Deck 7: Motivation

Question 1

A group of East Asians and Americans have won a contest,and each person is allowed to pick a car from a selection of cars.All cars are of the same make,model,and year.The only thing that differs between them is that they can be one of two colors.Furthermore,there is an extremely unequal proportion between the two colors,making the minority-color very unique.Given this scenario,which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)East Asians will choose their cars randomly.
B)Americans will choose cars with the brightest colors.
C)East Asians will choose unique-colored cars.
D)Americans will choose minority-colored cars.
E)East Asians will choose white cars.

Answer 1

Americans will choose minority-colored cars.

Question 2

Kosuke is a Japanese student who just won a drawing competition.Kent is a Canadian student who also just won a drawing competition.Immediately after the victory,they were asked create another drawing.Compared to Kosuke,what is Kent more likely to do?

A)spend more time drawing than Kosuke
B)stop drawing earlier than Kosuke
C)draw for about the same amount of time as Kosuke
D)spend less time drawing than he would if he hadn't won
E)move on to a different task

Answer 2

spend more time drawing than Kosuke

Question 3

Iyengar and colleagues' work on choice across cultures finds that

A)Asian-Americans prefer a task that an in-group chooses for them more than one that an out-group chooses for them.
B)Euro-Americans and Asian-Americans both prefer to choose a task for themselves than to have someone else choose it for them.
C)Euro-Americans prefer a task if they choose it for themselves,whereas Asian-Americans prefer a task if someone else chooses it for them.
D)Asian-Americans prefer a task that an outgroup chooses for them more than do Euro-Americans.
E)Asian-Americans prefer to make choices for others rather than for themselves,whereas Euro-Americans have no such preference.

Answer 3

Asian-Americans prefer a task that an in-group chooses for them more than one that an out-group chooses for them.

Question 4

Which of the following would be an example of secondary control?

A)You work hard at your studies in the beginning of the term so that you don't have such a busy time at the end of the term.
B)You try to convince your friends that they should move their planned hiking trip to the following weekend because that would fit better with your schedule.
C)You convince yourself that taking the bus to work isn't so bad after all.
D)You return the sweater that you just bought because you decide it doesn't look very good on you.
E)You start showing up at work before your boss does in an effort to get a raise.

Question 5

In a study,five people are asked to taste test three dishes,one of which tastes like garbage.They must then judge which dish was the best.However,four of the people are confederates and are told to always say that the garbage dish is the best.The real participant (the fifth person)is then asked to give his or her judgment.This study is done in both an individualistic and a collectivistic culture.Based on the results obtained using Asch's paradigm across cultures,what do you expect to happen in this case?

A)Participants from the individualistic culture would most likely not say that the garbage dish is the best one.
B)Participants from both cultures would be equally likely to say that the garbage dish is the best one.
C)Participants from the individualistic culture would be more likely to say that the garbage dish is the best one if the first four participants were friends.
D)A lot of participants from the individualistic culture would say that the garbage dish is the best one,but even more participants from the collectivistic culture would say the same.
E)No participants from either culture would say that the garbage dish is the best one.

Question 6

One frozen yogurt parlor has 10 flavors from which to choose (Parlor X),and another parlor has more than 100 flavors (Parlor Z).You ask people to choose which one they want to go to.Which of the following is most indicative of people's preference,given the research on choices as described in the textbook?

A)Americans,like people from other Western cultures,would always prefer to go Parlor Z.
B)Europeans prefer Parlor Z more than do Americans.
C)Although Americans may say that they prefer Parlor Z,they actually would have a more difficult time choosing a flavor from Parlor Z than from Parlor X .
D)Americans would prefer it if their significant others choose for them.
E)Europeans would have no preference for either parlor.

Question 7

Group-enhancing biases are

A)more pronounced among East Asians than Westerners.
B)more pronounced among Native Americans than Euro-Americans.
C)more pronounced among Westerners than East Asians.
D)weaker than self-enhancing biases for people from all cultures.
E)evident with equal levels in all cultures.

Question 8

Working-class and upper-middle-class Americans differ in that

A)working-class Americans are happier than upper-middle-class Americans.
B)although working-class Americans do not have as many choices available to them,they desire choice,and respond to choices made by others,in the same way that upper-middle-class Americans do.
C)upper-middle-class Americans employ more primary and more secondary control than do working-class Americans.
D)working-class Americans use more primary control than upper-middle-class Americans,but there is no difference in use of secondary control.
E)working-class Americans respond to a choice being taken away from them better than do upper-middle-class Americans.

Question 9

Which of the following was NOT a belief to emerge from the Protestant Reformation?

A)People have an individualized relationship with God.
B)People are inherently good.
C)It has been decided,before someone is born,whether he or she will go to heaven or to hell.
D)People have a specific purpose to fulfill during their lives.
E)People must work hard at their calling.

Question 10

A study comparing Protestant and non-Protestant students in their interactions with a confederate found that

A)Protestant men held more detached relational styles than non-Protestant men,regardless of condition.
B)Protestant men did not work as hard at the task compared with non-Protestant men.
C)Protestant men worked harder at the task than non-Protestants when it was a fun task,but the two groups did not differ in their work when it was a serious work task.
D)Protestant men maintained a more detached relational style than non-Protestant men in a serious work task,but not in a fun task.
E)None of these statements are true.

Question 11

Which of the following statements is true of "face"?

A)People can increase their face by focusing on their positive qualities.
B)All people have roughly the same amount of face.
C)Face is more easily lost than it is gained.
D)Face is negatively correlated with self-esteem.
E)None of these statements are true.

