Deck 9: Multi-Group Design: Im Feeling Hot, but Is the Earth Hot, Too

Question 1

_____ are statistical tests that allow researchers to test comparisons between groups that are predicted ahead of time.

A) Planned contrasts
B) Post-hoc tests
C) Exploratory analyses
D) Paired samples t tests

Answer 1

Planned contrasts

Question 2

In an experiment studying treatment effectiveness for ADHD in adults, which of the following would be considered a placebo?

A) a sugar pill
B) a caffeine pill
C) a Ritalin pill
D) an Adderall pill

Answer 2

a sugar pill

Question 3

What is the symbol for effect size?

A) $\beta$
B) $\Omega$
C) ᶲ
D) $\pi$

Answer 3

ᶲ

Question 4

Which of the following statistics is produced by an ANOVA?

A) T statistic
B) F statistic
C) P statistic
D) R statistic

Question 5

If you have a multigroup design with 12 groups, roughly what is the minimum number of participants you should have for reasonable power in your study?

A) 250
B) 360
C) 470
D) 660

Question 6

A higher standard deviation in one group compared with others suggests that participants in that group endorsed _____ of responses.

A) a more narrow band
B) a wider variety
C) limited number
D) an absence

Question 7

In a 2010 study investigating whether darkness increases dishonesty and self-interested behaviors it was suggested that:

A) participants in the dimmer room exaggerated their success on the task in order to earn more money.
B) participants in the more lit room exaggerated their success on the task in order to earn more money.
C) participants who wore sunglasses were more likely to share their earnings.
D) participants who wore clear glasses were less likely to share their earnings.

Question 8

In a 2008 study examining the cognitive benefits of interacting with nature it was found that:

A) individuals who walked in a downtown area compared with a park performed better on attention tasks.
B) individuals who experienced flooding performed worse on an attention task.
C) individuals who walked in a park compared with a downtown area performed better on attention tasks.
D) individuals who walked in a park compared with a downtown area performed worse on attention tasks.

Question 9

Which of the following is the symbol for chi-square?

A) $\Omega$
B) $\alpha$ ²
C) $\beta$
D) $\chi$ ²

Question 10

In a 2008 study examining the effect of experiencing physical warmth on the manifestation of interpersonal warmth found:

A) those participants who held a hot object were more likely to take a gift for themselves rather than a friend.
B) those participants who held the hot cup rated the other person's personality less favorably.
C) those participants who held the cold cup rated the other person's personality more favorably.
D) those participants who held the hot cup rated the other person's personality more favorably.

Question 11

In a study examining Internet gaming, which of the following variables would be considered the independent variable based on this research question: How does duration of Internet gaming influence the gamer's attitudes toward social interaction with peers?

A) social interaction
B) peers
C) duration of gaming
D) type of games

Question 12

In an experimental design if participants were not influenced by the _____, there really was not an experiment.

A) dependent variable
B) manipulation
C) confound variable
D) covariate

Question 13

If you have a multigroup design with four groups, roughly what is the minimum number of participants you should have for reasonable power in your study?

A) 75
B) 100
C) 120
D) 220

Question 14

Researchers decide to use self-report, teacher report, and parent report data, as well as sociometric data from peers. These researchers are employing _____ to help answer the desired research question.

A) baseline data
B) power
C) methodological pluralism
D) multilevel design

Question 15

In a study examining physical health, which of the following variables would be considered the independent variable based on this research question: How does the frequency of contact with animals influence an elderly patient's physical health based on doctor report?

A) frequency of animal contact
B) peers
C) physical health
D) frequency of doctor visits

Question 16

_____ is a statistical test researchers use to look for potential differences that they did not anticipate or predict prior to the study.

A) A one-way ANOVA
B) Multiple regression
C) A chi-square
D) Exploratory analysis

Question 17

In a study examining sleep, which of the following variables would be considered the dependent variable based on this research question: How does the duration of sleep influence productivity at work for individuals with sleep apnea?

A) diagnosis of sleep apnea
B) productivity at work
C) physical health
D) duration of sleep

Question 18

Which of the following statements is true regarding post-hoc tests and planned contrasts?

A) both statistical tests are planned ahead of time
B) post-hoc tests are not determined ahead of time, but planned contrasts are
C) neither statistical test compares between groups
D) post-hoc tests combine two conditions so you can compare them with a third

Question 19

When conducting a study using multiple groups it is best to have at least _____ per condition for adequate power.

A) 20
B) 30
C) 40
D) 50

Question 20

In a study examining social interaction, which of the following variables would be considered the dependent variable based on this research question: How does the number of close friends a child reports influence his or her social and emotional competency with unfamiliar peers?

