Deck 8: Perceiving Motion

Question 1

 Which type of signal is sent from the brain to the eye muscles

A) image displacement signal
B) ciliary signal
C) motor signal
D) comparator signal

Answer 1

C

Question 2

 As Dore runs through the park, the flow signals that he is moving and not the environment. Gibson calls this _____.

A) local disturbances in the optic array
B) deletion in the optic array
C) the global optic flow
D) the bioptic flow

Answer 2

C

Question 3

 R.W., the man who experienced vertigo when he moved his eyes, suffered cortical damage that eliminated _____.

A) corollary discharge signals
B) image movement signals
C) cortical magnification
D) binocular cell firing

Answer 3

A

Question 4

 Which of the following is true about the corollary discharge theory

A) It can explain why you see a bird moving in flight when you are following it with your eyes.
B) It has much behavioral support, but no physiological support yet.
C) It has little behavioral support, but the comparator has been found in the IT cortex.
D) It can explain why an afterimage seems to be stationary as you move your eye to different fixation points.

Question 5

 Larsen et al. (2006) used fMRI to study the responses of the brain to real and apparent motion and found that _____.

A) the pathways overlapped but processing occurred in different brain regions
B) both the pathways and the processing areas were distinct
C) similar regions of the brain were activated for both
D) there was a great deal of idiosyncrasy in the areas involved

Question 6

 Tom is watching Terri walk across the room. According to Gibson, Tom perceives Terri _____.

A) to be moving because her image is moving across his retina
B) to be stationary because the background is stationary
C) to be moving because of a local disturbance in the optic array
D) to be stationary because the background texture is fixed

Question 7

 Mira gently pushes on her eye with her finger. Because her eye muscles push against the force of her finger, which keeps the image in the same location, she perceives the visual scene _____.

A) to be jiggling
B) to be stationary
C) to have exaggerated depth
D) to be shrinking

Question 8

 Brian looks at the moon and some clouds at night. He perceives the moon moving through the clouds. This is an example of _____.

A) induced motion
B) the stroboscopic effect
C) the Reichardt effect
D) the Shedlock effect

Question 9

 Our ability to perceive movement when reading "message boards" that are used in advertising is based on _____.

A) apparent movement?
B) movement aftereffects
C) waterfall effects?
D) motion agnosia

Question 10

 The patient L.M. (studied by Zihl, et al.) had cortical lesions that affected her motion perception. What was her condition called

A) prosopagnosia
B) akinetopsia
C) stroboscopia
D) amblyopia

Question 11

 Percy is injected with a drug that paralyzes his eye muscles. When he is instructed to try to move his eye when looking a stationary scene, his brain is able to send a signal to his eye muscles but he is unable to move his eyes. As a result, he perceives _____.

A) no movement, because his eye muscles can't move
B) no movement, because the scene is stationary
C) movement, because there is a CDS and an IDS
D) movement, because there is a CDS, but not an IDS

Question 12

 The patient L.M. (studied by Zihl, et al.), who had cortical lesions that affected her motion perception, experienced

A) no problems pouring a cup of coffee?
B) no difficulty crossing a street
C) difficulty following dialogue
D) only minor social inconveniences

Question 13

 An afterimage when viewed in the dark appears to move when you move your eyes. The corollary discharge theory predicts this because _____.

A) there is an IDS, but not a CDS
B) there is no IDS, but there is a CDS
C) there is no IDS and no CDS
D) there is both IDS and CDS

Question 14

 The _____ signal is sent to other areas of the brain relaying the message that a signal has been sent from the motor cortex to the eye muscles. It is analogous to using the "cc" (copy) function in an email.

A) image displacement
B) ciliary
C) motor
D) corollary discharge

Question 15

 In addition to describing movement detection in terms of the environment, researchers have proposed different ways to detect movement from a physiological perspective. The Reichardt detector is one solution. Which of the following is the greatest weakness of the Reichardt detector

A) It only explains motion detection for images that cross the receptors.
B) It only explains how eye movements can be accounted for in motion detection.
C) It only is able to detect lateral movement of stimuli.
D) It operates using excitatory and inhibitory signals.

