Deck 8: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Cholecystokinin is:

A) a hormone that strongly stimulates appetite.
B) a neurotransmitter that promotes the pituitary gland to produce growth hormone.
C) both a hormone and a neurotransmitter that increases the sensitivity of stretch receptors in the stomach, promotes satiation, and reduces or stops eating behavior.
D) a neurotransmitter manufactured throughout the brain that triggers eating behavior.

Answer 1

both a hormone and a neurotransmitter that increases the sensitivity of stretch receptors in the stomach, promotes satiation, and reduces or stops eating behavior.

Question 2

In comparing the incidence of homosexuality-either male or female-among pairs of identical twins, fraternal twins, and adoptive siblings, the research seems to indicate that:

A) genetic factors play a role in determining sexual orientation.
B) genetic factors play either a very small or nonexistent role in sexual orientation.
C) having a very dominant mother or a very permissive father seems to contribute to the development of a homosexual orientation.
D) the closer the degree of genetic relationship, the less likely it is that when one sibling was homosexual, the other would also be homosexual.

Answer 2

genetic factors play a role in determining sexual orientation.

Question 3

The Focus on Neuroscience feature discusses a PET scan study comparing the brains of normal-weight individuals and obese individuals. One finding in the study was that compared with the normal-weight individuals, the obese individuals had:

A) significantly fewer dopamine receptors in their brains.
B) significantly lower levels of the neurotransmitter neuropeptide Y in various brain areas, most notably the hypothalamus.
C) significantly more dopamine receptors in their brains.
D) significantly higher levels of the neurotransmitter neuropeptide Y in various brain areas, most notably the hypothalamus.

Answer 3

significantly fewer dopamine receptors in their brains.

Question 4

Getting too little sleep can promote weight gain by:

A) increasing blood levels of ghrelin and decreasing blood levels of leptin.
B) increasing blood levels of both ghrelin and leptin.
C) decreasing blood levels of ghrelin and increasing blood levels of leptin.
D) decreasing the number of dopamine receptors in the brain and triggering the onset of compulsive eating or binge-eating episodes.

Question 5

Paralyzing facial muscles with Botox may make people who have had the procedure less able to recognize emotional expressions in others. The explanation given for this finding is that:

A) Botox injections decrease activity in four brain areas (the anterior cingulate cortex, caudate nucleus, putamen, and insula) involved in interpreting emotions in other people.
B) feedback from our facial muscles helps us understand emotional expressions in others, and Botox prevents that from happening.
C) Botox injections to facial muscles can heighten emotional experiences, increase physiological arousal, and lessen our ability to pay attention to what others are feeling.
D) Botox injections affect brain areas, such as the amygdala, that regulate emotional experiences and lessen the ability to feel our own emotions as well as those of others.

Question 6

The hormone leptin:

A) is associated with increased food intake when brain levels of the chemical increase.
B) creates a positive energy balance when blood levels of the chemical decrease, which, in turn, triggers eating behavior.
C) is secreted by adipose tissue that signals the hypothalamus, regulating hunger and eating behavior.
D) is also called the hunger hormone because its presence in the cells lining the stomach strongly stimulates appetite.

Question 7

Glucose is:

A) the hormone produced by fat cells that signals the hypothalamus to regulate hunger and eating behavior.
B) the neurotransmitter that promotes satiation and produces feelings of fullness as you eat.
C) also called the hunger hormone because its presence in the lining of the stomach strongly stimulates appetite.
D) also called blood sugar and is the primary source of energy in your body.

Question 8

Which of the following increases the sensitivity of the stomach's stretch receptors and promotes satiation?

A) the hormone insulin
B) the hormone ghrelin
C) the neurotransmitter dopamine
D) the hormone cholecystokinin

Question 9

Which of the following is the correct sequence of stages of human sexual response?

A) lust, love, commitment, consummation
B) plateau, excitement, orgasm, resolution
C) excitement, orgasm, resolution, plateau
D) excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

Question 10

Charles Darwin:

A) contended that nonhuman animals do not experience emotions.
B) believed that anthropomorphism was the best methodology for scientifically investigating emotions in nonhuman animals.
C) believed that the capacity to experience emotion is an evolved trait that humans share with lower animals.
D) argued that emotional expression in humans is completely different from the instinctive displays of nonhuman animals.

