower levels of neediness.
C) anorexia nervosa patients more commonly were less self-critical compared with others.
D) anorexia nervosa patients more commonly had higher levels of neediness.

Question 12

Dr. Ames conducts a mixed design ANOVA and finds the following outcome: F(1, 89) = 9.8, p = .002, eta² = .09. Which number represents the effect size?

A) .002
B) .09
C) 9.8
D) 1

Question 13

_____is a statistical analysis that tests for differences between two or more categorical independent variables, when one is a between-subjects variable and another is a within-subjects variable.

A) A one-way analysis of variance
B) A repeated-measure analysis of variance
C) A mixed design analysis of variance
D) A two-way analysis of variance

Question 14

A single-subject design is a special type of _____ design using one participant or group to assess changes within that individual or group.

A) A-B
B) between-subjects
C) within-subjects
D) mixed

Question 15

The intervention phase of the study is usually referred to as the:

A) D phase.
B) C phase.
C) B phase.
D) A phase.

Question 16

The experiment-expectancy effect occurs when a bias causes a researcher to _____ the participants of an experiment.

A) project on
B) consciously alter
C) unconsciously influence
D) request a change of

Question 17

Natalya conducted an intervention for social skills deficits. She included a group of participants in her study who did not receive any type of intervention at all. After her study finished, she took the best intervention option determined by the study and provided it to the control group. What type of control group did Natalya use for her study?

A) empty control group
B) treatment group
C) waiting-list control group
D) placebo control group

Question 18

The baseline measurement phase of the study is usually referred to as the:

A) D phase.
B) C phase.
C) B phase.
D) A phase.

Question 19

A meta-analysis is a statistical strategy for comparing and integrating the results from _____ on _____.

A) multiple studies; the same research question
B) multiple studies; different research questions
C) a single study; the same research question
D) a single study; different research questions

Question 20

A _____is used when participants are unaware of, or blinded to, the treatment they are receiving, but the administrator knows which treatment each participant is getting.

A) mixed design
B) single-subject design
C) double-blind procedure
D) single-blind procedure

Question 21

The simplest single-subject design is the:

A) A-B design.
B) A-B-B-A design.
C) A-B-A-B design.
D) A-B-A design.

Question 22

The refusal to maintain a healthy body weight, a fear of gaining weight, and altered cognitions and perceptions of one's own body weight describes:

A) eating disorder not otherwise specified.
B) binge eating disorder.
C) anorexia nervosa.
D) bulimia nervosa.

Question 23

Which of the following is the resource that's currently used by mental health and medical professionals to diagnose psychological disorders?

A) APA
B) DSM-5
C) DSM-III
D) ICD

Question 24

_____ is a single-subject design in which researchers establish a baseline, introduce the intervention and measure the same variable again, then remove the intervention and take another measurement.

A) An A-B design
B) An A-B-B-A design
C) An A-B-A-B design
D) An A-B-A design

Question 25

Which of the following does NOT use a between-subjects methodology?

A) a two-group design
B) a multigroup design
C) a factorial design
D) a pretest-posttest design

Question 26

A mixed design has all participants get every level of the _____, but only one level of the _____.

A) within-subjects design; between-subjects design
B) between-subjects design; within-subjects design
C) within-subjects design; single-subjects design
D) dependent variable; independent variable

Question 27

A(n) _____ is an experimental design that combines within-subjects and between-subjects methods of data collection.

A) A-B design
B) A-B-A design
C) mixed design
D) single-subjects design

Question 28

_____ is an empty control group often used in clinical research.

A) A waiting-list control group
B) Aplacebo control group
C) An intervention group
D) A research participant pool

Question 29

Anorexia nervosa is a complex disorder that can be difficult to treat and has a prevalence rate of:

A) 3 out of every 1,000 young women.
B) 3 out of every 10,000 young women.
C) 3 out of every 100,000 young women.
D) 10 out of every 100,000 young women.

