Deck 15: Adolescence: Cognitive Development

Question 1

Because the limbic system is activated by puberty but the prefrontal cortex matures more gradually over time, adolescents might be swayed by their intuition instead of by logic.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

"This creature barks and wags its tail. Dogs bark and wag their tails. Therefore, this must be a dog." This is an example of deductive reasoning.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Today's adults are considered to be "digital natives."

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Intuitive thought is less cognitively taxing than analytic thought.

Question 5

Today, about 75 percent of adolescents spend time online.

Question 6

Acute self-consciousness about physical appearance is much more prevalent between the ages of 16 and 20 than earlier or later.

Question 7

According to Jean Piaget and his colleagues, around age 10, children are first able to use the trial-and-error method to achieve some understanding of balance.

Question 8

Adolescents place a very high value on social warmth and friendships.

Question 9

Parents and teachers are often unaware of cyberbullying among adolescents.

Question 10

Adolescents' belief that others are as intensely interested in them as they are in themselves is referred to as "the invincibility fable."

Question 11

A dual-process model of thinking includes inductive and deductive thinking.

Question 12

Adolescents from low-income households are less likely to use the Internet at home than those from higher-income households.

Question 13

The belief in an imaginary audience makes adolescents self-conscious.

Question 14

Egocentrism leads adolescents to interpret everyone else's behavior as if it were a judgment on them.

Question 15

Analytic thought, compared to intuitive thought, is generally preferred in everyday life.

Question 16

As adolescents develop their capacity for hypothetical thinking, they become more capable of deductive reasoning.

Question 17

The invincibility fable reflects adolescent egocentrism.

Question 18

Analytic thought and intuitive thought both develop during adolescence, although analytic thought often overrides intuitive thought when many adolescents are together.

Question 19

Andre, an adolescent, constantly thinks about himself and how others perceive him. This egocentrism is common at his age.

Question 20

Hypothetical thought involves reasoning only about propositions that reflect reality.

Question 21

The United States has the best high school graduation rates of all developed nations.

Question 22

Students who are capable of passing their classes as measured on IQ tests drop out of high school almost as often as those who are less capable.

Question 23

Sixteen-year-old Paul drinks heavily and drives dangerously fast, believing that he cannot be hurt. Paul is demonstrating _____.

A) the personal fable
B) deductive reasoning
C) self-awareness
D) the invincibility fable

Question 24

All high school students who take Advanced Placement classes will be well prepared for college.

Question 25

Avery, who is 14 years old, is attending her first swim team practice. She is very sensitive to the facial expressions, body language, communication styles, and other social cues given by her new teammates. Avery's sensitivity to these social cues is aided by her adolescent _____.

A) hypothetical thinking
B) deductive thinking
C) inductive thinking
D) egocentrism

Question 26

Adults are usually aware of the "sexting" that occurs between adolescents.

Question 27

The belief that one cannot be harmed by things that would hurt someone else is referred to as "_____."

A) the invincibility fable
B) the personal fable
C) the imaginary audience
D) deductive reasoning

Question 28

Antisocial students (e.g., aggressive, drug-using) tend to be popular in middle school.

Question 29

Secondary education traditionally consists of grades 7 through 12.

Question 30

During puberty, young people center on themselves, in part because brain maturation heightens _____.

A) self-esteem
B) self-consciousness
C) self-concept
D) self-identity

Question 31

Usually academic achievement increases and behavioral problems decrease during middle school.

Question 32

The power of the invincibility fable may be observed in _____.

A) a 17-year-old boy who drives cautiously
B) an 18-year-old girl who insists that her boyfriend use a condom
C) a young military recruit who hopes to be sent into combat
D) an adolescent who sings, thinking that the neighbors must be listening

Question 33

Middle schools are designed to foster strong teacher-student relationships.

Question 34

During puberty, adolescents' thoughts center on _____.

A) friends
B) society
C) family
D) themselves

Question 35

Mastery motivation among adolescents can be enhanced by encouraging a belief in the incremental approach to intelligence.

Question 36

Many adolescents feel that their own thoughts and experiences are far more extraordinary than those of other people. This is part of their _____.

A) personal fable
B) post-operational thought
C) moral reasoning
D) invincibility fable

Question 37

Thinking intensely about themselves and about what others think about them is called "_____."

A) individualism
B) deductive thinking
C) inductive thinking
D) egocentrism

Question 38

_____ coined the term adolescent egocentrism.

A) Erik Erikson
B) B.F. Skinner
C) David Elkind
D) Lawrence Kohlberg

Question 39

High school students can think abstractly, analytically, hypothetically, and logically as well as emotionally and intuitively.

Question 40

Ron thinks he is more unique and admired than other adolescents his age, and is certain that everyone is paying attention to his every action. It appears that he has started to experience adolescent _____.

A) modesty
B) moral reasoning
C) egocentrism
D) logic

Question 41

Reasoning that includes propositions and possibilities that may not reflect reality defines _____.