A) quantity of close friends
B) peers
C) emotional health
D) social and emotional competency

Question 21

_____ is an experimental strategy with implementation of three or more groups.

A) Methodological pluralism
B) Multigroup design
C) Exploratory analyses
D) Post-hoc testing

Question 22

In examining more than two participant groups or levels of an independent variable it is possible to discover:

A) linear relationships.
B) functional relationships.
C) nonexistent relationships.
D) circular relationships.

Question 23

In an experiment, the group in which participants believe they are getting the treatment, but in fact are not receiving any type of treatment or manipulation is referred to as the:

A) control group.
B) empty control group.
C) placebo group.
D) baseline group.

Question 24

A _____ is a statistical test that determines whether responses from the different conditions are essentially the same or whether the responses from at least one of the conditions differ from the others.

A) chi-square test of independence
B) one-way analysis of variance
C) two-way analysis of variance
D) multiple regression

Question 25

The association between the perception of global warming and hot or cold temperatures in a room was found to have a _____ relationship.

A) functional
B) linear
C) nonlinear
D) curvilinear

Question 26

The dependent variable (DV) is the variable in a research design that is:

A) manipulated.
B) influencing the outcome.
C) controlled.
D) the byproduct.

Question 27

The study's ability to find differences between variables when there is a real difference is referred to as:

A) probability.
B) power.
C) post-hoc.
D) confound.

Question 28

If researchers unintentionally introduce another variable or construct into a study, then _____ has also been introduced into the experiment.

A) power
B) a placebo
C) post-hoc
D) a confound

Question 29

_____ is key to minimizing systematic differences between conditions before a study even begins.

A) Reciprocity
B) A chi-square test of independence
C) A baseline group
D) Random assignment

Question 30

In an experiment studying caffeine intoxication, which of the following would be considered a placebo?

A) water pill
B) caffeine pill
C) green tea pill
D) coffee

Question 31

If you have a multigroup design with seven groups, what is the minimum number of participants you should have for reasonable power in your study?

A) 50
B) 150
C) 210
D) 600

Question 32

Researchers set up a multigroup design and added a group that does not receive any form of the treatment and just completed the dependent variables in the experiment. This group is referred to as the:

A) control group.
B) empty control group.
C) placebo group.
D) baseline group.

Question 33

_____ refers to employing the use of multiple methods or strategies to answer a research question.

A) Methodological pluralism
B) Multigroup design
C) Exploratory analyses
D) Post-hoc testing

Question 34

_____ is a statistical test in which both variables are categorical. This test generally tells us if the distribution of participants across categories is different from what would be expected.

A) Exploratory analysis
B) An a priori test
C) A chi-square test of independence
D) And independent samples t test

Question 35

The independent variable (IV) is the variable in a research design that is:

A) manipulated.
B) the byproduct.
C) the outcome.
D) not influencing the outcome.

Question 36

The probability that the study will yield significant results is referred to as:

A) power.
B) placebo.
C) post-hoc.
D) a confound.

Question 37

_____ are tests that examine all of the possible combinations of conditions in a way that statistically accounts for the fact that we did not predict them ahead of time.

A) A priori tests
B) Post-hoc tests
C) Planned contrasts
D) Paired samples t tests

Question 38

A general rule suggests that you should have _____ participants per condition for adequate power.

A) 10
B) 15
C) 25
D) 30

Question 39

Research suggests that the smell of a clean room elicits all of the follow behaviors, EXCEPT:

A) reciprocity.
B) charity.
C) self-interested behavior.
D) volunteering.

Question 40

Which of the following refers to when the participant actively attempts to identify the purpose of a research study?

A) active deception
B) pluralism
C) hypothesis-guessing
D) confounding

Question 41

Describe two negative consequences that can result from hypothesis-guessing.

Question 42

Describe a research study that would benefit from using methodological pluralism.

Question 43

What is the importance of having baseline data in a study?

Question 44

Describe a multigroup design that would examine cultural differences in dating practices.

Question 45

What is a chi-square test of independence and when should it be used?

Question 46

What is a placebo group and why is it important to include such a group in a multigroup design?

Question 47

Write up a results section for a one-way ANOVA given this information: Ninety-two participants were divided among three conditions of beverage types, ratings of pleasure were conducted and ranged from 1 (no pleasure) to 10 (extreme pleasure). The mean rating of pleasure for the carbonated beverage condition was 8.2 with a standard deviation of 1.4. The mean rating of pleasure for the water condition was 5.0 with a standard deviation of .32. The mean rating of pleasure for the alcoholic beverage condition was 8.4 with a standard deviation of 1.7. Assume there is a statistical difference among conditions. You will need to fabricate the rest of the data to write a full results section for this data.