Question 30

A double-blind procedure is used in an effort to reduce the likelihood that expectancies of condition will influence the results; therefore, _____ of treatment are unaware of which treatments are being provided.

A) only the participants
B) both the participants and the administrators
C) only the administrators
D) only the researchers

Question 31

_____ is a single-subject design in which researchers establish a baseline, introduce the intervention, remove the intervention, and then reintroduce the intervention, measuring the dependent variable each time.

A) An A-B design
B) An A-B-B-A design
C) An A-B-A-B design
D) An A-B-A design

Question 32

In order to establish a cause-and-effect relationship researchers need to administer a(n) _____ before the intervention.

A) posttest measurement
B) manipulation
C) baseline measurement
D) independent variable

Question 33

_____ is a single-subject design in which researchers take a baseline measurement and then introduce the intervention and measure the same variable again.

A) An A-B-A design
B) A single-blind procedure
C) A mixed design
D) An A-B design

Question 34

_____occurs when a bias causes a researcher to unconsciously influence the participants of an experiment.

A) Countertransference
B) An experiment-expectancy effect
C) A testing effect
D) An observer effect

Question 35

The results of a 2012 study investigating selflessness in anorexia nervosa through means of projective assessment indicated:

A) anorexia nervosa patients had a tendency to serve their own needs and ignore others' needs.
B) anorexia nervosa patients displayed lower levels of selflessness.
C) anorexia nervosa patients displayed higher levels of selflessness.
D) there were no differences reported among anorexia nervosa patients and the control group.

Question 36

Which of the following does NOT use a within-subjects methodology?

A) a two-group design
B) a repeated measures design
C) a mixed design
D) a pretest-posttest design

Question 37

_____, which is used in an effort to reduce the likelihood that expectancies or knowledge of condition will influence the results, is a design in which both the participants and the administrators of treatment are unaware of which treatments are being provided.

A) An inter-rater design
B) A single-subject design
C) A single-blind procedure
D) A double-blind procedure

Question 38

A 2013 study examining the dynamics of anorexia nervosa and representations of the self, the mother, and the father found that:

A) anorexia nervosa patients more commonly had trouble relationship with their fathers.
B) anorexia nervosa patients more commonly had lower levels of neediness.
C) anorexia nervosa patients more commonly had troubled relationships with their mothers.
D) there was no difference among relationships for anorexia nervosa patients between their mothers and fathers.

Question 39

_____ is a special type of within-subjects design using one participant or group to assess changes within that individual or group.

A) An A-B design
B) A case study design
C) A single-subject design
D) A mixed design

Question 40

_____ is a quantitative statistical analysis that compares and combines the results of individual but similar studies.

A) An A-B design
B) A meta-analysis
C) A single-subject design
D) A case study

Question 41

What is the difference between an A-B design and an A-B-A-B design?

Question 42

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Easton, R. D., Srinivas, K. & Greene, A. J. (1997). Do vision and haptics share common representations? Implicit and explicit memory within and between modalities. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 23, 153-163.
Effect of Study Modality and Test Modality on Word Recognition
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of study modality and test modality on memory. To that end, the researchers asked 102 undergraduates to study 20 words in two different modalities: visual and haptic. The researchers counterbalanced the order in which participants studied the words such that some studied the visual words first and haptic words second, and others studied the haptic words first and visual words second. After studying the 20 words the participants were tested for their memory of the words. Like the study phase, the modality of words presented in the test phase varied; one test was haptic and one test was visual. However, unlike the study phase, participants were tested either in the haptic condition or in the visual condition. During both tests the participants were presented with 30 words, 10 of which had been studied visually, 10 of which had been studied haptically, and 10 of which had not been studied previously. Memory was assessed by calculating the percent of words correctly identified. A two-way ANOVA was used to analyze the results of the study. The results revealed that words studied visually were recalled more by participants who were tested visually than those tested haptically. Recall for words studied haptically did not differ between those tested visually and those tested haptically.
(Scenario I) In Scenario I the nature of the stimuli (haptic and visual) during the study and test phase made:

A) it impossible to create a single-blind procedure.
B) it impossible to create a double-blind procedure.
C) it possible to introduce experimenter-expectancy.
D) all of the above.

