Deck 4: Cortical Organization

Question 1

 A(n) ________ is a location column that receives information about all possible orientations within a given area of the retina.

A) supercolumn
B) orientation
C) hypercolumn
D) action

Answer 1

C

Question 2

 The cortical magnification factor occurs in humans because _____.

A) a small area in the peripheral retina accounts for a large area on the cortex
B) the small area of the fovea accounts for a large area on the cortex
C) the lens accommodates so that the image is magnified on the retina
D) the area at the optic disk accounts for a large area on the cortex

Answer 2

B

Question 3

 In Ungerleider and Mishkin's (1982) research, monkeys who had had their temporal lobes removed had difficulty _____.

A) coordinating their movements
B) discriminating between objects
C) discriminating between locations
D) remembering sequences of actions.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

 Neurons respond preferentially to the right eye or the left eye. This phenomenon is referred to as _____.

A) hemispheric specialization
B) bilateral dominance
C) retinotopic disparity
D) ocular dominance

Question 5

 Ocular ____ columns are columns in which neurons respond better to input from one eye than to the other.

A) preference
B) dominance
C) Orientation
D) laterality

Question 6

 The arrangement of ocular dominance columns in the cortex is best described as _____.

A) columns for both the left eye and right eye in each hypercolumn
B) columns for the left eye in the left hemisphere and for the right eye in the right
C) groupings of left eye columns adjacent to groupings of right eye columns
D) concentric areas, with the center columns for the left eye, and the surrounding columns for the right

Question 7

 Dougherty et al. (2003) used brain imaging to investigate cortical magnification. Their primary finding was that _____.

A) information presented in the peripheral vision activated the most brain area
B) information presented to the fovea activated the most brain area
C) moving stimuli activated different brain areas than stationary stimuli
D) cortical magnification is not detectable using fMRI

Question 8

 Using the techniques of both recording from neurons and ablation, researchers found that properties of the ventral and dorsal streams are established by two different types of _____ cells in the retina, which transmit signals to different layers of the _____.

A) bipolar; hippocampus
B) ganglion; hippocampus
C) ganglion; LGN
D) bipolar; hippocampus

Question 9

 The ventral pathway has also been labeled the "_____" pathway.

A) where
B) how
C) What
D) Why

Question 10

 The brain imaging technique that tracks blood flow in the brain using magnetic fields is _____.

A) fMRI
B) ablation
C) ERP
D) PET scan

Question 11

 A large object, such as a tree trunk, will cause _____.

A) every neuron in one location column to fire, but no firing in any other column
B) a limited number of neurons to fire in only one ocular dominance column
C) firing of neurons in a number of different columns
D) every neuron in an orientation column to fire, but not in the location columns

Question 12

 Object discrimination problem is to the _____ as a landmark discrimination problem is to the _____.

A) temporal lobes; parietal lobes
B) parietal lobes; temporal lobes
C) parietal lobes; occipital lobes
D) LGN; thalamus

Question 13

 When looking at a scene, the different sections of the scene are processed by many different location columns. Through the use of all of the location columns, the entire scene can be perceived. This effect is referred to as _____.

A) fielding
B) orientation
C) convergence
D) tiling

Question 14

 The brain imaging technique that creates images of structures in the brain, but cannot indicate neural activity, is _____.

A) fMRI
B) Ablation
C) PET scan
D) MRI

Question 15

 Zghsx#8j, a visitor from another planet, is curious about cars. She takes the battery out of the car, and finds out that the car won't start and the lights and stereo don't work. Her "research" is most closely related to the method called _____.

A) ablation
B) transcranial magnetic stimulation
C) transcendental mediation
D) microstimulation

Question 16

 Which statement is true regarding the organization of columns in the cortex

A) A location column can contain many orientation columns.
B) An orientation column can contain many location columns.
C) Location and orientation columns are located in different parts of the cortex.
D) Action columns are present in both location and orientation columns.

Question 17

 Ablation is a procedure in which _____.

A) a radioactive isotope is injected into the bloodstream and traced through the brain
B) electrodes on the scalp are used to measure changes in brain activity
C) a particular area of the brain is removed or destroyed
D) an electromagnetic pulse is used to temporarily disrupt brain activity

Question 18

 An electrode is placed in an orientation column that responds best to orientations of 45 degrees. The adjacent column of cells will probably best respond to orientations of _____.

A) 5 degrees
B) 40 degrees
C) 90 degrees
D) 175 degrees

Question 19

 The dorsal pathway goes to the ______ lobe.

A) temporal
B) frontal
C) parietal
D) occipital

Question 20

 The _____ can be described as the electronic map of the retina on the cortex.

A) visual map
B) spatial map
C) retinotopic map
D) cortextual map

Question 21

 The EBA is activated by _____.

A) pictures of houses and other manmade structures
B) pictures of bodies and parts of bodies
C) direct eye gaze from another individual
D) tasks that require spatial information

Question 22

 In the "Halle Berry" study, Quiroga et al. found that the Halle Berry neuron is best described as responding to the _____ of Ms. Berry.

A) visual features
B) face
C) associations
D) concept

Question 23

 An IT neuron in the monkey will fire briskly when presented a picture of a _____.