Question 48

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Warner, C. B. & Jackson, J. D. (2009). A time course examination of the preview effect: older adults need a longer preview than younger adults. Experimental Aging Research, 35, 327-347.
Preview Time and Aging
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the minimum preview time required for adults to make a fast perceptual decision. Young adults and older adults were presented visual stimuli for 357, 414, 471, 529 or 586 milliseconds (ms). Knowing that older adults are more sensitive to cool temperatures, the researchers increased the temperature of the room to 75 degrees for the older adults (the temperature of the room for younger adults was 68 degrees) at the request of the IRB. The visual stimulus was presented on a computer monitor and contained several letter Ls rotated at various degrees. After the preview stimulus the participants were shown the test stimulus. This contained the Ls in the preview, as well as several additional Ls and one letter T. The participants were instructed to locate the "T" and were given 5.5 seconds to do so. This procedure was repeated several times such that each participant received 360 trials. The results indicated that younger adults located the T more quickly than the older adults regardless of preview time. Among the younger adults, preview time significantly affected their ability to locate the T. Specifically, they were more quickly able to identify the T when the preview time was 414 ms or 586 ms. The results indicate that preview time significantly affects perceptual discrimination and are illustrated in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Participants responded significantly faster to visual stimuli when they were given 529 ms or 589 ms to preview the stimuli.
(Scenario I) What is a potential confound in the study described in Scenario I?

A) age group
B) temperature
C) preview time
D) response time

Question 49

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Black, J. E., Isaacs, K. R., Anderson, B. J., Alcantara, A. A. & Greenough, W. T. (1990). Learning causes synaptogenesis, whereas motor activity causes angiogenesis, in cerebellar cortex of adult rats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 87, 5568-5572.
Experience and Brain Plasticity Study
The purpose of this study was to examine how various types of motor experiences affect neuronal and vascular changes in the brain. To that end, rats were randomly assigned to one of four behavioral conditions. Rats in the inactive control (IC) condition were raised in standard rat cages with minimal access to physical activity. Rats in the voluntary exercise (VX) condition were raised in standard cages with free access to physical activity via an attached wheel. Rats in the forced exercise (FX) condition also participated in exercise, but were forced to do so on a motorized treadmill. Lastly, rats in the acrobatic condition (AC) engaged in physical activity that included learning a skill. Specifically, the AC rats were trained to traverse a series of tightropes that were progressively more difficult. After 30 days in their respective treatments all of the rats were sacrificed and their brains removed. The researchers examined the brains for synapse density and vascular density. ANOVA revealed animals in the AC condition had a significantly greater synapse density than the other treatment conditions. The results also revealed that the VX rats had a significantly greater blood vessel density compared with the IC rats, but not with the FX and AC rats. These results indicate different behavioral experiences have different effects on the brain's morphology.
(Scenario II) Suppose the vendor who sold the rats to the researchers in Scenario II only had 20 rats left. The researchers needed a total of 40 rats to conduct this study so they buy the remaining 20 from another vendor. The strain, age, and sex of rats from both vendors were identical. Which of the following is a potential problem for this study?

A) The study is confounded and differences between the sample cannot be attributed to the independent variable.
B) The small sample size makes it difficult to establish internal validity.
C) The study is confounded because vendor type is an uncontrolled variable.
D) None of the above, because rats were randomly assigned to the treatment conditions.

Question 50

What are the differences between post-hoc tests and planned contrasts?

Question 51

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Warner, C. B. & Jackson, J. D. (2009). A time course examination of the preview effect: older adults need a longer preview than younger adults. Experimental Aging Research, 35, 327-347.
Preview Time and Aging
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the minimum preview time required for adults to make a fast perceptual decision. Young adults and older adults were presented visual stimuli for 357, 414, 471, 529 or 586 milliseconds (ms). Knowing that older adults are more sensitive to cool temperatures, the researchers increased the temperature of the room to 75 degrees for the older adults (the temperature of the room for younger adults was 68 degrees) at the request of the IRB. The visual stimulus was presented on a computer monitor and contained several letter Ls rotated at various degrees. After the preview stimulus the participants were shown the test stimulus. This contained the Ls in the preview, as well as several additional Ls and one letter T. The participants were instructed to locate the "T" and were given 5.5 seconds to do so. This procedure was repeated several times such that each participant received 360 trials. The results indicated that younger adults located the T more quickly than the older adults regardless of preview time. Among the younger adults, preview time significantly affected their ability to locate the T. Specifically, they were more quickly able to identify the T when the preview time was 414 ms or 586 ms. The results indicate that preview time significantly affects perceptual discrimination and are illustrated in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Participants responded significantly faster to visual stimuli when they were given 529 ms or 589 ms to preview the stimuli.
(Scenario I) If there are 100 older adults and 100 younger adults in the study described in Scenario I, and adults in each age group are equally distributed across the five preview conditions, then there are _____ participants in each preview condition.