Question 11

High blood levels of the hormone ghrelin:

A) cause negative energy balance and loss of weight.
B) stimulate appetite and eating behavior.
C) cause a loss of appetite and suppression of normal eating behavior.
D) increase sensitivity of stomach receptors, promote satiation, and reduce or stop eating behavior.

Question 12

The Focus on Neuroscience box "Emotions and the Brain" describes a PET scan study by researcher Antonio Damasio and his colleagues. The study found that when participants recalled an emotionally charged memory:

A) internal brain changes occurred after the participant reported subjectively feeling the emotion.
B) there was an increase in brain levels of the neurotransmitter neuropeptide Y.
C) there was an increase in brain levels of the neurotransmitter cholecystokinin.
D) internal brain changes occurred before the participant reported subjectively feeling the emotion.

Question 13

Psychologists define the term _____ as a complex psychological state that involves subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive response.

A) motivation
B) emotion
C) self-efficacy
D) anthropomorphism

Question 14

When Graham was taking his first ride up the steep slope at the beginning of the Mighty Mouse Roller Coaster ride, he became aware of his high level of physiological arousal. He then began to feel very fearful. The sequence of events in Graham's emotional experience reflects_______ theory of emotion.

A) Schachter and Singer's two-factor
B) Walter Cannon's
C) the James-Lange
D) the instinct or evolutionary

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a valid criticism of Maslow's theory of motivation?

A) Maslow's initial studies on self-actualization were based on limited samples and often relied on the life stories of acquaintances and biographies and autobiographies of historical figures he selected.
B) The concept of self-actualization is vague and almost impossible to define in such a way that it could be empirically measured or tested.
C) Despite the claim that self-actualization is an inborn motivational goal, most people do not experience or achieve self-actualization.
D) Because of Maslow's influence, psychology was encouraged to focus on the motivation and development of psychologically healthy people.

Question 16

According to _____ theories of motivation, behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs.

A) incentive
B) drive
C) humanistic
D) instinct

Question 17

Psychologist Peter Gollwitzer developed an approach that helps people achieve their goals. What are the two key strategies of Gollwitzer's approach?

A) creating mastery experiences and developing self-efficacy
B) meeting basic needs and achieving self-actualization
C) developing competence and achieving autonomy
D) forming goal intentions and creating implementation intentions

Question 18

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) On average, women have a basal metabolic rate that is about 3 to 5 percent lower than men's basal metabolic rate.
B) Getting only about 5 hours of sleep a night is an effective strategy for reducing appetite and losing weight.
C) When people who are obese restrict their caloric intake, their basal metabolic rate decreases.
D) An adult would be considered seriously underweight if he or she had a body mass index of 17.

Question 19

It was _____ who wrote, "It is quite true that man lives by bread alone-where there is no bread. But what happens to man's desires when there is plenty of bread and when his belly is chronically filled? At once other (and 'higher') needs emerge and these, rather than physiological hungers, dominate the organism. And when these in turn are satisfied, again new (and still 'higher') needs emerge, and so on. That is what we mean by saying that the basic human needs are organized into a hierarchy of relative prepotency."

A) William James
B) Paul Ekman
C) Abraham Maslow
D) Charles Darwin

Question 20

Karen has a body mass index of 28, which means that she is:

A) underweight.
B) in the healthy weight range.
C) overweight, but not obese.
D) obese.

Question 21

In looking at gender differences in emotion, psychologist Agneta Fischer and her colleagues analyzed cross-cultural data from 37 countries around the world. The researchers found that across cultures:

A) women report experiencing and expressing more anger and hostility than men.
B) men report experiencing and expressing more sadness, fear, and guilt than women.
C) women experience the same type and number of emotions as men but are conditioned not to express them because of cultural display rules.
D) for both men and women, the expression of emotions is strongly influenced by culturally determined display rules.

Question 22

Motivation and emotion are two completely separate and independent psychological processes.

Question 23

"People have a sociability motive because interacting with others affords more opportunities to find a potential mate." This statement best illustrates instinct theories of motivation.

Question 24

The activation characteristic of motivation is demonstrated by the initiation and production of behavior.