A) monkey's face
B) Tree
C) banana
D) human torso

Question 24

 Tsao et al. (2006) found that _____ of neurons in the monkey IT cortex were face selective.

A) 12%
B) 97%
C) 70%
D) 43%

Question 25

 The results of the patient D.F., who had visual form agnosia, show that _____.

A) perception and action are independent of each other in the brain
B) the same brain areas are involved in visual orientation and oriented action
C) the inability to draw items is due to a lack of general knowledge
D) double dissociations do not occur in these patients

Question 26

 Gelbard-Sagiv et al. (2008) monitored individual MTL neurons while displaying video clips of a variety of stimuli. They were able to identify neurons that respond preferentially to a visual stimulus. Later, they asked participants to _____ and found preferential activation of the same neuron to the video clip concept.

A) view pictures from various viewpoints
B) view the same video clips, but with an altered color pallet
C) try to remember the video clips they had seen
D) draw a picture representing the video clip

Question 27

 The primary deficit encountered by patient H.M. is best described as the inability to _____.

A) discriminate between faces
B) perceive different line orientations
C) form new long-term memories
D) use information from the "where" pathway

Question 28

 _____ refers to the fact that the response properties of neurons can be shaped by what an animal or person perceives.

A) Selective adaptation
B) Experience-dependent plasticity
C) Sensory integration
D) Perceptual analysis

Question 29

 The _____ effect occurs because humans have more cortical neurons that respond to horizontal and vertical orientations than slanted orientations.

A) oblique
B) transverse
C) parallel
D) box

Question 30

 After training participants on the recognition of "Greeble" stimuli, Gauthier et al. found that the neuron in the FFA responded _____.

A) as well to Greebles as to human faces
B) weakly to Greebles, but strong activity to human faces
C) unpredictably to Greebles, and inhibited activity for human faces
D) weakly to Greebles, and decreased activity to human faces

Question 31

 Patient H.M. had his _____ removed in order to control his epileptic seizures.

A) Hippocampi
B) IT cortex
C) striate cortex
D) corpus callosum

Question 32

 Ganel et al. (2008) designed a modified Ponzo (visual) illusion in which line 1 appears to be longer than line 2, when, in reality, line 2 is longer. Participants are asked to judge the line lengths and to reach and grab the ends of the lines. The results of this investigation reveal _____.

A) the interaction of the ventral and dorsal stream
B) that the visual illusion affects both the ventral and dorsal streams
C) the effects of damage to the ventral pathway
D) that the illusion only affects ventral stream processing

Question 33

 According to Milner and Goodale, the dorsal stream is the "_____" pathway.

A) what
B) when
C) how
D) why

Question 34

 Prosopagnosia is _____.

A) the difficulty in recognizing familiar faces?
B) due to damage to the parietal lobe
C) due to damage to the MT cortex
D) the inability to detect movement

Question 35

 The principle that specific functions are served by specific cortical areas is called _____.

A) Magnification
B) modularity
C) distribution
D) segmentation

Question 36

 A structure that is specialized to process information about a particular type of stimulus is called a _____.

A) lesion
B) module
C) Partition
D) Pathway

Question 37

 An area in the _____ called the _____ is specialized to recognize faces.

A) temporal lobe; FFA
B) occipital lobe; RBC
C) parietal lobe; FFA
D) parietal lobe; area 4H

Question 38

 Which statement regarding the dorsal and ventral pathways is most accurate

A) Information flow is unidirectional in both pathways.
B) The pathways rely on information from the same type of ganglion cells.
C) The pathways are independent of each other and do not communicate.
D) Both pathways have feedback activation.

Question 39

 Activity in the PPA _____.

A) reveals a preference for indoor, but not outdoor, scenes
B) is higher for pictures of empty rooms than furnished rooms
C) reveals a preference for body parts over faces
D) is the same for pictures of furnished and empty rooms

Question 40

 A researcher finds that damage to Area A of the brain results in the loss of Function A, but not Function B. In another individual, damage to Area B results in the loss of Function B, but not Function A. These results are best described as a(n) _____.

A) associative link
B) double dissociation
C) single dissociation.
D) differential assessment

Question 41

 Describe the methods, results, and conclusions of Gauthier et al.'s "Greeble" research.

Question 42

 Define "modular organization" and specify how the senses are organized into primary receiving areas.

Question 43

 Describe the procedure, results, and implications of the Quiroga et al's (2005) "Halle Berry neuron" study.

Question 44

 Summarize the Ganel et al. (2008) research on length estimation and grasping tasks, and what the implication of this research is for different processing streams.

Question 45

 Gauthier et al.'s Greeble finding is consistent with the _____ hypothesis.

A) maturation
B) oblique
C) Rivalry
D) Expertise

Question 46

 Describe how an object such as a tree is represented in the striate cortex.

Question 47

 Describe research on brain damaged people that support the idea that the dorsal stream is the "how" pathway.

Question 48

 Describe how MRIs and fMRIs are performed and explain why these methods are so important to psychological research.

Question 49

 Identify the five areas of the brain associated with processing of faces, explaining what is processed in each area.

Question 50

Describe research that shows cortical magnification occurs in humans.
(b) What is the connection between cortical magnification and acuity?