A) 5
B) 20
C) 40
D) 100

Question 52

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Warner, C. B. & Jackson, J. D. (2009). A time course examination of the preview effect: older adults need a longer preview than younger adults. Experimental Aging Research, 35, 327-347.
Preview Time and Aging
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the minimum preview time required for adults to make a fast perceptual decision. Young adults and older adults were presented visual stimuli for 357, 414, 471, 529 or 586 milliseconds (ms). Knowing that older adults are more sensitive to cool temperatures, the researchers increased the temperature of the room to 75 degrees for the older adults (the temperature of the room for younger adults was 68 degrees) at the request of the IRB. The visual stimulus was presented on a computer monitor and contained several letter Ls rotated at various degrees. After the preview stimulus the participants were shown the test stimulus. This contained the Ls in the preview, as well as several additional Ls and one letter T. The participants were instructed to locate the "T" and were given 5.5 seconds to do so. This procedure was repeated several times such that each participant received 360 trials. The results indicated that younger adults located the T more quickly than the older adults regardless of preview time. Among the younger adults, preview time significantly affected their ability to locate the T. Specifically, they were more quickly able to identify the T when the preview time was 414 ms or 586 ms. The results indicate that preview time significantly affects perceptual discrimination and are illustrated in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Participants responded significantly faster to visual stimuli when they were given 529 ms or 589 ms to preview the stimuli.
(Scenario I) In order to determine which preview times affected response speed, the researchers in Scenario I would have had to conduct a(n):

A) ANOVA.
B) chi square test of independence.
C) post-hoc test.
D) planned contrast test.

Question 53

Develop a research question examining interpersonal skills and clearly define the independent variable and dependent variable.

Question 54

Describe what a confound is and how confounds can influence a study.

Question 55

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Warner, C. B. & Jackson, J. D. (2009). A time course examination of the preview effect: older adults need a longer preview than younger adults. Experimental Aging Research, 35, 327-347.
Preview Time and Aging
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the minimum preview time required for adults to make a fast perceptual decision. Young adults and older adults were presented visual stimuli for 357, 414, 471, 529 or 586 milliseconds (ms). Knowing that older adults are more sensitive to cool temperatures, the researchers increased the temperature of the room to 75 degrees for the older adults (the temperature of the room for younger adults was 68 degrees) at the request of the IRB. The visual stimulus was presented on a computer monitor and contained several letter Ls rotated at various degrees. After the preview stimulus the participants were shown the test stimulus. This contained the Ls in the preview, as well as several additional Ls and one letter T. The participants were instructed to locate the "T" and were given 5.5 seconds to do so. This procedure was repeated several times such that each participant received 360 trials. The results indicated that younger adults located the T more quickly than the older adults regardless of preview time. Among the younger adults, preview time significantly affected their ability to locate the T. Specifically, they were more quickly able to identify the T when the preview time was 414 ms or 586 ms. The results indicate that preview time significantly affects perceptual discrimination and are illustrated in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Participants responded significantly faster to visual stimuli when they were given 529 ms or 589 ms to preview the stimuli.
(Scenario I) The presentation duration of the visual stimulus was a(n) _____ in Scenario I.

A) independent variable
B) dependent variable
C) confounding variable
D) control variable

Question 56

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Warner, C. B. & Jackson, J. D. (2009). A time course examination of the preview effect: older adults need a longer preview than younger adults. Experimental Aging Research, 35, 327-347.
Preview Time and Aging
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the minimum preview time required for adults to make a fast perceptual decision. Young adults and older adults were presented visual stimuli for 357, 414, 471, 529 or 586 milliseconds (ms). Knowing that older adults are more sensitive to cool temperatures, the researchers increased the temperature of the room to 75 degrees for the older adults (the temperature of the room for younger adults was 68 degrees) at the request of the IRB. The visual stimulus was presented on a computer monitor and contained several letter Ls rotated at various degrees. After the preview stimulus the participants were shown the test stimulus. This contained the Ls in the preview, as well as several additional Ls and one letter T. The participants were instructed to locate the "T" and were given 5.5 seconds to do so. This procedure was repeated several times such that each participant received 360 trials. The results indicated that younger adults located the T more quickly than the older adults regardless of preview time. Among the younger adults, preview time significantly affected their ability to locate the T. Specifically, they were more quickly able to identify the T when the preview time was 414 ms or 586 ms. The results indicate that preview time significantly affects perceptual discrimination and are illustrated in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Participants responded significantly faster to visual stimuli when they were given 529 ms or 589 ms to preview the stimuli.
(Scenario I) As illustrated in the figure, the researchers in Scenario I found that response time was affected by preview time but only when preview time was 529 ms or greater. This demonstrates a _____ relationship between the variables.

A) significant
B) nonsignificant
C) linear
D) nonlinear

Question 57

Suggest one explanation as to why individuals who walked in a park would perform better on an attention task than individuals who walked in a downtown area.

Question 58

How do you identify if a behavior is a key behavior for a study?

Question 59

What is the benefit of having more than two groups or levels of an independent variable?

Question 60

Why are protocols important in experimental designs?

