Deck 21: Adulthood: Cognitive Development

Question 1

Practical intelligence is prized if life circumstances change and new challenges arise.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Curiosity, learning something for the joy of it, and the thrill of discovering something new are marks of fluid intelligence.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Charles Spearman believes that general intelligence cannot be measured directly but can be inferred from various abilities.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The KIDI is a test to measure intelligent parenting.

Question 5

Crystallized intelligence allows an individual to demonstrate the immediate recall of nonsense words.

Question 6

The Seattle Longitudinal Study is the first cross-sequential study of adult intelligence. The results suggest that by age 60, everyone declines in at least one of the basic abilities, but not until age 88 are declines in all five skills apparent in all subjects.

Question 7

New data on the Flynn effect find that generational increases have sped up in developing nations.

Question 8

Individuals high in analytic intelligence are able to better handle the tasks of adulthood.

Question 9

It is possible to measure g directly.

Question 10

Cohort differences are among the factors that account for age-related variation in adult intelligence.

Question 11

Robert Sternberg states that there are three forms of intelligence: academic, creative, and practical.

Question 12

It is unfair and scientifically invalid to compare IQ scores of a cross section to learn about age-related changes.

Question 13

Hundreds of cross-sectional studies of IQ in many nations confirm that older adults outscore younger adults.

Question 14

It is difficult to determine who is a smart person, but it is easy to determine which nation is smartest.

Question 15

The "Flynn effect" refers to an individual's increasing intelligence with age and experience.

Question 16

Crystallized intelligence remains steady across adulthood.

Question 17

Abstract thinking and speed of thinking are some of the mental abilities that make up fluid intelligence.

Question 18

In adults, crystallized intelligence tends to increase with age, while fluid intelligence decreases with age.

Question 19

For most people throughout adulthood, both fluid and crystallized intelligence increase with age.

Question 20

K. Warner Schaie has found that scores on tests of practical intelligence are steadier than the scores on other kinds of tests from ages 20 to 70.

Question 21

In adulthood, only a select number of previously developed abilities can be enhanced or diminished.

Question 22

Dr. Fine was interested in assessing the g, or general intelligence, of college students, so he assessed abilities in all the following areas EXCEPT_____.

A) memory
B) vocabulary
C) reasoning
D) agility

Question 23

Expert thinking is intuitive, automatic, strategic, and flexible.

Question 24

The best coping strategy in every stressful situation is always emotion-focused coping.

Question 25

Amy, a high school sophomore, tells her school counselor that she believes she is at the peak of her intellectual ability. Her counselor responds that _____.

A) she is correct
B) her intellectual abilities will actually peak during college and then start to decline
C) her intellectual abilities will increase throughout adulthood
D) there is no way to know whether she is or not

Question 26

Women are more apt to use an emotion-focused coping style for stress than men.

Question 27

The Flynn effect is MOST likely due to changes in _____.

A) test-taking strategies
B) electronic media
C) people's reaction times
D) education and health

Question 28

Which psychologist proposed the existence of g?

A) Charles Spearman
B) Louis Thurstone
C) Howard Gardner
D) Robert Sternberg

Question 29

The term g refers to "_____ intelligence."

A) grand
B) general
C) great
D) gross

Question 30

Major stresses can negatively affect health, but minor daily hassles do not.

Question 31

Experts rely more on formal procedures and rules rather than on past experiences and immediate contexts when thinking.

Question 32

If they use problem-focused coping styles, people try to attack the stress directly.

Question 33

Multitasking, an example of selective optimization, becomes more difficult with every passing decade.

Question 34

Experienced adults often use selective optimization with compensation, becoming experts.

Question 35

Cognitive ability in adulthood does not increase for those with challenging work.

Question 36

A problem with cross-sectional research is that _____.

A) there could be cohort effects, as each has unique life experiences
B) retesting leads older subjects to do better
C) the most intelligent people are most likely to drop out of the study
D) the results tend not to be worth the large investment

Question 37

The superior strategies of the expert permit selective optimization with compensation.

Question 38

A psychologist who is studying the mathematical abilities of adults finds significant differences between the scores of adults born 50 years ago, when rote learning was stressed, and those born 25 years ago, when more progressive approaches to education were popular. This is an example of a(n) _____.

A) failure of longitudinal research
B) advantage of cross-sectional research
C) cohort difference
D) intellectual decline in middle adulthood

Question 39

Based on the results of cross-sectional intelligence testing, _____ for the first half of the twentieth century.

A) younger generations were considered to be smarter than older ones
B) older generations were considered to be smarter than younger ones
C) older generations were considered to know entirely different things than younger ones
D) younger and older generations were considered equally smart

Question 40

The "Flynn effect" refers to the _____.