Question 16

 The vertigo case of R.W. not only provided evidence for the corollary discharge theory, it revealed the importance of the _____ in producing CDS.

A) MT area
B) PPA
C) STS
D) MST area

Question 17

 According to corollary discharge theory, movement is perceived when _____.

A) there is a disturbance in the global optic array
B) the comparator receives the corollary discharge signal and image displacement signal simultaneously
C) the comparator receives the corollary discharge signal alone or image displacement signal alone
D) the comparator finds dissimilarities between the local and global optic arrays

Question 18

 Camouflage can be interpreted as a problem of _____.

A) figure-ground segregation
B) binocular disparity
C) induced movement
D) the waterfall illusion

Question 19

 A mouse "freezes" when it sees a cat nearby. This assists the mouse's survival because being motionless reduces _____.

A) the attention-attracting effect of motion
B) the effectiveness of camouflage
C) the levels of stress hormones
D) the pheromones the mouse gives off

Question 20

 Movies are to _____ as the waterfall illusion is to _____.

A) apparent movement; induced movement
B) real movement; apparent movement
C) movement aftereffects; stroboscopic movement
D) apparent movement; movement aftereffects

Question 21

 The perceptual grouping of lights in biological motion has been shown physiologically to occur in the _____ area of the cortex.

A) superior temporal sulcus
B) lateral geniculate
C) premotor
D) anterior intraparietal

Question 22

 The real world contains instances of continuous motion that somehow are divided up into meaningful units. The point in time when one unit ends and another begins is referred to as the _____.

A) breaking point
B) segment marker
C) event boundary
D) transition period

Question 23

 The connection between MT neurons and movement perception has been supported by _____.

A) lesioning studies only
B) microstimulation studies only
C) both lesioning and microstimulation studies
D) intact brain studies only

Question 24

 Newsome, Britten, and Movshon found that as the coherence between the dots' direction of movement increased, _____.

A) the MT neuron fired more rapidly
B) the monkey judged the direction of movement less accurately
C) the MT neuron fired less rapidly
D) the MT neuron fired at rates less than the level of spontaneous activity

Question 25

 The _____ is demonstrated when you look through a circle you make with your fingers, and move a pencil either horizontally or diagonally behind your fingers.

A) kinetic depth effect
B) structure-from-motion phenomenon
C) correspondence problem
D) aperture problem

Question 26

 When L.M. tried to pour a cup of tea, she _____.

A) had some trouble aiming, but was able to get most of it in the cup
B) perceived the tea as frozen, like a glacier
C) could do it accurately if she talked herself through the steps
D) typically under-filled the cup because she could not judge the level

Question 27

 In the pooling solution to the aperture problem, MT neurons receive signals from a number of neurons in the _____ and then combine these signals to determine the actual direction of motion.

A) striate cortex
B) prefrontal cortex
C) cerebellum?
D) central sulcus

Question 28

 A monkey with an intact MT cortex can detect the direction of moving dots when coherence is ____%, while a monkey that has had the MT cortex lesioned detects the direction of the moving dots when coherence is _____%.

A) 1-2; 10-20
B) 10-20; 1-2
C) 1-2; 1-2
D) 1-20; 1-2

Question 29

 Real-motion neurons found in the monkey cortex fire when _____ moves, but do not fire when _____ moves.

A) the eye; a stimulus
B) a stimulus; the background
C) a stimulus; the eye
D) the background; a stimulus

Question 30

 Presenting transcranial magnetic stimulation to the area of the STS in humans _____.