Question 61

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Duran, J., Morton, G. & Sikorski, A.M. Poster No. 31. Elucidating the relative concentration of physical activity to memory consolidation and memory retrieval. Faculty for Undergraduate Neuroscience Meeting. San Diego, CA: FUN 2010
Exercise and Memory Study
These researchers examined whether acute physical activity could improve the memory retention of recently studied items, and whether memory was differentially affected by the timing of exercise intervention. After studying a list of 40 English-Swahili word pairs, healthy adult human volunteers were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions. Participants in the consolidation treatment (CONS) exercised for 20 minutes immediately after studying the word pairs and then worked on a jigsaw puzzle for 20 minutes. Participants in the retrieval condition (RET) worked on a jigsaw puzzle for 20 minutes immediately after studying the word pairs and then exercised for 20 minutes. Participants in the control condition (CONT) worked on a jigsaw puzzle for 40 minutes after studying the word pairs. . In all conditions, participants were tested 40 minutes following the initial study phase. the test phase consisted of presenting the participants with Swahili words and asking them to speak its English translation. Memory was operationally defined by the total number of correctly recalled Swahili words. The results revealed that participants who had exercised immediately after studying the Swahili-English word pairs recalled significantly more words than those in the RET or CONT conditions. These results suggest that acute exercise immediately following learning modulates memory consolidation.
(Scenario III) The researchers involved in the study described in Scenario III want to conduct a follow-up study to examine the minimum amount of exercise required following learning to improve memory recall. To determine whether there is a linear relationship between exercise duration and memory, the researchers should:

A) manipulate exercise duration so it has at least three levels.
B) measure memory a minimum of three times.
C) control for the intelligence of the participants.
D) ensure only physically sedentary adults participate in the study.

Question 62

A 2008 study examining the experience of physical warmth on the promotion of interpersonal warmth found:

A) there was no difference in gift choice between those who held a warm or cold therapeutic pad.
B) those who held a cold therapeutic pad were more likely to choose a gift for a friend rather than take one for themselves.
C) those who held a warm therapeutic pad were more likely to choose a gift for a friend rather than take one for themselves.
D) those who held a warm therapeutic pad were less likely to choose a gift for a friend and took a gift for themselves instead.

Question 63

In a 2008 study investigating whether direct experiences with flooding influence risk perception found:

A) flood victims were not more concerned, more informed, or more motivated to engaged in behavior that would help eliminate climate change.
B) flood victims were more concerned, more informed, and more motivated to engaged in behavior that would help eliminate climate change.
C) flood victims were less concerned, more informed, and more motivated to engaged in behavior that would help eliminate climate change.
D) flood victims were more concerned, but less informed, and motivated to engaged in behavior that would help eliminate climate change.

Question 64

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Duran, J., Morton, G. & Sikorski, A.M. Poster No. 31. Elucidating the relative concentration of physical activity to memory consolidation and memory retrieval. Faculty for Undergraduate Neuroscience Meeting. San Diego, CA: FUN 2010
Exercise and Memory Study
These researchers examined whether acute physical activity could improve the memory retention of recently studied items, and whether memory was differentially affected by the timing of exercise intervention. After studying a list of 40 English-Swahili word pairs, healthy adult human volunteers were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions. Participants in the consolidation treatment (CONS) exercised for 20 minutes immediately after studying the word pairs and then worked on a jigsaw puzzle for 20 minutes. Participants in the retrieval condition (RET) worked on a jigsaw puzzle for 20 minutes immediately after studying the word pairs and then exercised for 20 minutes. Participants in the control condition (CONT) worked on a jigsaw puzzle for 40 minutes after studying the word pairs. . In all conditions, participants were tested 40 minutes following the initial study phase. the test phase consisted of presenting the participants with Swahili words and asking them to speak its English translation. Memory was operationally defined by the total number of correctly recalled Swahili words. The results revealed that participants who had exercised immediately after studying the Swahili-English word pairs recalled significantly more words than those in the RET or CONT conditions. These results suggest that acute exercise immediately following learning modulates memory consolidation.
(Scenario III) In order to conclude that the CONS treatment produced better memory relative to the RET and CONT treatments, the authors of Scenario III must have:

A) had a large enough sample size.
B) conducted a post-hoc test.
C) assigned participants nonrandomly to treatment conditions.
D) used a double-blind procedure..