Question 43

What are some potential ethical issues in using a waiting-list control group?

Question 44

How does a researcher determine which variables to manipulate in a research study?

Question 45

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Easton, R. D., Srinivas, K. & Greene, A. J. (1997). Do vision and haptics share common representations? Implicit and explicit memory within and between modalities. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 23, 153-163.
Effect of Study Modality and Test Modality on Word Recognition
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of study modality and test modality on memory. To that end, the researchers asked 102 undergraduates to study 20 words in two different modalities: visual and haptic. The researchers counterbalanced the order in which participants studied the words such that some studied the visual words first and haptic words second, and others studied the haptic words first and visual words second. After studying the 20 words the participants were tested for their memory of the words. Like the study phase, the modality of words presented in the test phase varied; one test was haptic and one test was visual. However, unlike the study phase, participants were tested either in the haptic condition or in the visual condition. During both tests the participants were presented with 30 words, 10 of which had been studied visually, 10 of which had been studied haptically, and 10 of which had not been studied previously. Memory was assessed by calculating the percent of words correctly identified. A two-way ANOVA was used to analyze the results of the study. The results revealed that words studied visually were recalled more by participants who were tested visually than those tested haptically. Recall for words studied haptically did not differ between those tested visually and those tested haptically.
(Scenario I) In Scenario I, the between-subjects variable was ___________, and the within-subjects variable was ____________.

A) modality at study; modality at test
B) modality at test; modality at study
C) visual words at study; haptic words at test
D) visual words at test; haptic words at study

Question 46

What is a waiting-list control group and why is it important?

Question 47

What are the benefits of using a mixed research design?

Question 48

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Carton, J. S. & Schweitzer, J. B. (1996). Use of a token economy to increase compliance during hemodialysis. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 29, 111-113.
Increasing Hemodialysis Compliance
The purpose of this study was to increase a 10-year-old's compliance with daily hemodialysis treatments for his end-stage renal failure. The daily treatment took approximately 4 hours to complete, and throughout the treatment the child would hit, kick, and scream at hospital staff. The researchers decided to try to reduce his outbursts and increase treatment compliance. The researchers began by observing the child for five consecutive days, during which they recorded up to eight noncompliant behaviors every 30 minutes during the 4-hour treatment. The intervention phase was implemented over the next 10 days. It involved giving the child a token for every 30 minutes during the 4-hour hemodialysis procedure that he was not defiant. The tokens could be redeemed for prizes. During the intervention the number of defiant episodes reduced such that at the end he was 100% compliant. Tokens were not given over the next 5 days and behavior resumed to levels observed at the start of the study. When tokens were re-introduced the child quickly adjusted his behavior such that compliance was again at 100%.
(Scenario II) The study described in Scenario II uses a _____ design.

A) one-factor design
B) mixed design
C) single-subject design
D) between-subjects design

Question 49

What would be an example of a single-subject A-B-A-B design?

Question 50

What are some weaknesses with single-subject research designs?

Question 51

What types of research designs are within-subject designs?

Question 52

What would be an example of a single-subject A-B design?

Question 53

How are the experimenter-expectancy effect and the double-blind procedure related?

Question 54

What is a single-blind procedure?