Question 25

Emotion is formally defined as the force that acts on or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior.

Question 26

According to Maslow's theory of motivation:

A) optimal human functioning can occur only if the psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness are satisfied.
B) only a few exceptional individuals ever achieve self-actualization.
C) all people are motivated by an inborn tendency to strive for self-actualization.
D) only a small percentage of self-actualized people experience peak experiences, or moments of intense ecstasy, wonder, and awe.

Question 27

Emotion is a psychological state involving three distinct components: a physiological response, a subjective experience, and a behavioral or expressive response.

Question 28

According to the _____ theory of emotion, your subjective emotional experience is the direct result of physical changes in your body.

A) James-Lange
B) cognitive-appraisal
C) self-determination
D) Schachter-Singer two-factor

Question 29

In collectivistic cultures, achievement motivation tends to reflect:

A) individual goals.
B) an urge to control or influence the behavior of other people or groups.
C) increasing the success or status of one's family or group.
D) the quest for personal self-efficacy.

Question 30

Milton claims that his dog Moxie is a real clown and that his antics and fooling around are always aimed at getting a laugh. He says Moxie has a great sense of humor. Milton appears to be attributing human traits and emotions to his dog, a phenomenon called:

A) interpersonal engagement.
B) anthropomorphism.
C) self-efficacy.
D) emotional intelligence.

Question 31

Motivated behavior is usually characterized by activation, persistence, and intensity.

Question 32

Rats with a damaged amygdala:

A) cannot acquire a classically conditioned fear response.
B) overproduce leptin and become extremely lean, despite eating several times their normal amount of calories daily.
C) are more easily classically conditioned to fear-inducing stimuli than rats with intact brains.
D) display the characteristics of starving animals, have voracious appetites, and have five times the amount of body fat as normal rats.

Question 33

The Thematic Apperception Test:

A) was developed by Abraham Maslow and measures the degree to which a person has achieved a sense of self-actualization.
B) has a specific scoring system designed to measure competence motivation.
C) was developed by Deci and Ryan to measure self-determination motivation.
D) is used to measure achievement motivation, or the need for achievement.

Question 34

Yoshi was determined to get into medical school. To achieve this goal, Yoshi would study for several hours every night. Yoshi is demonstrating the persistence characteristic of motivation.

Question 35

Psychologists can now directly measure the psychological state of motivation using PET scans or functional MRI scans.

Question 36

When Darlene, a cashier, looked up and saw the frightening face of the bank robber with a gun in front of her, she was terrified. What was the sequence of activation of structures in her brain when she saw the threatening stimulus?

A) the hypothalamus, the medulla, and then the cortex
B) the hypothalamus, the thalamus, and then the amygdala
C) the thalamus and then the amygdala
D) the thalamus, the cortex, and then the amygdala

Question 37

Motivation is never observed directly; instead it is inferred when an organism performs a particular behavior.

Question 38

As a junior in college, Nicholas has earned good grades in all of his classes. Despite this, he keeps putting off enrolling in English Composition I and II because he is convinced that he lacks the writing skills necessary to succeed in those classes. According to the Enhancing Well-Being with Psychology box "Turning Your Goals into Reality," Nicholas's beliefs about his writing skills reflect a:

A) low level of self-actualization.
B) low degree of self-efficacy.
C) high level of activation, but a low degree of persistence.
D) normal degree of self-efficacy.

Question 39

Instinct theories state that humans are born motivated to engage in certain behaviors because of evolutionary programming.

Question 40

Psychologist David Buss conducted a large-scale survey of more than 10,000 people in 37 different cultures on the general topic of mate preferences. What did Buss find?

A) Women in collectivistic cultures considered financial security to be an important consideration in choosing a mate, but women in individualistic cultures did not.
B) In choosing a mate, the quality of "mutual attraction and love" is important in individualistic cultures, but not in collectivistic cultures.
C) Qualities preferred in a mate varied dramatically from one culture to another.
D) Across all cultures, men were more likely than women to value youth and physical attractiveness in a potential mate.

Question 41

When combined, drive and incentive theories account for a broad range of the "pushes" and "pulls" motivating many of our behaviors.

Question 42

Learning theories and principles were an important influence in the development of incentive theories of motivation.

