Deck 9: Perceiving Color

Question 1

 Two stimuli that are physically different, but are perceptually identical, are called _____.

A) complements
B) Rayleigh stimuli
C) metamers
D) isomers

Answer 1

C

Question 2

 Adding more white to a color changes the color's _____.

A) hue
B) wavelength
C) brightness
D) saturation

Answer 2

D

Question 3

 Yellow and blue light is projected on a white screen. What color will the screen appear to be

A) white
B) gray
C) green
D) purple

Answer 3

A

Question 4

 A monkey with good color vision _____.

A) would have difficulty with figure-ground segregation
B) would have a better chance of surviving than a color-blind monkey
C) would have an equal chance of survival as a color-blind monkey
D) would be very atypical, since most monkeys are color-blind

Question 5

 By changing _____, we can create about a million (or more) discriminable colors.

A) saturation only
B) value only
C) hue and saturation, but not value
D) saturation, value, and hue

Question 6

 The reflectance curve for a purple piece of paper will reflect _____.

A) short wavelengths
B) long wavelengths only
C) all wavelengths equally
D) long and short wavelengths

Question 7

 Light that is mixed is referred to as a(n) _____.

A) electromagnetic color mixture
B) additive color mixture
C) subtractive color mixture
D) transitive color mixture

Question 8

 The reflectance curve is a plot of the light reflected off a surface as a function of _____.

A) spatial frequency
B) contrast
C) wavelength
D) orientation

Question 9

 When you go to pick strawberries, you are easily able to separate the ripe red berries from the green foliage, the white blossoms and the green, still-forming berries. This has led to the suggestion that _____.

A) we need experience with the natural world in order to experience color vision
B) the genes resulting in lack of color vision should have disappeared long ago
C) color vision may have evolved for the express purpose of detecting fruit
D) only herbivore species should have color vision

Question 10

 Blue and yellow paints mixed together yield _____.

A) white
B) gray
C) green
D) purple

Question 11

 The trichromatic theory of color vision states that color perception is due to _____.

A) the pattern of activity in four different receptors mechanisms
B) the activity pattern in the occipital, parietal, and temporal cortical lobes
C) the pattern of activity in three different receptor mechanisms
D) processing in layers 1,2, and 3 in the LGN

Question 12

 The basic colors in the color circle are _____.

A) red, white, blue and green.
B) black, white, and gray
C) red, green, and blue
D) red, green, blue, and yellow

Question 13

 Paint that is mixed is referred to as a(n) _____.

A) viscous color mixture
B) additive color mixture
C) subtractive color mixture
D) pigmented color mixture

Question 14

 The maximum absorption for the long-wavelength cone pigment is at ____ nm.

A) 419
B) 531
C) 558
D) 747

Question 15

 The pattern of firing of receptor activity in response to red would be _____.

A) large firing from the S receptor, medium firing from the M receptor, and little firing from the L receptor
B) large firing from the S receptor, large firing from the M receptor, and little firing from the L receptor
C) little firing from the S receptor, a moderate firing from the M receptor, and large firing from the L receptor
D) large firing from the S receptor, large firing from the M receptor, and large firing from the L receptor

Question 16

 The maximum absorption for the short-wavelength cone pigment is at ____ nm.

A) 308
B) 419
C) 531
D) 558

Question 17

 Color matching experiments show that if a person with full color vision is given at least ____ wavelengths to mix together, the person can match any single wavelength.

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five

Question 18

 The trichromatic theory of color vision is also known as the _____ theory.

A) Seurat-Signac
B) Hering
C) Young-Helmholtz
D) Young-Adhart

Question 19

 The reflectance curve for a white piece of paper would reflect _____.

A) mostly short wavelengths, a moderate amount of medium wavelengths, and a little of the long wavelengths
B) mostly long wavelengths, a small amount of medium wavelengths, and a little of the short wavelengths
C) a little of short wavelengths, a large amount of medium wavelengths, and a little of the long wavelengths
D) long, medium and short wavelengths equally

Question 20

 The major theories of color vision were first proposed _____.