Question 65

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Black, J. E., Isaacs, K. R., Anderson, B. J., Alcantara, A. A. & Greenough, W. T. (1990). Learning causes synaptogenesis, whereas motor activity causes angiogenesis, in cerebellar cortex of adult rats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 87, 5568-5572.
Experience and Brain Plasticity Study
The purpose of this study was to examine how various types of motor experiences affect neuronal and vascular changes in the brain. To that end, rats were randomly assigned to one of four behavioral conditions. Rats in the inactive control (IC) condition were raised in standard rat cages with minimal access to physical activity. Rats in the voluntary exercise (VX) condition were raised in standard cages with free access to physical activity via an attached wheel. Rats in the forced exercise (FX) condition also participated in exercise, but were forced to do so on a motorized treadmill. Lastly, rats in the acrobatic condition (AC) engaged in physical activity that included learning a skill. Specifically, the AC rats were trained to traverse a series of tightropes that were progressively more difficult. After 30 days in their respective treatments all of the rats were sacrificed and their brains removed. The researchers examined the brains for synapse density and vascular density. ANOVA revealed animals in the AC condition had a significantly greater synapse density than the other treatment conditions. The results also revealed that the VX rats had a significantly greater blood vessel density compared with the IC rats, but not with the FX and AC rats. These results indicate different behavioral experiences have different effects on the brain's morphology.
(Scenario II) Which of the following is NOT true of the study described in Scenario II?

A) The researchers are unable to make causal statements about the effect of experience on brain plasticity because they subjects are rats.
B) The design had sufficient power to detect experience-dependent brain changes.
C) The researchers are able to make multiple two-group comparisons.
D) It would have been ethically impossible have used human participants as subjects.

Question 66

In a 2006 study examining cross-national comparisons of image associations among residents of the United States and the United Kingdom regarding images related to climate change and global warming found:

A) that global warming produced positive associations for residents of the United Kingdom only.
B) that global warming produced positive associations for residents of the United States. only.
C) that global warming produced positive associations for both United Kingdom and United States residents.
D) that global warming produced negative associations for both United Kingdom and United States residents.

Question 67

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Duran, J., Morton, G. & Sikorski, A.M. Poster No. 31. Elucidating the relative concentration of physical activity to memory consolidation and memory retrieval. Faculty for Undergraduate Neuroscience Meeting. San Diego, CA: FUN 2010
Exercise and Memory Study
These researchers examined whether acute physical activity could improve the memory retention of recently studied items, and whether memory was differentially affected by the timing of exercise intervention. After studying a list of 40 English-Swahili word pairs, healthy adult human volunteers were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions. Participants in the consolidation treatment (CONS) exercised for 20 minutes immediately after studying the word pairs and then worked on a jigsaw puzzle for 20 minutes. Participants in the retrieval condition (RET) worked on a jigsaw puzzle for 20 minutes immediately after studying the word pairs and then exercised for 20 minutes. Participants in the control condition (CONT) worked on a jigsaw puzzle for 40 minutes after studying the word pairs. . In all conditions, participants were tested 40 minutes following the initial study phase. the test phase consisted of presenting the participants with Swahili words and asking them to speak its English translation. Memory was operationally defined by the total number of correctly recalled Swahili words. The results revealed that participants who had exercised immediately after studying the Swahili-English word pairs recalled significantly more words than those in the RET or CONT conditions. These results suggest that acute exercise immediately following learning modulates memory consolidation.
(Scenario III) After their primary analysis, the researchers who conducted the study described in Scenario III counted the number of participants in each treatment condition who recalled 10 or more words. Which statistical test is appropriate to determine whether the number of people who recalled more than 10 words varied across treatment conditions?

A) t-test
B) post-hoc analysis
C) one-factor ANOVA
D) chi-square test of independence

Question 68

A 2010 study investigating whether darkness increases dishonesty and self-interested behavior while completing a math task found:

A) participants in the dimly lit room exaggerated their success on the math task.
B) participants in the brightly lit room exaggerated their success on the math task.
C) participants in the dimly lit room performed worse than participants in the brightly lit room.
D) participants in the brightly lit room performed worse than participants in the dimly lit room.

Question 69

In a 2008 study examining the cognitive benefits of interacting with nature researchers found:

A) participants who walked in a park performed worse on an attention task than those who walked in a downtown area.
B) participants who walked in a park performed better on an attention task than those who walked in a downtown area.
C) participants who walked in a downtown area performed better on an attention task than those who walked in a park area.
D) there was no difference in ability to perform an attention task among those who walked in a park and those who walked in a downtown area.

Question 70

A 2010 study examining whether clean scents promote reciprocity and charity found:

A) participants in a clean smelling room gave more money to a partner, took more flyers related to volunteering efforts, and were more willing to donate more money than those in a room without a scent.
B) participants in a room with no noticeable scent room gave more money to a partner, took more flyers related to volunteering efforts, and were more willing to donate more money than those in a room with a clean scent.
C) participants in a clean smelling room gave less money to a partner, took less flyers related to volunteering efforts, but were more willing to donate more money than those in a room without a scent.
D) participants in a clean smelling room gave more money to a partner, but took less flyers related to volunteering efforts, and were less willing to donate more money than those in a room without a scent.