Question 55

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Easton, R. D., Srinivas, K. & Greene, A. J. (1997). Do vision and haptics share common representations? Implicit and explicit memory within and between modalities. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 23, 153-163.
Effect of Study Modality and Test Modality on Word Recognition
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of study modality and test modality on memory. To that end, the researchers asked 102 undergraduates to study 20 words in two different modalities: visual and haptic. The researchers counterbalanced the order in which participants studied the words such that some studied the visual words first and haptic words second, and others studied the haptic words first and visual words second. After studying the 20 words the participants were tested for their memory of the words. Like the study phase, the modality of words presented in the test phase varied; one test was haptic and one test was visual. However, unlike the study phase, participants were tested either in the haptic condition or in the visual condition. During both tests the participants were presented with 30 words, 10 of which had been studied visually, 10 of which had been studied haptically, and 10 of which had not been studied previously. Memory was assessed by calculating the percent of words correctly identified. A two-way ANOVA was used to analyze the results of the study. The results revealed that words studied visually were recalled more by participants who were tested visually than those tested haptically. Recall for words studied haptically did not differ between those tested visually and those tested haptically.
(Scenario I) Suppose the participants studied the words either visually or haptically, and then were presented either visual or haptic words at test. This design would now be a:

A) 2 × 2 between-groups design.
B) 2 × 2 within-subjects design.
C) 2 × 2 mixed design.
D) 2 × 2 single case design.

Question 56

What statistical analysis would you conduct if you had three independent variables: one is a between-subjects variable and the other two are within-subjects variables?

Question 57

What is a meta-analysis?

Question 58

What would be an example of a single-subject A-B-A design?

Question 59

What types of research designs are between-subject designs?

Question 60

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Easton, R. D., Srinivas, K. & Greene, A. J. (1997). Do vision and haptics share common representations? Implicit and explicit memory within and between modalities. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 23, 153-163.
Effect of Study Modality and Test Modality on Word Recognition
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of study modality and test modality on memory. To that end, the researchers asked 102 undergraduates to study 20 words in two different modalities: visual and haptic. The researchers counterbalanced the order in which participants studied the words such that some studied the visual words first and haptic words second, and others studied the haptic words first and visual words second. After studying the 20 words the participants were tested for their memory of the words. Like the study phase, the modality of words presented in the test phase varied; one test was haptic and one test was visual. However, unlike the study phase, participants were tested either in the haptic condition or in the visual condition. During both tests the participants were presented with 30 words, 10 of which had been studied visually, 10 of which had been studied haptically, and 10 of which had not been studied previously. Memory was assessed by calculating the percent of words correctly identified. A two-way ANOVA was used to analyze the results of the study. The results revealed that words studied visually were recalled more by participants who were tested visually than those tested haptically. Recall for words studied haptically did not differ between those tested visually and those tested haptically.
(Scenario I) The design described in Scenario I is a:

A) 2 × 2 between-groups design.
B) 2 × 2 within-subjects design.
C) 2 × 2 mixed design.
D) 2 × 2 single case design.

Question 61

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Grippo, A. J., Beltz, T. G. & Johnson, A. K. (2003). Behavioral and cardiovascular changes in the chronic mild stress model of depression? Physiology and Behavior, 78, 703-710.
Effect of Mild Chronic Stress on Depression
Nonhuman animals are often used as models to study psychological disorders. Depression can be simulated in rats by applying chronic mild stress (CMS). The behavioral effects of CMS include anhedonia. In rats, anhedonia is defined as a reduction in locomotor activity. In this study, 17 rats were randomly assigned to receive CMS or no stress for 4 weeks. Rats in both conditions were housed individually in cages equipped with a running wheel to which they had free access. Locomotor activity was quantified by measuring the distance run on the wheel. This was measured weekly throughout the study so that four measurements were obtained for rats in each treatment condition. A mixed-design ANOVA revealed a statistically significant interaction between treatment and time (F(7, 105) = 1.82, p < .05). Further analyses revealed no difference in the distance run between the two groups at time 1, but that rats exposed to CMS ran significantly less than those not exposed to stress at times 2, 3, and 4.
(Scenario III) The researcher who recorded the distance that each rat ran did not know whether the rat had received stress. This resulted in a(n) _____ and decreased _____.

