Deck 13: Motivation: Respect Unlocks Human Potential

Question 1

Internal forces within a person that account for the level, direction, and persistence of effort at work (is) are called __________.

A) needs
B) satisfier (motivating)
C) motivation
D) hygiene factors

Answer 1

C

Question 2

A __________ is an unfulfilled physiological or psychological desire.

A) motivator
B) satisfier
C) hygiene factor
D) need

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What is the lowest level of need in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

A) Esteem
B) Physiological
C) Social
D) Safety

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What is the highest level of need in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

A) Esteem
B) Self-actualization
C) Social
D) Safety

Question 5

Herzberg believed that motivation and higher performance could be achieved by improving the content of a job. He called this job __________.

A) hunting
B) design
C) manipulation
D) enrichment

Question 6

According to ERG theory, the idea that a lower-level need reactivates when we are unable to satisfy a higher-level need is called the __________.*

A) deficit principle
B) frustration-regression principle
C) progression principle
D) law of effect
E) law of valence

Question 7

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, __________ states that a satisfied need is NOT a motivator of behavior.*

A) progression
B) existence
C) frustration-regression
D) deficit

Question 8

All of the following would support a worker's esteem needs EXCEPT:

A) job security.
B) responsibility for an important job.
C) promotion to a higher status job.
D) praise from the boss.

Question 9

The higher order of needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs include self-actualization and __________.

A) esteem
B) physiological
C) shelter
D) social

Question 10

The lower order of needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs include physiological, safety, and __________.

A) esteem
B) self-actualization
C) shelter
D) social

Question 11

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, __________ states that people try to satisfy lower level needs first, then move on to the next higher level.

A) progression
B) existence
C) frustration-regression
D) deficit

Question 12

According to Herzberg, a __________ is found in the job context such as working conditions, organizational policies, and salary.

A) satisfier factor
B) need
C) principle
D) hygiene factor

Question 13

The three needs in McClelland's Acquired Needs Theory are the need for achievement, power, and __________.*

A) esteem
B) safety
C) self actualization
D) affiliation

Question 14

Maslow's lower-order needs translate to which Alderfer ERG need category(ies)?*

A) Growth needs
B) Existence needs
C) Relationship needs
D) Growth, existence, and relatedness needs

Question 15

What are the two factors in Herzberg's two-factor theory?

A) Satisfier / achievement
B) Achievement / hygiene
C) Hygiene / satisfier
D) Recognition / satisfier

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a satisfier factor?*

A) Recognition
B) Salary
C) The work itself
D) Achievement

Question 17

According to Herzberg, a __________ is found in job content such as a sense of achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement, or personal growth.

A) need
B) satisfier factor
C) desire
D) hygiene factor

Question 18

At what level does Maslow's progression principle stop?

A) Esteem
B) Safety
C) Self-actualization
D) Social

Question 19

Appropriate working conditions, job security, and base compensation and benefits are all examples of __________ needs.

A) safety
B) physiological
C) shelter
D) social

Question 20

According to Herzberg, __________ influence job dissatisfaction.

A) motivating factors
B) needs
C) satisfier factors
D) hygiene factors

Question 21

The process of allocating specific work tasks to individuals and groups is called job__________.

A) content
B) design
C) enrichment
D) enlargement

Question 22

To maximize expectancy in Vroom's Expectancy Theory, a manager should:*

A) clarify performance goals.
B) demonstrate what rewards are contingent on performance.
C) identify individual needs.
D) do all of the above.

Question 23

In Vroom's theory, the effort-performance link is the belief that putting in the effort will lead to the desired level of performance. This is called __________.

A) valence
B) expectancy
C) instrumentality
D) achievement

Question 24

In Vroom's Expectancy Theory, __________ is the value a person assigns to work-related outcomes.*

A) expectancy
B) valence
C) instrumentality
D) achievement

Question 25

According to McClelland's Acquired Needs Theory, the need for __________ is the desire to control, influence, or be responsible for other people.

A) power
B) achievement
C) recognition
D) affiliation

Question 26

According to McClelland's Acquired Needs Theory, the need for __________ is the desire to establish and maintain good relations with people.

A) power
B) achievement
C) recognition
D) affiliation

Question 27

McClelland's work also demonstrated that leaders tend to have high needs for __________.*

A) equity
B) achievement
C) personal power
D) social power

Question 28

Thorndike's law of __________ states that behavior followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated; behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is not.

A) effect
B) behavior
C) outcomes
D) expectancy

Question 29

The degree to which the job has a substantial impact on the lives or work of other people elsewhere in the organization or in the external environment is called __________.

A) autonomy
B) task significance
C) task identity
D) skill variety

Question 30

The basis of Adam's Equity Theory is:*

A) equal pay for equal work.
B) the perceptions that managers have of workers.
C) the social comparisons of fairness by the workers.
D) meeting the demands of the law.

Question 31

Vroom's Expectancy Theory's equation is, __________ = Expectancy $\times$ Instrumentality $\times$ Valence.*

A) Outcome
B) Results
C) Motivation
D) Goals

Question 32

Research indicates that as a result of perceived positive inequity, a worker might be expected to produce any of the following behaviors EXCEPT:

A) increasing the quantity of work.
B) improving the quality of work.
C) reducing the current work effort.
D) taking on more difficult assignments.

Question 33

The degree to which the job requires completion of a "whole" and identifiable piece of work, one that involves doing a job from beginning to end with a visible outcome is called __________.

A) autonomy
B) task significance
C) task identity
D) skill variety

Question 34

According to McClelland's Acquired Needs Theory, the need to do something better or more efficiently is __________.