A) inductive reasoning
B) perceptual thought
C) hypothetical thought
D) deductive reasoning

Question 42

In Piaget and his colleagues' experiments with balancing a scale, a child who systematically tests the idea that the relationship between weight and distance is reciprocal is probably age _____.

A) 4
B) 7
C) 10
D) 14

Question 43

When adolescents fantasize about how others will react to their new hairstyle, they are creating a(n) _____.

A) personal fable
B) abstract audience
C) personal identity
D) imaginary audience

Question 44

In Piaget's experiments with balancing a scale, trial-and-error problem solving was most characteristic of those of the age defined by _____.

A) unrealistic thought
B) concrete operational thought
C) logical thought
D) formal operational thought

Question 45

Justine is 14 years old. Her parents are frequently annoyed because Justine tends to ask critical questions such as, "Why can't I have wine with dinner? You do," or "I don't understand why I'll be able to vote when I'm 18, but I have to wait until I'm 21 to buy alcohol!" This demonstrates Justine's _____.

A) inductive reasoning
B) perceptual thinking
C) hypothetical thinking
D) deductive reasoning

Question 46

Deductive reasoning is also referred to as "______ reasoning."

A) top-down
B) theoretical
C) concrete
D) bottom-up

Question 47

Juanita just solved this math problem: (35xy²)(6zy³). Her ability to do so places her in which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational

Question 48

Bottom-up reasoning is also referred to as "______ reasoning."

A) top-down
B) theoretical
C) concrete
D) inductive

Question 49

One of the most prominent aspects of formal operational thought is the ability to _____.

A) reject adult thoughts and values
B) think in terms of possibilities
C) take another person's point of view
D) use creative impulse as a problem-solving skill

Question 50

Which term refers to reasoning from a general statement, premise, or principle, through logical steps, to figure out specifics?

A) hypothetical reasoning
B) inductive reasoning
C) deductive reasoning
D) adolescent egocentrism

Question 51

The term imaginary audience refers to adolescents' _____.

A) ability to understand how others perceive them
B) belief that everyone is watching their behavior and appearance
C) constant posing and posturing before mirrors
D) belief that others are spying on them

Question 52

Which statement is true?

A) Hypothetical thought is tied to the everyday world as the individual knows it.
B) Hypothetical thought is emotionally based.
C) Hypothetical thought involves imagined possibilities.
D) Hypothetical thought is an aspect of concrete operational thinking.

Question 53

Jean Piaget called the reasoning that characterizes adolescence "______."

A) formal operational thought
B) invincibility thinking
C) metacognition
D) concrete operational thinking

Question 54

When Piaget and his colleagues asked children of different ages to balance a scale using several different weights, they found that _____.

A) by age 4, children tended to use logical deduction
B) by age 7, children used spatial relationships
C) by age 10, trial-and-error strategies based on logic are used to balance the scale
D) by age 13 or 14, logic is used to understand a reciprocal relationship

Question 55

Elle, an adolescent, believes that government should pay for all citizens' health care. From this premise, she reasons about the particulars of how and why government-funded health care would work. This is an example of _____.

A) adolescent egocentrism
B) intuitive thinking
C) inductive reasoning
D) deductive reasoning

Question 56

All Christians believe in the Bible, and Josiah is a Christian; therefore, Josiah believes in the Bible. This is an example of _____.

A) deductive reasoning
B) theoretical reasoning
C) concrete reasoning
D) formal reasoning

Question 57

Which term refers to the ability to begin with specifics, such as accumulated facts, and then make general conclusions?

A) hypothetical reasoning
B) inductive reasoning
C) deductive reasoning
D) adolescent egocentrism

Question 58

Marsha says, "There is no way I am going to school today with this pimple on my cheek. Everybody is going to laugh at me." Marsha is demonstrating _____.

A) a volatile mismatch
B) an implicit judgment
C) the imaginary audience
D) the invincibility fable

Question 59

Jeremy, age 7, has been asked to balance a scale with weights that can be hooked to the arms of the scale. Jeremy will probably _____.

A) solve the problem through a trial-and-error strategy
B) put weights on both sides without considering distance from the center of the scale
C) understand the inverse relationship between distance and weight
D) put all the weights on one side of the scale

Question 60

If-then propositions require _____.

A) concrete thought
B) operational thought
C) postformal thought
D) hypothetical thought

Question 61

Blair has heard repeatedly from her parents about the potential dangers of drinking alcohol, yet at a party she gladly accepts a beer from a classmate. Blair thinks that this classmate is one of the most popular students at school. In this situation, what type of thinking is most likely dominating Blair's decision to accept the beer?

A) inductive reasoning
B) intuitive thought
C) concrete reasoning
D) analytic thought

Question 62

Adolescents are capable of analytic thought, yet they do not consistently use it. All of the following are possible reasons for the inconsistent use of analytic thought by adolescents EXCEPT _____.

