Deck 7: Taking Action

Question 1

 In Lee and Aronson's experiment, although a few of the toddlers were unaffected by the sway, _____ fell down, even though the floor remained stationary throughout the entire experiment!

A) 22%
B) 33%
C) 44%
D) 55%

Answer 1

B

Question 2

 The movement of elements of the environment relative to the observer is called _____.

A) optic flow
B) the phi movement
C) an affordance
D) motion ecology

Answer 2

A

Question 3

 Which statement is true concerning the focus of expansion?

A) It always occurs at the point you are fixated on.
B) It always occurs at the point you are moving toward.
C) It continues in the same direction once established.
D) It always contains the fastest flow of information.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

 Using the visual direction strategy, walkers stay on target by _____.

A) using flow information to estimate the destination point?
B) going toward the focus of expansion
C) keeping their body pointed toward the destination
D) keeping their eyes fixated on the destination

Question 5

 The swinging room experiments showed that _____.

A) vision can override the traditional sources of balance information
B) traditional sources of balance information cannot be overridden?
C) traditional sources of balance information can only be overridden in experienced adults
D) traditional sources of balance information can be integrated with but not overridden by other senses

Question 6

 When novices close their eyes when trying a somersault, _____.

A) their performance typically improves
B) there is no impact on their performance
C) their performance is not degraded as much as is the performance of experts
D) their performance seems to change randomly

Question 7

 According to Land and Lee, drivers look _____ when driving on a straight road.

A) directly at the focus of expansion
B) straight ahead, but not directly at the focus of expansion
C) at locomotor flow line
D) at the psychometric curb

Question 8

 The ecological approach emerged as a reaction _____.

A) to the structuralist approach
B) to the artificiality of laboratory approach to studying vision
C) to the over-reliance on brain imaging techniques
D) to pointillism

Question 9

 In Janzen and vanTurennout's study of using landmarks as "decision points" in a navigating through a museum, participants _____.

A) had greater brain activation in the MST when they saw "non-decision" points than when they saw "decision points"
B) had lower recognition scores for landmarks than non-landmarks
C) had greater brain activation in the parahippocampal gyrus for "decision points" than "non-decision points"
D) recognized "decision points" better when cells in their temporal cortex were microstimulated

Question 10

 Information that remains constant even though the observer is moving is called _____.

A) a flow gradient
B) a texture gradient
C) a penumbra constant
D) invariant information

Question 11

 Lee et al.'s "Swinging Room" studies found that _____.

A) only adults are affected by flow information
B) only young children are affected by flow information
C) children will lean back when a forward-swaying flow pattern was created
D) adults were always able to keep their balance in the moving room

Question 12

 When expert gymnasts close their eyes while performing a somersault, they perform _____.

A) better because they eliminated visual distractions
B) as well as with their eyes open, since doing the routine is automatic
C) more poorly, because they couldn't make "in-air" corrections
D) better because they usually train with their eyes closed

Question 13

 The ecological approach was developed by _____.

A) J.J. Gibson
B) David Marr
C) Max Wertheimer
D) Ronald Rensink

Question 14

 If you close both your eyes while standing on one foot, _____.

A) you can stand longer than if both eyes are open because you eliminate distracting visual information
B) you can stand longer than if just your "non-dominant" eye is open
C) you can stand longer with one eye open because you are eliminating binocular disparity cues
D) you lose your balance more quickly than if your eyes are open

Question 15

 You are driving a car. Which statement is an accurate reflection of flow in this situation?

A) Optic flow is slower near the car.
B) Optic flow does not occur for information in the periphery.
C) Optic flow is faster farther away from the car.
D) Optic flow does not occur for the focus of expansion.

Question 16

 According to Land and Lee, drivers negotiate curves by _____.

A) looking directly at the FOE
B) looking directly at the road
C) using a complex combination of affordances
D) using information in addition to optic flow

Question 17

 According to Gibson, the relationship between movement and flow is _____.