A) double-blind procedure; experimenter bias
B) experimenter expectancy; bias
C) single-blind procedure; experimenter expectancy
D) experimenter bias; internal validity

Question 62

Researchers investigating eating disorders tend to look at _____ as these may precede eating disordered behaviors.

A) parental arguments
B) emotional triggers
C) physical health complaints
D) previous therapy treatments

Question 63

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Grippo, A. J., Beltz, T. G. & Johnson, A. K. (2003). Behavioral and cardiovascular changes in the chronic mild stress model of depression? Physiology and Behavior, 78, 703-710.
Effect of Mild Chronic Stress on Depression
Nonhuman animals are often used as models to study psychological disorders. Depression can be simulated in rats by applying chronic mild stress (CMS). The behavioral effects of CMS include anhedonia. In rats, anhedonia is defined as a reduction in locomotor activity. In this study, 17 rats were randomly assigned to receive CMS or no stress for 4 weeks. Rats in both conditions were housed individually in cages equipped with a running wheel to which they had free access. Locomotor activity was quantified by measuring the distance run on the wheel. This was measured weekly throughout the study so that four measurements were obtained for rats in each treatment condition. A mixed-design ANOVA revealed a statistically significant interaction between treatment and time (F(7, 105) = 1.82, p < .05). Further analyses revealed no difference in the distance run between the two groups at time 1, but that rats exposed to CMS ran significantly less than those not exposed to stress at times 2, 3, and 4.
(Scenario III) Which type of statistic was used to determine there was an effect of stress on running at weeks 2, 3 and 4?

A)7.
B)105.
C).05.
D)1.82.

Question 64

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Carton, J. S. & Schweitzer, J. B. (1996). Use of a token economy to increase compliance during hemodialysis. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 29, 111-113.
Increasing Hemodialysis Compliance
The purpose of this study was to increase a 10-year-old's compliance with daily hemodialysis treatments for his end-stage renal failure. The daily treatment took approximately 4 hours to complete, and throughout the treatment the child would hit, kick, and scream at hospital staff. The researchers decided to try to reduce his outbursts and increase treatment compliance. The researchers began by observing the child for five consecutive days, during which they recorded up to eight noncompliant behaviors every 30 minutes during the 4-hour treatment. The intervention phase was implemented over the next 10 days. It involved giving the child a token for every 30 minutes during the 4-hour hemodialysis procedure that he was not defiant. The tokens could be redeemed for prizes. During the intervention the number of defiant episodes reduced such that at the end he was 100% compliant. Tokens were not given over the next 5 days and behavior resumed to levels observed at the start of the study. When tokens were re-introduced the child quickly adjusted his behavior such that compliance was again at 100%.
(Scenario II) In the study described in Scenario II, the control condition is the _____ phase, and the experimental condition is the _____ phase.

A) C; E
B) A; B
C) C; A
D) B; C

Question 65

A 2012 study examining social cognition in individuals with anorexia nervosa found that:

A) individuals without anorexia nervosa had poorer functioning.
B) individuals with anorexia nervosa had poorer social functioning.
C) individuals with anorexia nervosa had poorer emotional functioning.
D) individuals with anorexia nervosa had better emotional functioning.

Question 66

Individuals with _____ engage in unhealthy and maladaptive patterns of behavior focused on losing weight and an intense fear of gaining weight, as well as a distorted perspective of their own body.

A) bulimia nervosa
B) anorexia nervosa
C) binge eating disorder
D) eating disorder NOS

Question 67

Dr. Gibson is interested in conducting an analysis of more than 100 studies on diversity and cultural attitudes over the last 20 years and combing the results to look at overall trends. Dr. Gibson is interested in conducting:

A) a case study.
B) an experimental study.
C) a meta-analysis.
D) qualitative analysis.