A) rise in an individual's IQ over the years
B) decrease in an individual's IQ over the years
C) rise in average IQ over the generations
D) decrease in average IQ over the generations

Question 41

Intelligence that reflects accumulated learning is referred to as "_____ intelligence."

A) creative
B) practical
C) fluid
D) crystallized

Question 42

Nathanial is a participant in a research study. He needs to decide how Figure A relates to Figure B. Nathanial will need to use _____intelligence in order to solve this problem.

A) creative
B) practical
C) fluid
D) crystallized

Question 43

Longitudinal research on measuring intelligence is more accurate than cross-sectional research. However, there are three drawbacks to this research design. Which of the following is NOT one of the drawbacks?

A) an inability to determine continuity and discontinuity of intellectual development
B) unusual events affecting each cohort, and more mundane changes making the data on one cohort less relevant to later cohorts
C) the loss of some participants across time, which could skew the results
D) repeated testing provides practice, which could improve scores

Question 44

Results from K. Warner Schaie's study reveal that more recent generations of women have intelligence test scores that have _____.

A) declined
B) increased
C) maintained stability
D) barely changed

Question 45

The _____ Study was the first cross-sequential study of adult intelligence.

A) Wisconsin Longitudinal
B) Oxford
C) Midlife in the United States
D) Seattle Longitudinal

Question 46

Dr. Green is studying intellectual development in adulthood. In order to generate the MOST accurate view of intellectual development, Dr. Green should use a _____ research design.

A) cross-sectional
B) longitudinal
C) cross-sequential
D) case study

Question 47

Which example relies MOST heavily on crystallized intelligence?

A) putting together a puzzle
B) knowing the chemical symbols for various elements
C) exhibiting creativity with words
D) analyzing relationships between concepts

Question 48

From about ages 20 to 70, _____ seem(s) to have the LEAST influence on intelligence test scores.

A) chronological age
B) specific genes
C) national values
D) education

Question 49

K. Warner Schaie's cross-sequential research on intellectual development studies _____.

A) verbal meaning, spatial orientation, inductive reasoning, number ability, and word fluency
B) verbal meaning, deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning, number ability, and word fluency
C) deductive reasoning, spatial orientation, inductive reasoning, number ability, and word fluency
D) verbal meaning, spatial orientation, inductive reasoning, number ability, and deductive reasoning

Question 50

The Wilson family is having a big reunion, with four generations planning to attend. Applying the Flynn effect to this family, we would expect that _____.

A) the first generation of Wilsons would score the highest on a standard IQ test
B) the fourth generation of Wilsons would score the highest on a standard IQ test
C) the second and third generations of Wilsons would score similarly on a standard IQ test
D) all four generations would score similarly on a standard IQ test

Question 51

Jerry, who is in good health, scores lower on an intelligence test than his grandson Cade. This could be for all the following reasons EXCEPT _____.

A) Jerry and Cade having different educational experiences
B) Jerry and Cade having different health issues
C) Jerry and Cade having different health care experiences
D) Jerry losing intellectual power as he ages

Question 52

A study of adults ages 34 to 83 found that people high in fluid intelligence were exposed to _____ stress and were _____ likely to suffer from it.

A) more; more
B) less; less
C) more; less
D) less; more

Question 53

According to the results of K. Warner Schaie's study, which individual would have performed best on an assessment of number ability?

A) Emil, born in 1912
B) Delano, born in 1924
C) Xavier, born in 1936
D) Frank, born in 1948

Question 54

K. Warner Schaie's cross-sequential research on intellectual development demonstrates that _____.

A) there is a decline in most abilities after age 30
B) individuals improve in most mental abilities during adulthood
C) cohort differences make it appear that older people are more intelligent than younger people
D) women outperform men on most cognitive tasks

Question 55

The two researchers who concluded that fluid and crystallized intelligence are the most crucial aspects of intelligence are _____.

A) Nancy Bayley and Melita Oden
B) Raymond Cattell and John Horn
C) Harold Jones and Herbert Conrad
D) Robert Sternberg and Howard Gardner

Question 56

The older Gary gets, the more difficult it is going to be for him to _____.

A) define the word "homemade"
B) answer what comes next in the series "4916253"
C) recall the seventh president of the United States
D) learn the meaning of a new word

Question 57

The basic intelligence that makes learning quick and thorough is referred to as "_____ intelligence."

A) fluid
B) crystallized
C) practical
D) creative

Question 58

In K. Warner Schaie's study, each successive cohort scored higher in adulthood than did the previous generations in _____ and _____.