A) increased the person's ability to perceive biological motion
B) decreased the person's ability to perceive biological motion
C) did not affect the person's ability to perceive biological motion
D) resulted in gender difference in perceiving biological motion

Question 31

 In an apparent motion demonstration, two pictures are used. In one picture, a person's fist is located behind his head; in the other, the person's fist is located in front of their face at the same height. When slowly alternating between these pictures (less the five times a second), what apparent motion would result

A) The fist would appear to go around the side of the head.?
B) The fist would appear to "magically" pass through the head.
C) The fist would appear to smash the head.
D) No apparent motion would occur because the alternation is too slow.

Question 32

 In monkeys, real-motion neurons have been located in _____.

A) the extrastriate cortex
B) the striate cortex
C) the retina
D) the brain stem

Question 33

 Kourtzi and Kanwisher (2000) used fMRIs to show that "implied motion" stimuli cause _____.

A) greater responses in the MT and MST than "no-implied motion" stimuli
B) less firing in the MT and MST than "no-implied motion" stimuli
C) less firing in the amygdala than the "house" pictures
D) the same amount of firing in the MST as "house" pictures

Question 34

 A "point-light walker" wears lights on different body locations. When viewed in a dark room, an observer would perceive a(n) _____.

A) person when the point-light walker is not moving
B) person when the point-light walker is moving
C) person if just one light on the person is moving
D) unidentifiable biological organism when the point-light walker is moving

Question 35

 Which of the following stimuli is most likely to show the greatest representational momentum

A) a house
B) a rocket
C) a coffee mug
D) a banana

Question 36

 In an apparent motion demonstration, two pictures are used. In one picture, a fist is located behind a board; in the other, the fist is located in front of the board at the same height. When rapidly alternating between these pictures, what apparent motion would result

A) The fist would appear to go around the side of the board.
B) The fist would appear to "magically" pass through the board.
C) The fist would appear to smash the board.
D) No apparent motion would occur; it would look like two still pictures.

Question 37

 Pack and Born (2001) found that the combining of responses from V1 cells occurs after about ______ after presentation of the moving bars.

A) 1 msec
B) 20 msec
C) 140 msec
D) 900 msec

Question 38

 _____ is a technique that has been used to temporarily disturb brain area functioning in humans.

A) Lesioning
B) Ablation
C) Transcranial magnetic stimulation
D) Orbital magnetic gyration

Question 39

 Freyd (1983) presented two pictures sequentially that implied motion, such as a person jumping off a low wall. In the "same" condition, the second picture was identical to the first; in the "time-forward" condition, the second picture was the jumper closer to the ground; and in the "time-backward condition, the jumper was further from the ground. The observer's task was to respond whether or not the two pictures were the "same" or "different." The response time was longest for _____.

A) the "same" condition
B) the "time-forward" condition
C) the "time-backward" condition
D) both the "same" and "time-backward" conditions

Question 40

 In one study, Zacks et al. (2009) recorded someone making a sandwich and asked participants to press a button when they thought one action was complete. The results of the study indicated that _____ were indicative of the end of an action.

A) pauses
B) changes in speed
C) changes in hand orientation
D) head movements

Question 41

What does Gibson mean by the "optic array"
(b) Specify how changes in the optic array affect movement perception.

Question 42

 Describe Francesca Simion's work with biological motion in newborn infants.

Question 43

 Review the evidence for the physiological basis of perceiving biological motion.

Question 44

 What is the aperture problem
How does the visual system "solve" this problem?

Question 45

Describe the major components and principle of the corollary discharge theory.
(b) Describe two behavioral demonstrations that support the corollary discharge theory and specify how the theory predicts the result.

Question 46

 Identify four brain regions involved in perception motion and describe the role of each region.

Question 47

 Describe the case of the woman with akinetopsia. What does this case tell us about the importance of motion perception?

Question 48

 Describe the findings of Kourtzi and Kanwisher's (2000) fMRI study of implied motion.

Question 49

 Describe Freyd's (1983) study of implied motion.

Question 50

 Discuss three types of illusory motion and provide an example of each.