A) in the 1800s, based on behavioral evidence only
B) in the 1930s, based on some psychophysical data and lesioning studies
C) in the 1960s after Hubel and Wiesel's pioneering research?
D) in the 1990s when advanced brain imaging studies were conducted

Question 21

 Which of the following statements is TRUE about dichromatism

A) Males are more likely to be dichromats than females.
B) Experience, not genetics, is the major cause of dichromacy.
C) There are six major forms of dichromacy.
D) There are nine major forms of dichromacy.

Question 22

 The principle of _____ helps explain why a person with only one visual pigment can see all wavelengths as the same color (i.e., shade of gray) if light intensity is adjusted appropriately.

A) intensity
B) adjustments
C) univariance
D) unitization

Question 23

 Uchikawa et al. demonstrated how _____ can explain why color constancy occurs.

A) chromatic adaptation
B) the ratio principle?
C) isomerization
D) neural circuitry

Question 24

 A unilateral dichromat _____.

A) has trichromatic vision in one eye and dichromatic vision in the other eye
B) can only see black, white, and grays
C) can match any wavelength with three wavelengths in the comparison field, but is not as good as trichromats at discriminating small differences in wavelengths
D) is more common in the U.S. than protonopes

Question 25

 Physiological evidence shows that deuteranopes do not have the _____ wavelength cone pigment.

A) short
B) medium
C) long
D) short and long

Question 26

 Opponent neurons found in _____ provide physiological support for the opponent-process theory.

A) the retina only
B) the LGN only
C) the superior colliculus only
D) both the retina and LGN

Question 27

 In order to distinguish between wavelengths independent of light intensity, one must have at least _____visual pigment(s).

A) one?
B) two
C) three
D) four

Question 28

 The wavelength distributions from an incandescent light bulb and from sunlight are _____.

A) exactly the same
B) different, with the incandescent light bulb distribution having much higher amounts of energy at long wavelengths
C) different, with the incandescent light bulb distribution having much higher amounts of energy at short wavelengths
D) different, with the sunlight distribution having much higher amounts of energy at long wavelengths

Question 29

 Which statement below best describes the current consensus on the theories of color vision

A) The physiological support for the trichromatic theory is greater than the support for the opponent-process theory.
B) The physiological evidence for the opponent-process theory has shown that the trichromatic theory is incorrect.
C) The psychophysical evidence for the trichromatic theory has shown that the opponent-process theory is incorrect.
D) The physiology of the cone receptors and the discovery of opponent cells in the retina and LGN show that both theories are correct.

Question 30

 A monochromat experiences _____.

A) black, white, and grays
B) black, grays, and greens
C) different shades of red
D) different shades of blue

Question 31

 Hering's support for opponent-process theory was _____ in nature.

A) neurological
B) behavioral
C) physiological
D) phenomenological

Question 32

 Nora adapts to a yellow stimulus for about 30 seconds. She will then see an afterimage that appears to be _____.

A) a saturated yellow
B) green
C) blue
D) red

Question 33

 The rarest form of dichromatism is _____.

A) deuteranopia
B) protanopia
C) tritanopia
D) fruitopia

Question 34

 The neutral point for protonopes is approximately ___ nm.

A) 405
B) 492
C) 570
D) 690

Question 35

 The case of "Mr. I," described in the beginning of the chapter, supports the idea that color is processed in _____.

A) the retina only
B) the LGN only
C) both the retina and LGN
D) a "color center" in the cortex

Question 36

 Cerebral achromatopsia is when a person _____.

A) has only one type of cone pigment due to genetic causes
B) has only two types of cone pigments
C) has normal cone functioning, but cannot experience color due to a brain injury
D) paradoxically can experience color cortically from stimulation from the rods

Question 37

 According to researcher Dorthea Jameson, "A blue bird would not be mistaken for a goldfinch if it were brought indoors." This supports the concept of _____.

A) anomalous trichromacy
B) neutral point univariance?
C) color constancy
D) area centralis

Question 38

 Dr. Lanzilotti wants to create a stimulus that will produce an afterimage of a red heart shape against a white background. He should make the heart _____ and the background _____.

