Deck 10: Early Childhood: Psychosocial Development

Question 1

Young children typically have low self-esteem since they compare their abilities with peers who are more competent.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Brain maturation allows play to become more social with age.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Rough-and-tumble play helps children to develop self-control.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The five kinds of play identified by Mildred Parten (1932) are solitary, onlooker, parallel, associative, and cooperative.

Question 5

Girls are worse than boys at regulating their externalizing emotions.

Question 6

Rough-and-tumble play is another name for pretend play.

Question 7

A child's self-concept encompasses not only self-esteem but also awareness of personal traits such as gender and size.

Question 8

The typical 3-year-old girl probably believes that she can run as fast as her 6-year-old sister can.

Question 9

Throughout childhood the capacity for self-control becomes more evident.

Question 10

Research shows that specific cultures emphasize control of different emotions.

Question 11

Preschoolers are likely to overestimate their abilities.

Question 12

Alexandra and Jasmine are playing house. Alexandra is pretending to be the mother, and Jasmine is pretending to be the big sister. These girls are engaging in parallel play.

Question 13

Andrew spends hours practicing tying his shoes. He often practices alone with the goal of tying them well since he is extrinsically motivated.

Question 14

Since Brittany will set the dinner table only if she can have a treat after dinner, her willingness to help is extrinsically motivated.

Question 15

Rough-and-tumble play is found almost exclusively among children living in the United States.

Question 16

Baumrind identified the four dimensions of parenting as warmth, discipline, communication, and sharing.

Question 17

Boys are more likely to engage in sociodramatic play than girls are.

Question 18

Children who have the ability to control when and how they express emotions have developed emotional regulation.

Question 19

Young children play best with parents.

Question 20

The five different kinds of play identified by Mildred Parten (1932) are sequential, meaning that each subsequent one is more interactive than the previous one.

Question 21

Permissive parenting tends to produce children with strong emotional regulation skills and healthy peer relationships.

Question 22

Parents who are authoritative rank high on warmth and moderate on demands for maturity, and allow discussions regarding discipline.

Question 23

A child who deliberately causes harm to another person is exhibiting antisocial behavior.

Question 24

The form of discipline most frequently used with preschool children in North America is time-out.

Question 25

Cultures differ in the methods of discipline that are considered acceptable.

Question 26

Authoritarian parents welcome their children's opinions and are sensitive to their feelings.

Question 27

Authoritarian parenting tends to produce conscientious, obedient children.

Question 28

On average, most young children in the United States spend less than one hour per day using any electronic medium.

Question 29

It is the child's intent that defines hurtful behavior as "antisocial."

Question 30

Having been spanked as a child is the primary predictor of violent behavior in adulthood.

Question 31

Of the different types of aggression, instrumental aggression is the one most likely to increase from 2 to 6 years of age.

Question 32

Instrumental aggression is an angry retaliation for someone else's actions.

Question 33

Baumrind's parenting styles have been criticized for being too complex.

Question 34

Children usually cannot apply gender labels (boy or girl, man or woman) with any consistency until they are 5 or 6 years old.

Question 35

Parents who have low expectations for maturity for their children are considered authoritarian.

Question 36

Induction is generally considered to be an effective strategy for helping children internalize standards.

Question 37

Children who are spanked are more likely to use aggression to retaliate against a peer.

Question 38

For a child's behavior to be called "prosocial," it should be a kind, self-benefiting behavior.

Question 39

Psychological control is a punishment in which children's shame, guilt, and gratitude are used to control their behavior.

Question 40

A large longitudinal study found that the use of spankings is increasing while the use of time-outs is decreasing.

Question 41

Jesse illustrates his gender schema when he tells his parents that he can run fast because he is a boy.

Question 42

Jared, age 5, describes himself as a good soccer player with black hair who laughs a lot. Jared's description demonstrates his developing _____.

A) self-esteem
B) self-concept
C) self-deprecation
D) self-criticism

Question 43

Emotional regulation is also referred to as "_____."

A) intentional behavior
B) motivation
C) effortful control
D) demanding control

Question 44

Many teachers and parents consider morality less important than any of the other developments that happen in childhood.

Question 45

According to behaviorists, gender role distinctions are the result of nurture.

Question 46

Erikson called the psychosocial developmental stage that occurs between 3 and 6 years of age _____.

A) initiative versus guilt
B) industry versus inferiority
C) the preoperational stage
D) autonomy versus inferiority

Question 47

According to Erikson's theory, which factor(s) help(s) young children to demonstrate initiative?

A) neurological maturity and a longer attention span
B) a child's sense of guilt and shame
C) a decrease in the child's emotional regulation
D) apprenticeship opportunities offered by a child's parents

Question 48

Psychoanalytic theorists say that morality originates from the clash between unconscious wishes and parental prohibitions in childhood.

Question 49

The preeminent psychosocial accomplishment between the ages of 2 and 6 is learning when and how to _____.

A) make friends
B) know right from wrong
C) regulate emotions
D) make choices

Question 50

____ is regulated in almost every culture.

A) Anger
B) Guilt
C) Fear
D) Pride

Question 51

Evolutionary theory proposes that children try to emulate their parents in appearance and behavior in order to become attractive to the opposite sex.

Question 52

The average American adult is likely to praise a boy for crying instead of showing anger when he is upset.

Question 53

According to Erikson, children have _____, and thus believe that they can achieve any goal.