A) equity
B) power
C) achievement
D) affiliation

Question 35

Locke's goal setting theory suggests that __________ goals can be motivating factors, if they are the right goals and they are set in the right way.*

A) easy
B) equity
C) valence
D) task

Question 36

MBO (management by objectives) is most closely related to __________ theory of motivation.

A) Herzberg's
B) Skinner's
C) Locke's
D) Maslow's

Question 37

The process of increasing job content by adding work planning and evaluating duties normally performed by the supervisor is called job __________.

A) content
B) design
C) enrichment
D) identity

Question 38

When implementing goal-setting theory, all of the following should be done EXCEPT:*

A) setting specific goals.
B) setting relatively easy goals.
C) building commitment to goals.
D) providing feedback along the way.

Question 39

According to McClelland's Acquired Needs Theory, the need for __________ is the desire to do something better, to solve problems, or to master complex tasks.

A) power
B) achievement
C) recognition
D) affiliation

Question 40

In Vroom's Expectancy Theory, __________ is a person's belief that various outcomes will occur as a result of task performance.

A) expectancy
B) valence
C) instrumentality
D) achievement

Question 41

According to Herzberg's two factor theory, salary is a satisfier.

Question 42

To maximize valence, managers need to understand individual needs and try to tie work outcomes to important sources of need satisfaction.

Question 43

If employees feel that they are not being treated fairly, they will adjust their behavior accordingly. This is the basis of equity theory.

Question 44

Allowing workers to participate in making important decisions is one way to provide for their self-actualization needs.

Question 45

Maslow's hierarchy of needs better explains human behavior than Alderfer's ERG theory.

Question 46

According to Skinner, __________ strengthens a behavior by making a desirable consequence contingent on its occurrence.

A) negative reinforcement
B) punishment
C) positive reinforcement
D) extinction

Question 47

According to Skinner, __________ strengthens a behavior by making the avoidance of an undesirable consequence contingent on its occurrence.

A) negative reinforcement
B) punishment
C) positive reinforcement
D) extinction

Question 48

McClelland identified acquired needs as the need for power, achievement, and self-actualization.

Question 49

Herzberg's work, contrary to most motivational approaches today, suggests working on job content instead of trying to spice up the job context.

Question 50

The need for personal power is what drives successful leaders.

Question 51

B.F. Skinner's concept of __________ is the control of behavior by manipulating its consequences.

A) expectancy
B) equity
C) acquired needs
D) operant conditioning

Question 52

The core characteristics model approaches job design with a focus on eight "core" job characteristics.

Question 53

A manager who nags an employee everyday does not nag when the employee completes a project on time. This is an example of __________.*

A) extinction
B) positive reinforcement
C) punishment
D) negative reinforcement

Question 54

Vroom's Expectancy Theory is based on the equation,
Motivation = Expectancy $\times$ Instrumentality $\times$ Valence.

Question 55

According to Skinner, __________ discourages a behavior by making an unpleasant consequence contingent on its occurrence.

A) negative reinforcement
B) punishment
C) positive reinforcement
D) extinction

Question 56

The key to applying goal-setting theory and management by objectives is for the employees to set their own goals.

Question 57

According to Skinner, __________ discourages a behavior by making the removal of a desirable consequence contingent on its occurrence.

A) negative reinforcement
B) punishment
C) positive reinforcement
D) extinction

Question 58

The hygiene factors in the Herzberg model are associated with the lower order needs of Maslow and Alderfer.

Question 59

One key difference between Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory and Alderfer's ERG Theory is that Maslow saw need progression as moving from bottom to top, while Alderfer believed that one bounced around in the hierarchy due to frustrations in obtaining higher order needs.

Question 60

Job design increases job content by adding work planning and evaluating duties normally performed by a supervisor.

Question 61

Locke's basic premise in goal-setting theory is that it works only if the __________ goals are set in the __________ way.

Question 62

__________ is the force that determines the direction, level, and persistence of individual effort.

Question 63

How might the tactics of operant conditioning be considered unethical?

Question 64

__________ refers to aspects of the work experience that create a sense of connection to the job and organization.

Question 65

Unfulfilled desires that stimulate people to behave in ways that will satisfy these desires are called __________.

Question 66

Herzberg suggests that one way to improve job content is to build more opportunities into jobs. This process is known as __________.

Question 67

In order for goals to create the most motivation, Locke recommends worker __________ in setting the goals.

Question 68

The degree to which a job requires a variety of different activities to carry out the work is referred to as __________.

Question 69

In Expectancy Theory, the value that an individual places upon a work-related outcome or reward is called __________.

Question 70

Negative reinforcement decreases the frequency of or eliminates an undesirable behavior.

Question 71

Alderfer's ERG model condenses __________ five levels of need into three levels.

Question 72

Explain Maslow's hierarchy of needs and define each of the needs in the hierarchy.

Question 73

The control of behavior (in Skinner's reinforcement theory) by manipulating its consequences is called __________.

Question 74

The "law of effect" states that people will repeat behaviors that have pleasant outcomes and will avoid behaviors that have unpleasant outcomes.

Question 75

Skinner's reinforcement theory defines negative reinforcement as the removal of a negative factor.

Question 76

Define and explain Herzberg's two factor theory. Include examples of the two factors in the theory.

Question 77

__________ is positive reinforcement of successive approximations to the desired behavior.

Question 78

In Equity Theory, it is perceived __________ that motivate our behaviors.

Question 79

The need for __________, as described by McClelland, involves the desire to control, influence, or be responsible for other people.

Question 80

Skinner's operant conditioning is based on manipulating the consequences of individual behavior.