A) their lack of experience making decisions and thinking things through
B) thinking logically is more difficult than thinking intuitively for adolescents
C) thinking logically may require that adolescents confront comforting, familiar prejudices
D) their active resistance to logical thinking

Question 63

Three different girls tell Brian that The Notebook is their all-time favorite movie. Brian concludes that all girls love that movie. Brian has just used _____.

A) hypothetical reasoning
B) inductive reasoning
C) deductive reasoning
D) adolescent egocentrism

Question 64

When asked what she sees in her new boyfriend, whom she just met, Kayla responds, "I don't know. It just feels right." Kayla's response is an example of _____ thought.

A) concrete operational
B) analytic
C) intuitive
D) abstract

Question 65

Paul Klaczynski's studies of younger and older adolescents' analytical thinking indicated that _____.

A) younger adolescents were rarely logical, whereas older adolescents were nearly always logical
B) individuals who were analytical on some problems were analytical on all problems
C) most adolescents do not think as analytically as their capabilities allow
D) younger adolescents tended to dismiss research that was contrary to their own beliefs

Question 66

During adolescence, impulsivity declines and analytic thinking _____.

A) also declines
B) increases
C) maintains at the preadolescent level
D) is still not developed

Question 67

Fifteen-year-old Richard wants to be allowed to drive the family car, even though he does not yet have a driver's license. When his parents ask him why he thinks he should have driving privileges, he answers, "I know other kids who do it, and it's just stupid that I have to wait another three months until I turn 16." This is an example of what kind of thinking?

A) reasoning
B) intuitive
C) logical
D) analytic

Question 68

Aaron has a busy week of school ahead. He has a report due in history, a paper due in English, a test in biology, a concert for music, and two basketball games. In order to effectively manage all of these activities, Aaron will need to engage what type of thought?

A) deductive reasoning
B) intuitive thought
C) concrete reasoning
D) analytic thought

Question 69

Formal, logical, hypothetical-deductive thinking described by Piaget is referred to as "______."

A) deductive reasoning
B) intuitive thought
C) concrete reasoning
D) analytic thought

Question 70

A thought that arises through a "feeling" that the thought is right is referred to as a(n) "______ thought."

A) intuitive
B) factual
C) experimental
D) logical

Question 71

Kristy and her friends come up with several options of things to do on Friday night, and ultimately decide to go to a new movie because it received positive reviews. In making this decision Kristy and her friends are using what type of thought?

A) deductive reasoning
B) intuitive thought
C) concrete reasoning
D) analytic thought

Question 72

Thinking or drawing conclusions based on past personal experience, emotions, or a hunch is referred to as "______."

A) deductive reasoning
B) intuitive thought
C) concrete reasoning
D) analytic thought

Question 73

The notion that two networks exist within the human brain, one for emotional and one for analytical processing of stimuli, is called "the _____model."

A) dual-thinking
B) dual-processing
C) dual-reasoning
D) emotional-analytic

Question 74

Fifteen-year-old Latrina has a 10 P.M. curfew. She asks her parents to extend her curfew to 11 P.M. on weekends. When her parents ask her why, Latrina replies, "I've never been late for my 10 P.M. curfew. You can trust me. Can we at least give it a try?" This is an example of what kind of thinking?

A) concrete operational
B) intuitive thought
C) emotional thought
D) analytic thought

Question 75

Klaczynski's research showed that logical thinking improved with age and education, but not with _____.

A) life experiences
B) practice of formal thinking
C) intelligence (IQ)
D) parent involvement

Question 76

Using _____ thinking, a person might think, "If it barks like a dog and wags its tail like a dog, it must be a dog."

A) deductive
B) preoperational
C) reductive
D) inductive

Question 77

Both intuitive thinking and analytical thought reflect _______.

A) inborn temperament
B) indirect teaching methods
C) activity preferences
D) cooperative learning opportunities

Question 78

In a study of adolescent agreement and disagreement with policies to remedy racial discrimination, most adolescents believed that racism was the cause of disparities between African and European Americans, but adolescents' ages influenced their ideas about solutions to the inequality. Those who were most likely to support systemic solutions (e.g., affirmative action and desegregation) were between the ages of _____.

A) 10 and 11
B) 12 and 13
C) 14 and 15
D) 16 and 17

Question 79

Benjamin has heard repeatedly from his parents about the potential dangers of smoking and he agrees with his parents about the potential dangers. At a party Benjamin is offered a cigarette but declines it even though the person who offered the cigarette is one of the most popular students at school. In this situation, what type of thinking is most likely dominating Benjamin's decision to decline the cigarette?

A) inductive reasoning
B) intuitive thought
C) concrete reasoning
D) analytic thought

Question 80

Piaget's scale-balancing problem requires ____ thought.

A) concrete operational
B) analytic
C) intuitive
D) conventional