Question 71

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Black, J. E., Isaacs, K. R., Anderson, B. J., Alcantara, A. A. & Greenough, W. T. (1990). Learning causes synaptogenesis, whereas motor activity causes angiogenesis, in cerebellar cortex of adult rats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 87, 5568-5572.
Experience and Brain Plasticity Study
The purpose of this study was to examine how various types of motor experiences affect neuronal and vascular changes in the brain. To that end, rats were randomly assigned to one of four behavioral conditions. Rats in the inactive control (IC) condition were raised in standard rat cages with minimal access to physical activity. Rats in the voluntary exercise (VX) condition were raised in standard cages with free access to physical activity via an attached wheel. Rats in the forced exercise (FX) condition also participated in exercise, but were forced to do so on a motorized treadmill. Lastly, rats in the acrobatic condition (AC) engaged in physical activity that included learning a skill. Specifically, the AC rats were trained to traverse a series of tightropes that were progressively more difficult. After 30 days in their respective treatments all of the rats were sacrificed and their brains removed. The researchers examined the brains for synapse density and vascular density. ANOVA revealed animals in the AC condition had a significantly greater synapse density than the other treatment conditions. The results also revealed that the VX rats had a significantly greater blood vessel density compared with the IC rats, but not with the FX and AC rats. These results indicate different behavioral experiences have different effects on the brain's morphology.
(Scenario II) In Scenario II, experience was operationally defined as:

A) voluntary exercise.
B) forced exercise.
C) acrobat training.
D) all of the above.

Question 72

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Black, J. E., Isaacs, K. R., Anderson, B. J., Alcantara, A. A. & Greenough, W. T. (1990). Learning causes synaptogenesis, whereas motor activity causes angiogenesis, in cerebellar cortex of adult rats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 87, 5568-5572.
Experience and Brain Plasticity Study
The purpose of this study was to examine how various types of motor experiences affect neuronal and vascular changes in the brain. To that end, rats were randomly assigned to one of four behavioral conditions. Rats in the inactive control (IC) condition were raised in standard rat cages with minimal access to physical activity. Rats in the voluntary exercise (VX) condition were raised in standard cages with free access to physical activity via an attached wheel. Rats in the forced exercise (FX) condition also participated in exercise, but were forced to do so on a motorized treadmill. Lastly, rats in the acrobatic condition (AC) engaged in physical activity that included learning a skill. Specifically, the AC rats were trained to traverse a series of tightropes that were progressively more difficult. After 30 days in their respective treatments all of the rats were sacrificed and their brains removed. The researchers examined the brains for synapse density and vascular density. ANOVA revealed animals in the AC condition had a significantly greater synapse density than the other treatment conditions. The results also revealed that the VX rats had a significantly greater blood vessel density compared with the IC rats, but not with the FX and AC rats. These results indicate different behavioral experiences have different effects on the brain's morphology.
(Scenario II) Which of the following was a dependent variable in Scenario II?

A) treatment condition
B) vascular density
C) exercise
D) vendor

Question 73

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Duran, J., Morton, G. & Sikorski, A.M. Poster No. 31. Elucidating the relative concentration of physical activity to memory consolidation and memory retrieval. Faculty for Undergraduate Neuroscience Meeting. San Diego, CA: FUN 2010
Exercise and Memory Study
These researchers examined whether acute physical activity could improve the memory retention of recently studied items, and whether memory was differentially affected by the timing of exercise intervention. After studying a list of 40 English-Swahili word pairs, healthy adult human volunteers were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions. Participants in the consolidation treatment (CONS) exercised for 20 minutes immediately after studying the word pairs and then worked on a jigsaw puzzle for 20 minutes. Participants in the retrieval condition (RET) worked on a jigsaw puzzle for 20 minutes immediately after studying the word pairs and then exercised for 20 minutes. Participants in the control condition (CONT) worked on a jigsaw puzzle for 40 minutes after studying the word pairs. . In all conditions, participants were tested 40 minutes following the initial study phase. the test phase consisted of presenting the participants with Swahili words and asking them to speak its English translation. Memory was operationally defined by the total number of correctly recalled Swahili words. The results revealed that participants who had exercised immediately after studying the Swahili-English word pairs recalled significantly more words than those in the RET or CONT conditions. These results suggest that acute exercise immediately following learning modulates memory consolidation.
(Scenario III) Amber was a participant in this study who was tested in the control condition. Her classmate, Jeff, also participated in the study but was tested in the RET condition. After sharing their experiences with each other they determined that the study was probably about college students' ability to learn a foreign language. Amber and Jeff are engaging in:

A) hypothesis-testing.
B) hypothesis-speculating.
C) hypothesis-guessing.
D) hypothesis-determining.

Question 74

Tarzanna is writing a research report and has to discuss disadvantages of self-report measures. Which of the following would be correct for Tarzanna to note?

A) Self-report measures are not susceptible to social desirability response biases.
B) Self-report measures are susceptible to social desirability response biases.
C) Self-report measures permit participants to report their own responses.
D) Self-report measures have high internal reliability consistencies.