A) spatial orientation; inductive reasoning
B) verbal memory; inductive reasoning
C) verbal memory; spatial orientation
D) inductive reasoning; number ability

Question 59

With respect to intelligence testing in adulthood, scores on items measuring fluid intelligence _____ with age, and scores on items measuring crystallized intelligence _____ with age.

A) increase; increase
B) decrease; decrease
C) decrease; increase
D) increase; decrease

Question 60

Natalie is asked by her daughter to help with making a list of all the presidents of the United States for a school project. In order for Natalie to help her daughter, she will need to rely on _____ intelligence.

A) creative
B) practical
C) fluid
D) crystallized

Question 61

Over the long run, _____ intelligence is prized whenever life circumstances change or new challenges arise.

A) creative
B) crystallized
C) analytic
D) practical

Question 62

Which of Robert Sternberg's three forms of intelligence is sometimes called "street smarts"?

A) creative
B) practical
C) analytic
D) general

Question 63

Practical intelligence is supported by _____.

A) experience and flexibility
B) education and wealth
C) health and nutrition
D) GPA and advanced degrees

Question 64

The benefits of _____ intelligence in adult life are obvious, as adults need to solve real-world challenges.

A) practical
B) creative
C) flexible
D) analytic

Question 65

According to Robert Sternberg, "analytic intelligence" involves _____.

A) the skills used in everyday problem solving
B) abstract planning, focused attention, and verbal and logical skills
C) the accumulation of facts and knowledge as a result of experience
D) the capacity to be intellectually flexible and innovative

Question 66

According to Robert Sternberg, intelligence used in everyday problem solving is considered to be _____ intelligence.

A) creative
B) practical
C) analytic
D) crystallized

Question 67

Betty is a retired registered nurse who fills in at the local hospital when the staff is in need of nurses. She is frequently called in without advance notice and must take over without any time to get oriented. Betty must rely on what Robert Sternberg calls "_____ intelligence" in order to grasp the expectations and needs of the situation.

A) practical
B) creative
C) flexible
D) analytic

Question 68

The Mullers just had their first child. Both parents must now adapt to the new demands of caring for an infant. This will require the form of intelligence that Robert Sternberg calls "_____."

A) formal
B) creative
C) analytic
D) practical

Question 69

When students take multiple-choice exams, they are using the form of intelligence that Robert Sternberg calls "_____."

A) academic
B) creative
C) practical
D) analytic

Question 70

Which type of intelligence is usually MOST valued during high school and college?

A) creative
B) practical
C) behavioral
D) analytic

Question 71

Which statement about fluid intelligence is TRUE?

A) It is the accumulation of facts.
B) It is quick and flexible.
C) It includes long-term memory for dates in history.
D) It includes the size of one's vocabulary.

Question 72

Which of the following is a test to measure intelligent parenting?

A) Dr. Spock's Assessment of Parent Competence
B) Knowledge of Infant Development
C) The Bayley Scales of Infant Development
D) Creative Child-Rearing Assessment

Question 73

According to Robert Sternberg, creative intelligence requires _____ thinking.

A) divergent
B) convergent
C) adaptive
D) practical

Question 74

Robert Sternberg has proposed _____ fundamental forms of intelligence.

A) 3
B) 6
C) 8
D) 11

Question 75

Practical intelligence is sometimes called "_____ intelligence," because it is not obvious on tests.

A) analytical
B) tacit
C) intrapersonal
D) creative

Question 76

According to Robert Sternberg, a college student who does well on multiple-choice and essay exams likely is high in _____ intelligence.

A) analytic
B) creative
C) practical
D) academic

Question 77

Practical intelligence, one form of Robert Sternberg's intelligences, would be needed to _____.

A) study vocabulary for a foreign language test
B) take a standard intelligence test
C) improve reading speed
D) understand the needs of family members

Question 78

Currently, in the United States, of Howard Gardner's nine intelligences, _____ and _____ intelligence are prized, and these two abilities are at the core of most tests of aptitude and achievement.

A) naturalistic; existential
B) analytical; practical
C) kinesthetic; intrapersonal
D) linguistic; mathematical

Question 79

Earl Hunt, a psychologist who studies intelligence, has proposed that nations with the most advanced economies and greatest national wealth are those that make best use of cognitive _____-that is, ways to amplify and extend general cognitive ability.

A) modifiers
B) tools
C) artifacts
D) optimizers

Question 80

When Alice is assigned to host a work party for 100 employees with a modest $200 budget, she needs to be innovative and imaginative. In order for Alice to host a successful work party, she will need to utilize _____ intelligence.

A) creative
B) fluid
C) immersive
D) crystallized