A) a sense of self-doubt
B) a weak self-concept
C) strong feelings of guilt
D) an unrealistic self-concept

Question 54

In a group of 4-year-old children, a child who chooses a toy traditionally associated with the other gender will probably be criticized by peers.

Question 55

An angry 5-year-old girl might stop herself from hitting another child because she has developed _____.

A) social referencing
B) self-esteem
C) identification
D) emotional regulation

Question 56

Two-year-old Julia repeatedly exclaims "Me do it!" when her mother tries to help her. Although this behavior is frustrating, her mother understands that doing things independently will develop Julia's sense of _____.

A) initiative
B) trust
C) integrity
D) emotional regulation

Question 57

Children with a parent who does not have an optimal balance between emotional expression and emotional control may be likely to _____.

A) struggle with emotional regulation
B) develop a sense of shame
C) experience high levels of pride
D) demonstrate characteristics of autism spectrum disorder

Question 58

William is at the toy store and sees a construction set. He asks his dad if he can have it for his birthday. His dad asks him if he thinks he would be able to use it. William reminds his dad that he is good at building with blocks. What does this example demonstrate?

A) William's dad is undermining his initiative
B) William's need to prove himself worthy to his father
C) William's positive self-concept
D) William's sense of shame and doubt

Question 59

_____ makes children believe that they will be good at anything they try to do.

A) Overwhelming pride
B) Protective optimism
C) Extrinsic motivation
D) Intrinsic motivation

Question 60

When parents frequently remind their children of their positive accomplishments, it is common for children to develop _____.

A) protective optimism
B) trust
C) integrity
D) emotional regulation

Question 61

Of the following statements, which does NOT contribute to emotional regulation?

A) Maturation matters.
B) Learning matters.
C) Culture matters.
D) Timing of birth matters.

Question 62

Many developmentalists believe that ____ is the most productive as well as the most enjoyable activity that children undertake.

A) preschool
B) drawing
C) play
D) watching digital media

Question 63

The desire to pursue a goal that comes from within a person is called "_____."

A) emotional regulation
B) extrinsic motivation
C) intrinsic motivation
D) effortful control

Question 64

Which theorist strongly emphasized the importance of play during childhood?

A) Freud
B) Skinner
C) Vygotsky
D) Pavlov

Question 65

Children who have peers to actively play with tend to _____.

A) fight with them
B) develop physical skills
C) get overwhelmed
D) tattle on their playmates

Question 66

A child's active play during the childhood years correlates with _____.

A) increased competitiveness
B) increased bullying
C) increased aggression
D) peer acceptance

Question 67

Many developmentalists are concerned that modern children spend too little time _____.

A) playing alone
B) in rough-and-tumble play
C) imitating adults
D) engaged in active play

Question 68

Mildred Parten described play as "_____."

A) extrinsic
B) intrinsic
C) immature
D) neurotypical

Question 69

Which is NOT one of the types of play identified by Mildred Parten?

A) personal play
B) associative play
C) onlooker play
D) parallel play

Question 70

A child having an imaginary friend is an example of _____.

A) self-control
B) intrinsic motivation
C) extrinsic motivation
D) protective optimism

Question 71

Jaspreet frequently plays the piano whenever her family has guests because she enjoys the praise and attention that she receives. When alone, however, Jaspreet rarely plays the piano. Jaspreet's motivation _____.

A) needs to be reinforced by her parents
B) brings her great pleasure
C) is mostly extrinsic
D) will persist through adulthood

Question 72

Young children usually play best with _____.

A) their peers
B) their parents
C) older children
D) their younger siblings

Question 73

Billy and Rodney are both building with construction bricks. They are sitting apart, each with his own set of bricks. They are engaged in _____ play.

A) cooperative
B) parallel
C) onlooker
D) solitary

Question 74

Charlotte spends hours at a time playing with her doll, Emma. She gives Emma a bath, dresses her, feeds her, and pretends to change her diaper. Charlotte is _____ to play with Emma.

A) extensively motivated
B) extrinsically motivated
C) intrinsically motivated
D) intensively driven

Question 75

One of the benefits of children having imaginary friends is ____

A) there is less pressure to develop friendships with real peers.
B) the child will always be happy because he has someone to talk to at all times.
C) the imaginary friend helps them to develop strategies for emotional control.
D) parents can use the imaginary friend to convince their child to obey.

Question 76

Play can be divided into two kinds: ____ play, when a child is alone, and ____ play, which occurs with playmates.

A) onlooker; parallel
B) parallel; cooperative
C) parallel; prosocial
D) pretend; social

Question 77

At preschool, 4-year-old Maverick rarely joins his peers in play. Instead, he tends to carefully observe his classmates as they transition from one play center to the next. According to Mildred Parten, Maverick is engaged in _____ play.

A) solitary
B) onlooker
C) parallel
D) associative

Question 78

Which statement is true?

A) Parents around the world play with their children regularly.
B) The ways children play are identical around the world.
C) Children's play reflects their culture's practices and values.
D) Children in North America who engage in parallel play are developmentally delayed.

Question 79

What is one of the functions peers provide in active play?

A) competition
B) criticism
C) reluctant cooperation
D) a quiet environment

Question 80

Mr. and Mrs. Morrow want to instill a sense of intrinsic motivation in their 5-year-old daughter Yin. Yin brings home a drawing of her school and classroom. How should the Morrows respond?

A) "Wow! You are the best artist at school!"
B) "You really should have worked harder on this."
C) "Why didn't you color your picture?"
D) "You really worked hard on this drawing!"