A) movement creates flow, which then provides information to guiding further movement
B) movement creates flow, but this information does not affect further movement
C) flow and self-produced movement are related, but both are independent of guiding further movement
D) flow and movement are not related

Question 18

 Gibson emphasized studying _____.

A) each sense in isolation
B) tightly-controlled laboratory experiments
C) invariant information from the environment
D) invariant sensory functions

Question 19

 Hamid et al. (2010) had participants navigate a maze while recording their eye movements. The maze contained landmarks on the walls at corners and at other positions that would not aid maze navigation. After participants learned the maze, the researchers removed half of the landmarks. The results of this study revealed that _____.

A) performance decreased when landmarks that had been viewedlongerwere removed
B) participants did not notice that the landmarks were missing and their performance was unaffected
C) participants had been relying on all landmarks to navigate
D) performance increased when non-informative landmarks were removed

Question 20

 "Blind walking" studies have shown that _____.

A) participants cannot locate nearby objects with their eyes closed
B) flow information is necessary for navigation; blindfolded participants cannot walk to a target location they have just seen
C) blindfolded participants can navigate short distances as long as they walk in a straight line
D) blindfolded participants can navigate short distances when walking in a straight line or making an angled turn

Question 21

 After damage to his ______, Mantio is unable to recognize formerly-familiar landmarks in his hometown.

A) hypothalamus
B) medial superior temporal area
C) parahippocampal gyrus
D) superior temporal sulcus

Question 22

 Elena looks at a banana and realizes that the banana is "eat-able." This an example of _____.

A) optic flow
B) a texture gradient
C) ataxia
D) an affordance

Question 23

 The neurons that signal the monkey's intention to grab an object are mostly found in the _____.

A) Hippocampus
B) superior colliculus
C) parietal reach region (PRR)
D) nystagmus parietal radius (NPR)

Question 24

 Neurons in the premotor cortex, called _____ mirror neurons, respond when a monkey performs a hand action and when it hears the sound associated with this action

A) coordinated
B) grip
C) sensorimotor
D) audiovisual

Question 25

 Proposed functions of mirror neurons include their role in _____.

A) applying common heuristics
B) facilitating the binding of information sources.
C) developing metacognitive skills
D) aiding interpretation of facial expressions.

Question 26

 Affordances _____.

A) provide a counterexample to Gibson's ecological approach
B) are used to explain the flow of information organizational principles
C) provide the observer possibilities for action
D) arise from the interaction between flow and depth cues

Question 27

 The _____ perception hypothesis states that people perceive their environment in terms of their ability to act on it.

A) functionality
B) utility-based
C) visuomotor
D) action-specific

Question 28

 Softball players were asked to estimate the size of a softball immediately after a game. When perceived ball size was examined in relation to batting average, it was revealed that _____.

A) batters who hit well perceived the ball to be smaller than batters who were less successful
B) experienced batters perceived the ball to be larger than less experienced batters with the same hit-rate
C) experienced batters perceived the ball to be smaller than less experienced batters
D) batters who hit well perceived the ball to be bigger than batters who were less successful

Question 29

 Fattori and coworkers (2012) discovered neurons called _____ cells; these responded not only when a monkey was preparing to grasp a specific object, but also when but also when the monkey viewed that specific object.

A) where/how/when
B) sensorimotor integration
C) visuomotor grip
D) sensory coordination

Question 30

 Some researchers have suggested that individuals with chronic pain may not perceive distances differently, but rather, may have _____.

A) emotional overreactions
B) different expectations
C) cognitive differences
D) less motivation

Question 31

 Which situation would most likely cause an audiovisual mirror neuron to fire

A) when the monkey only hears the sound of breaking glass
B) when the monkey sees a peanut breaking and hears the sound of the peanut breaking
C) when the monkey sees a stick being dropped and hears the sound of the peanut breaking
D) when the monkey grasps the peanut and sees the experimenter grasps the peanut with pliers

Question 32

 The exact functions of mirror neurons in humans are _____.