Question 68

A 2013 empirical exploration of the dynamics of relationships for those with anorexia nervosa found that:

A) people with anorexia nervosa were more highly critical of themselves.
B) people with anorexia nervosa were less critical of themselves.
C) people with anorexia nervosa were more highly critical of others.
D) there was no difference in being critical among those with and without anorexia nervosa.

Question 69

A 2012 study examining selflessness in anorexia nervosa as investigated through projective testing found that:

A) people with anorexia nervosa had higher levels of selflessness and tended to ignore their own needs.
B) people with anorexia nervosa had lower levels of selflessness and tended to ignore others' needs.
C) people with anorexia nervosa had higher levels of selflessness, but tended to ignore others' needs.
D) people with anorexia nervosa had lower levels of selflessness, but tended to ignore their own needs.

Question 70

A 2013 study looking at enhanced cognitive behavior therapy for adolescents with anorexia found that those who completed treatment displayed:

A) improvement in weight and eating disorder psychopathology and were stable for 60 weeks.
B) a deterioration in weight and eating disorder psychopathology and were not stable.
C) improvement only in weight and were stable for 30 weeks.
D) improvement in weight and an increase in eating disorder psychopathology and were not stable.

Question 71

In a 2013 study examining the efficacy of family-based treatment for adolescents with eating disorders a systematic review was conducted and found:

A) that after 6 to 12 months following treatment, there was no difference in remission rates for those in family-based treatment and individual therapy.
B) that after 6 to 12 months following treatment, those who participated in individual therapy had higher remission rates than those in family-based treatment.
C) that after 6 to 12 months following treatment, those who participated in family-based treatment had higher remission rates than those in individual therapy.
D) that after 6 to 12 months following treatment, those who participated in family-based treatment had lower remission rates than those in individual therapy.

Question 72

A 2013 study examining the efficacy of family-based treatment for adolescents with eating disorders was a systematic review. A systematic review is also commonly referred to as a:

A) meta-analysis.
B) mixed design.
C) single-blind procedure.
D) double-blind procedure.

Question 73

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Grippo, A. J., Beltz, T. G. & Johnson, A. K. (2003). Behavioral and cardiovascular changes in the chronic mild stress model of depression? Physiology and Behavior, 78, 703-710.
Effect of Mild Chronic Stress on Depression
Nonhuman animals are often used as models to study psychological disorders. Depression can be simulated in rats by applying chronic mild stress (CMS). The behavioral effects of CMS include anhedonia. In rats, anhedonia is defined as a reduction in locomotor activity. In this study, 17 rats were randomly assigned to receive CMS or no stress for 4 weeks. Rats in both conditions were housed individually in cages equipped with a running wheel to which they had free access. Locomotor activity was quantified by measuring the distance run on the wheel. This was measured weekly throughout the study so that four measurements were obtained for rats in each treatment condition. A mixed-design ANOVA revealed a statistically significant interaction between treatment and time (F(7, 105) = 1.82, p < .05). Further analyses revealed no difference in the distance run between the two groups at time 1, but that rats exposed to CMS ran significantly less than those not exposed to stress at times 2, 3, and 4.
(Scenario III) In Scenario III, the between-subjects variable was _____, and the within-subjects variable was _____.

A) stress; time
B) time; anhedonia
C) anhedonia; stress
D) time; stress

Question 74

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Carton, J. S. & Schweitzer, J. B. (1996). Use of a token economy to increase compliance during hemodialysis. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 29, 111-113.
Increasing Hemodialysis Compliance
The purpose of this study was to increase a 10-year-old's compliance with daily hemodialysis treatments for his end-stage renal failure. The daily treatment took approximately 4 hours to complete, and throughout the treatment the child would hit, kick, and scream at hospital staff. The researchers decided to try to reduce his outbursts and increase treatment compliance. The researchers began by observing the child for five consecutive days, during which they recorded up to eight noncompliant behaviors every 30 minutes during the 4-hour treatment. The intervention phase was implemented over the next 10 days. It involved giving the child a token for every 30 minutes during the 4-hour hemodialysis procedure that he was not defiant. The tokens could be redeemed for prizes. During the intervention the number of defiant episodes reduced such that at the end he was 100% compliant. Tokens were not given over the next 5 days and behavior resumed to levels observed at the start of the study. When tokens were re-introduced the child quickly adjusted his behavior such that compliance was again at 100%.
(Scenario II) The purpose of removing the intervention in Scenario II was to:

A) establish causality.
B) conserve resources.
C) remove experimenter-expectations.
D) to keep the participant blinded to treatment.

Question 75

A 2013 empirical exploration of the dynamics of relationships for those with anorexia nervosa found that:

A) people with anorexia nervosa were less needy than others.
B) people with anorexia nervosa were needier than others.
C) people with anorexia nervosa were more aggressive than others.
D) there was no difference in neediness among those with and without anorexia nervosa.

Question 76

According to the research approximately _____ young women are diagnosed with anorexia nervosa.

A) 1 out of every 1,000
B) 2 out of every 1,000
C) 3 out of every 1,000
D) 4 out of every 1,000

Question 77

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Carton, J. S. & Schweitzer, J. B. (1996). Use of a token economy to increase compliance during hemodialysis. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 29, 111-113.
Increasing Hemodialysis Compliance
The purpose of this study was to increase a 10-year-old's compliance with daily hemodialysis treatments for his end-stage renal failure. The daily treatment took approximately 4 hours to complete, and throughout the treatment the child would hit, kick, and scream at hospital staff. The researchers decided to try to reduce his outbursts and increase treatment compliance. The researchers began by observing the child for five consecutive days, during which they recorded up to eight noncompliant behaviors every 30 minutes during the 4-hour treatment. The intervention phase was implemented over the next 10 days. It involved giving the child a token for every 30 minutes during the 4-hour hemodialysis procedure that he was not defiant. The tokens could be redeemed for prizes. During the intervention the number of defiant episodes reduced such that at the end he was 100% compliant. Tokens were not given over the next 5 days and behavior resumed to levels observed at the start of the study. When tokens were re-introduced the child quickly adjusted his behavior such that compliance was again at 100%.
(Scenario II) The study described in Scenario II uses an _____ design.

A) A-B
B) A-B-A
C) A-B-A-B
D) A-B-A-B-A

Question 78

A 1997 study examining eating disorders and anxiety disorders found that there were:

A) higher rates of obsessive-compulsive disorder among those without anorexia nervosa.
B) higher rates of obsessive-compulsive disorder among those with anorexia nervosa.
C) higher rates of separation anxiety disorder among those with anorexia nervosa.
D) higher rates of trichotillomania among those without anorexia nervosa.

Question 79

A 2013 empirical exploration of the dynamics of relationships for those with anorexia nervosa found that:

A) people with anorexia nervosa were less likely to have disrupted relationships with family members than those without anorexia nervosa.
B) people with anorexia nervosa more commonly had disrupted and troubled relationships with their siblings.
C) people with anorexia nervosa more commonly had disrupted and troubled relationships with their fathers.
D) people with anorexia nervosa more commonly had disrupted and troubled relationships with their mothers.

Question 80

A 2014 randomized controlled trial examining psychoanalytic psychotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa found that:

A) psychoanalytic therapy was faster and more effective than cognitive behavioral treatment and more effective at reducing bulimic behaviors.
B) cognitive behavioral therapy was slower, but more effective than psychoanalytic treatment and more effective at reducing bulimic behaviors.
C) cognitive behavioral therapy was faster and more effective than psychoanalytic treatment and more effective at reducing bulimic behaviors.
D) cognitive behavioral therapy was faster than psychoanalytic treatment, but less effective at reducing bulimic behaviors.