Question 75

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Black, J. E., Isaacs, K. R., Anderson, B. J., Alcantara, A. A. & Greenough, W. T. (1990). Learning causes synaptogenesis, whereas motor activity causes angiogenesis, in cerebellar cortex of adult rats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 87, 5568-5572.
Experience and Brain Plasticity Study
The purpose of this study was to examine how various types of motor experiences affect neuronal and vascular changes in the brain. To that end, rats were randomly assigned to one of four behavioral conditions. Rats in the inactive control (IC) condition were raised in standard rat cages with minimal access to physical activity. Rats in the voluntary exercise (VX) condition were raised in standard cages with free access to physical activity via an attached wheel. Rats in the forced exercise (FX) condition also participated in exercise, but were forced to do so on a motorized treadmill. Lastly, rats in the acrobatic condition (AC) engaged in physical activity that included learning a skill. Specifically, the AC rats were trained to traverse a series of tightropes that were progressively more difficult. After 30 days in their respective treatments all of the rats were sacrificed and their brains removed. The researchers examined the brains for synapse density and vascular density. ANOVA revealed animals in the AC condition had a significantly greater synapse density than the other treatment conditions. The results also revealed that the VX rats had a significantly greater blood vessel density compared with the IC rats, but not with the FX and AC rats. These results indicate different behavioral experiences have different effects on the brain's morphology.
(Scenario II) According to Scenario II, Black and colleagues used an ANOVA to analyze their data. Of the statements below, which would the ANOVA be able to support?

A) Vascular density is greater in rats permitted to voluntarily exercise than in those reared in standard lab cages.
B) Synapse density is greater in rats trained on an acrobat task relative to rats reared in standard lab cages.
C) Experience has an effect on vascular density and synapse density.
D) All of the above.

Question 76

Whitney notices there are advantages and disadvantages to every research procedure. She noted that self-report questionnaires are useful because:

A) it allows collateral information to be collected.
B) participants can see how others view them.
C) participants get to state their own views.
D) they are not susceptible to social desirability response biases.

Question 77

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Duran, J., Morton, G. & Sikorski, A.M. Poster No. 31. Elucidating the relative concentration of physical activity to memory consolidation and memory retrieval. Faculty for Undergraduate Neuroscience Meeting. San Diego, CA: FUN 2010
Exercise and Memory Study
These researchers examined whether acute physical activity could improve the memory retention of recently studied items, and whether memory was differentially affected by the timing of exercise intervention. After studying a list of 40 English-Swahili word pairs, healthy adult human volunteers were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions. Participants in the consolidation treatment (CONS) exercised for 20 minutes immediately after studying the word pairs and then worked on a jigsaw puzzle for 20 minutes. Participants in the retrieval condition (RET) worked on a jigsaw puzzle for 20 minutes immediately after studying the word pairs and then exercised for 20 minutes. Participants in the control condition (CONT) worked on a jigsaw puzzle for 40 minutes after studying the word pairs. . In all conditions, participants were tested 40 minutes following the initial study phase. the test phase consisted of presenting the participants with Swahili words and asking them to speak its English translation. Memory was operationally defined by the total number of correctly recalled Swahili words. The results revealed that participants who had exercised immediately after studying the Swahili-English word pairs recalled significantly more words than those in the RET or CONT conditions. These results suggest that acute exercise immediately following learning modulates memory consolidation.
(Scenario III) Suppose the researchers in Scenario III initially designed the study so that acute exercise was only 10 minutes in length. After finding no effect of exercise on memory recall, they decided to increase the length of exercise to 20 minutes. The design change from 10 minutes to 20 minutes most likely affected the study's:

A) power.
B) external validity.
C) hypothesis.
D) reliability

Question 78

A 2010 study investigating whether darkness increases dishonesty and self-interested behavior while completing a math task found:

A) participants who wore clear glasses performed better than those who wore sunglasses.
B) participants who wore sunglasses performed better than those who wore clear glasses.
C) participants who wore sunglasses shared less money with their partner in a game than participants who wore clear glasses.
D) participants who wore clear glasses shared less money with their partner in a game than participants who wore sunglasses.

Question 79

A 2010 study investigating whether darkness increases dishonesty and self-interested behavior while completing a math task found:

A) participants in the brightly lit room exaggerated their performance on the task.
B) participants in the dimly lit room performed better than participants in the brightly lit room.
C) participants in the brightly lit room performed better than participants in the dimly lit room.
D) there was no difference in task performance among those in the dimly lit room versus the brightly lit room.

Question 80

A 2008 study examining the experience of physical warmth on the promotion of interpersonal warmth found:

A) those who held the hot cup rated the other person's personality less favorably.
B) those who held the hot cup rated the other person's personality more favorably.
C) those who held the cold cup rated the other person's personality more favorably.
D) there was no difference among participants who held the hot or cold cup with regard to their ratings.