A) extremely limited in comparison to those in monkeys
B) limited but well-established
C) still being actively researched
D) largely unknown due to problems with ethically-studying them in humans

Question 33

 Joe enters a room, sees a novel object, and promptly walks over and sits on it. The object was about the size of a small table and had a flat, smooth surface at approximately knee height. If asked to explain Joe's behavior, Gibson would likely say that Joe _____.

A) was acting based on affordances
B) had sustained damage to his hippocampus
C) had learned the function of the object from optic flow
D) was suffering from optic ataxia

Question 34

 Mirror neurons in the monkey fire _____.

A) when the monkey sees the experimenter grasp a piece of food, and when the monkey also grasps the food
B) when the experimenter grasps the food with his/her fingers, and when the experimenter picks up the food using pliers
C) when the monkey sees the food reflected in a mirror
D) when the monkey grasps the food with his/her fingers, and when the monkey picks up the food using pliers

Question 35

 Individuals with damage to the parietal regions associated with reaching have difficulty with reaching tasks. An analysis of their reach "paths" reveals that the parietal region _____.

A) provides guidance for where to reach
B) calculates the distance required to reach for an object
C) is responsible for motor coordination
D) provides guidance for reaching and avoiding obstacles

Question 36

 Suppose you are sitting in a coffee shop and about to reach for a cup of coffee on a table covered with magazines, plants, books and various other objects. First, you must identify the coffee cup among the flowers and other objects on the table using the _____ pathway and then for it, taking into account its location on the table using the _____ pathway.

A) ventral; dorsal
B) ventral; ventral
C) dorsal; dorsal
D) dorsal; ventral

Question 37

 Research with patients who were being prepared for surgery to treat severe epilepsy found that neurons in patients' _____ functioned like the rat grid cells.

A) entorhinal cortex
B) medial superior temporal area
C) retrosplenial cortex
D) superior temporal sulcus

Question 38

 In monkey hand grip experiments, a monkey briefly sees an object, the lights go out, then the monkey is prompted to reach for the object. When the monkey reaches for the object, _____.

A) he often will use the wrong grip because he is unable to see the object in the dark
B) he will use the correct grip only if his attention is redirected to the object
C) neurons that respond to the specific grip being used will be activated
D) neurons may be preferentially activated as a result of just seeing the object

Question 39

 Jessica Witt and her colleagues (2009) asked people with chronic back and/or leg pain to estimate their distance from various objects placed in a long hallway and found that _____.

A) the chronic pain group consistently underestimated their distance from objects
B) the chronic pain group was wildly inaccurate in estimating their distance from objects, with some underestimating and others overestimating
C) the chronic pain group consistently overestimated their distance from objects
D) there was no relationship between chronic pain and ability to estimate distances

Question 40

 M.P., a person with brain damage that resulted in the inability to name objects, could _____.

A) identify objects more accurately when given the name of the object
B) identify objects more accurately when given the function of the object
C) not identify any of the objects, even when given both the name and function
D) not identify the object more accurately if permitted to interact with the object

Question 41

 Describe evidence from monkey studies that suggests that mirror neurons do more than respond to patterns of motion.

Question 42

What are affordances
(b) Provide an example of an object and what action it affords.
(c) Describe whether or not an object could have more than one affordance associated with it.

Question 43

 Describe the role landmarks play in wayfinding.

Question 44

 One researcher found that tennis players who have recently won a match perceive the net as being lower than those who have recently lost. Describe how these differences in perception might arise.

Question 45

 Discuss research that shows how vision is important in performing a somersault.

Question 46

 Discuss the capacity of newborn infants to imitate facial expressions.

Question 47

 Discuss how mirror neurons could convey information about others' intentions.

Question 48

 Describe a "blind-walking" experiment, and discuss how the results are related to optic flow.

Question 49

 Describe Maguire's work on individual differences in wayfinding.

Question 50

 Name and discuss two characteristics of optic flow.