Question 43

"To get someone to come to do a great job and take pride in their work, a monetary bonus is obviously the best motivator." This statement best illustrates incentive theories of motivation.

Question 44

Drives "push" motivated behavior, while incentives "pull" motivated behavior.

Question 45

Drive theories cannot adequately explain behaviors directed toward increasing tension and physiological arousal.

Question 46

Homeostasis refers to the notion that the body monitors and maintains internal states, such as body temperature and energy supplies, at relatively constant levels.

Question 47

Although drive theories of motivation are of historical interest, contemporary psychologists no longer use drive theory concepts to explain motivated behavior.

Question 48

According to arousal theory, people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal that is neither too high nor too low.

Question 49

In his book Principles of Psychology, William James contended that humans, unlike lower animals, possess few, if any, instincts.

Question 50

When you feel cold, you engage in behavior to reduce this unpleasant feeling such as putting on your coat. This desire to reduce internal tension is a crucial aspect of drive theories of motivation.

Question 51

According to humanistic theories of motivation, homeostasis is the driving force behind the tendency of humans to strive for their highest potential.

Question 52

Drive theories are the motivational forces that pull us to behave, and incentive theories are the motivational forces that "push" us to behave.

Question 53

Arousal theory contends that the optimal level of arousal is consistent across situations and over time and does not vary from person to person in any significant way.

Question 54

Instinct theorists of motivation were influenced by Charles Darwin, who inspired early psychologists, such as William James, to devise lists of instincts to account for human behavior.

Question 55

According to arousal theory, the higher a person's level of arousal, the higher his or her level of motivation to engage in physiologically arousing behavior.

Question 56

Drive theories propose that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs, such as hunger or thirst.

Question 57

The general idea of instinct theories is that some human behaviors are innate and genetically influenced.

Question 58

Intense emotional states, such as fear or rage, are the motivating incentive in incentive theories of motivation.

Question 59

One criticism of the early instinct theories was that describing and labeling behaviors did not explain the behaviors.

Question 60

According to the arousal theory of motivation, sensation seekers find the heightened arousal of novel experiences very pleasurable.

Question 61

Humanistic theories of motivation completely discounted the influence of environmental factors in motivation.

Question 62

A series of classic studies by psychologist Harry Harlow in the 1950s showed the importance of arousal as a motivator. In one of those studies, monkeys kept in a boring cage "worked" for the opportunity to watch an electric train run.

Question 63

Your typical or average body weight is called your baseline body weight.

Question 64

Assuming you are of normal health, approximately one-third of your body's energy is used every day for routine physical activities, such as walking, sitting, standing, lifting objects, and so forth.

Question 65

Over time, most people experience energy balance, which means that the number of calories you consume is almost exactly the number of calories you expend for energy.

Question 66

Adipose tissue is the technical name for body fat.

Question 67

The main source of energy for all mammals, including humans, is glucose.

Question 68

Another name for glucose is blood sugar.

Question 69

In the 1950s, psychologists Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow promoted humanistic theories of motivation.

Question 70

Although psychological and social factors influence the motivation of many humans, eating behavior is strictly biologically motivated.

Question 71

If you are someone who likes to try different activities, foods, or experiences, you would probably score high on the dimension of sensation-seeking.

Question 72

Culture shapes our food preferences.

Question 73

After she had been at the party for about 15 minutes, Amara found all the noise, people, and commotion overwhelming. According to arousal theory Amara will be motivated to reduce her uncomfortable level of arousal.

Question 74

Sensation seekers are defined as people who are drawn to danger and dangerous activities and actively seek out life-threatening situations.

Question 75

Humanistic theories suggest that we are innately motivated to strive for a positive self-concept and the realization of our personal potential.

Question 76

The main source of energy in your body is cholecystokinin.

Question 77

A regulatory process called leptin resistance helps you maintain your baseline body weight.

Question 78

One reason you eat is to maintain a reserve of stored energy, and muscle tissue is the main source of stored calories in the body.

Question 79

Nate wonders how his friend Jim can wake up at 5:00 every morning to swim laps before school. When he asks about it, Jim replies that he simply wants to realize his highest personal potential in swimming. Jim's explanation is most consistent with humanistic theories of motivation.

Question 80

Glucose and insulin are the same thing.