A) red; green
B) green; black
C) blue; white
D) pink; red

Question 39

 Which of the following is an opponent mechanism proposed by Hering

A) Black (+); White (-)
B) Red (+); Green (-)
C) Blue (+); Red (-)
D) Black (-); Yellow (+)

Question 40

 Which of the following is behavioral support for the "opponent-process theory"

A) color afterimages?
B) color matching
C) visual pigment absorption rates
D) the univariance effect

Question 41

 According to the ratio principle, _____.

A) lightness constancy will occur as long as the ratio of light reflected from a white surface and a black surface remain constant?
B) lightness constancy will occur if the ratio of light reflected from a white surface and a black surface increases as the overall light intensity increases
C) lightness constancy will occur if the ratio of light reflected from a white surface and a black surface decreases as the overall light intensity increases
D) lightness constancy cannot occur unless there are pre-existing cortical abnormalities

Question 42

 Describe the phenomenological evidence Hering provided for the opponent-process theory of color vision.

Question 43

 The edge between a dark shadow and an illuminated checkerboard is a(n) _____.

A) reflectance edge
B) illumination edge
C) ratio edge
D) Ishihara border

Question 44

 Evaluate Newton's claim that the light "rays …are not colored."

Question 45

 Mark enters a supermarket that is lit by red lights. After fifteen minutes he enters the produce section and finds some red apples to purchase. Mark is able to see these apples as red because he has undergone _____.

A) chromatic adaptation
B) re-adaption
C) Isomerization
D) corticalization

Question 46

What is the difference between an illumination edge and a reflectance edge
(b) Discuss what the "penumbra" demonstration and the "folded card" demonstration reveal about perception of these types of edges.

Question 47

 If you cover the penumbra with a black marker, the perception of the border _____.

A) remains constant
B) changes from an illumination edge to a reflectance edge
C) changes from a reflectance edge to an illumination edge
D) can be predicted from the ratio principle

Question 48

 Discuss the methods and results of Uchikawa et al.'s (1989) research on chromatic adaptation and color constancy.

Question 49

 Ikya looks at a white surface under sunlight conditions and she perceives it to be white. When she looks at the white surface under a tungsten light, it looks _____ to her.

A) reddish
B) yellowish
C) white
D) violet

Question 50

 Does retinal physiology support the trichromatic theory, opponent-processing theory, or both
Support your answer.

Question 51

 Newton's quote, "The rays …are not colored", means that _____.

A) we can determine the accuracy of color perception by measuring the wavelength of the light
B) colors are created by our perceptual system
C) the experience of color is not arbitrary
D) a 450 nm pattern will look the identical shade of blue to all human trichromats

Question 52

 Contrast the three types of dichromatism with regard to rates of occurrence, neutral points, color experience, and proposed physiological cause.

Question 53

 Bornstein et al. habituated a four-month-old infants to a 510 nm ("green") stimulus, then presented a 480nm ("blue") stimulus or a 540nm ("green") stimulus. The infants in this study dishabituated to _____

A) the 480 nm stimulus only
B) the 540 nm stimulus only
C) both of the 480nm and 540nm stimulus
D) neither the 480 nm nor the 540 nm stimulus

Question 54

 If you look at a folded index card though a pinhole, you see the border as a(n) _____ because the card looks _____.

A) illumination edge; flat
B) illumination edge; 3-D
C) reflectance edge; flat
D) reflectance edge; 3-D

Question 55

 Color constancy works best when _____.

A) surrounding colors are masked
B) chromatic adaptation occurs
C) a color object is surrounded by one other color
D) a color object is surrounded by many different colors

Question 56

 Which of the following is a finding that demonstrates the phenomenon of memory color

A) Participants recall words printed in red ink better than words printed in black ink.
B) Participants can quickly identify the word "blue" if printed in blue ink.
C) Participants have difficulty reporting ink color if the word is the name of a color different than the ink color.
D) Participants perceive a 620-nm pattern as being "redder" if that pattern has the shape of a stop sign rather than a mushroom shape.

Question 57

 The absorption curves for honeybee visual pigments are _____.

A) nearly identical to those of humans
B) shifted downward, so honeybees can see shorter wavelengths than humans can
C) shifted upward, so honeybees can see longer wavelengths than humans can
D) shifted downward for the lowest wavelength lights and shifted upward for the highest

Question 58

 Explain (with examples) the difference between additive color mixture and subtractive color mixture.