Question 12

How is the Protestant Reformation relevant to the question of why Westerners self-enhance so much?

A)The Christian doctrine that all of God's creations should be respected requires that people respect themselves and come to view themselves in unrealistically positive terms.
B)Because God loves everybody,it follows that people should also love themselves.
C)Catholicism emphasizes confession,which involves a recognition of one's faults.The shift to Protestantism led Protestants to avoid thinking about their faults.
D)People are motivated to believe that they are predestined to go to heaven,and this leads them to interpret their behavior in an unrealistically positive light.
E)None of these statements are relevant.

Question 13

Several real estate agents have been convicted of several counts of real estate fraud.Which of the following is the most plausible reaction from American and Japanese news outlets?

A)Japanese newspapers are likelier than American ones to recommend strong punishment of the agents.
B)Japanese newspapers are likelier than American ones to view the real estate companies to be at fault.
C)Japanese newspapers are likelier than American ones to predict similar events will happen in the future.
D)Japanese newspapers are likelier than American ones to remove their assets from the companies involved.
E)Japanese newspapers are likelier than American ones to perceive the agents as having exercised choice.

Question 14

Research conducted on East and West Germany found that

A)West Germans employed more secondary control strategies than did East Germans.
B)although they had fewer choices available to them,East Germans were happier than West Germans.
C)East Germans preferred having choices made for them by their governments,whereas West Germans preferred having choices made for them by their families.
D)East Germans showed more achievement motivation than did West Germans.
E)None of these statements are true.

Question 15

You are an executive for a Korean advertising agency,and you have been asked to create a TV commercial for a new condominium,targeting people from Korea.Based on Kim and Markus' research on advertisements in Korea and the United States,which of the following would you most likely use in your commercial?

A)"No need for stockpiled money-Condo X is cheap and affordable!"
B)"Condo X-there's nothing else quite like it."
C)"The architecture of this condo blends in well with the buildings surrounding it."
D)"This condo was designed by an architect who has a unique style."
E)"Need a place to live? Try our condo!"

Question 16

Raquel habitually engages in self-enhancement.She recently did badly on a sociology exam.Which of the following would you NOT expect her to do?

A)disregard the importance of sociology
B)blame her poor performance on her professor for not writing a fair exam
C)think about how the student with the lowest score in class did
D)focus on how other classmates from her track and field team did really well
E)compare herself with how the best student in her class did

Question 17

You are a teacher who assesses your students' science knowledge by having them play one of many science games available on the computer,so you want them to take this task seriously.Your class is comprised fully of Asian-American and Euro-American children.How would you maximize their motivation to play these science games?

A)allow all the children to choose the game that they want
B)let other classmates choose the game for the Asian-American students,but let the Euro-American students choose for themselves
C)let the Asian-American children's mothers choose the game for them,and let the Euro-American children's classmates choose for them
D)let the Euro-American students choose for themselves,and ask students from another school choose for the Asian-American students
E)let both the Euro-American and Asian-American parents choose for their children

Question 18

Working-class Americans appear to differ from upper-middle-class Americans in that

A)working-class Americans,but not upper-middle-class Americans,prefer not to choose their own pens than to be able to choose them.
B)working-class Americans,but not upper-middle-class Americans,liked a pen that they did not choose as much as one that they did choose.
C)working-class Americans prefer fewer pen choices than upper-middle-class Americans.
D)working-class Americans prefer choices regarding their efforts,whereas upper-middle-class Americans prefer choices regarding their lifestyles.
E)None of these statements are true.

Question 19

Sanchez-Burks' study of relational styles and work found that

A)Protestants work harder,regardless of condition,than non-Protestants.
B)Protestants work harder than non-Protestants,but only when they are reminded of their religion.
C)Protestants work as hard as non-Protestants;however,they do so without attending to their relationships,regardless of condition.
D)Protestants attend less to relationships than non-Protestants when engaged in a work task.
E)Protestants have less fun than non-Protestants when engaged in a casual task.

Question 20

A person is building a road to connect two towns,but the road is stopped by a mountain.The person can either build the road so that it follows the side of the mountain and continues on from the other side,or the person can just tunnel through the mountain.This person decides that people shouldn't get pushed around by nature,so decides to tunnel through the mountain.Which of the following terms best describes this way of thinking?

A)secondary control
B)self-enhancement
C)maintaining face
D)self-serving bias
E)incremental theory of the world

Question 21

A Catholic and a Protestant walk into a bar.Their names are Jon and Jack,respectively.They start discussing everything from social issues to psychological research.They agree that they have many similarities and differences.Based on the textbook's research on Catholics and Protestants,which of the following is likely similar or different between the two of them?

A)Both Jon and Jack equally find overweight people to be lazy.
B)Jack is much more individualistic than Jon.
C)Jon has a high-status nonmanual occupation,while Jack doesn't.
D)Jack is more accepting of overweight people than Jon.
E)Jon was self-reliant at a much younger age than Jack.

Question 22

If a person basks in the reflected glory of their group,which of the following is most likely?

A)The person will not engage in self-serving biases.
B)The person has a stronger endowment effect than East Asians would exhibit.
C)The person has a prevention orientation.
D)The person has an entity theory of the world.
E)The person is not someone who engages in self-enhancement.

Question 23

Which combination of different ways of thinking is most conducive to developing learned helplessness?

A)low entity theory of the self;high primary control
B)high self-esteem;high need for many choices
C)high tendency to engage in self-serving biases;low in ability to exert secondary control
D)high entity theory of the world;low in ability to exert primary control
E)low incremental theory of the self;low entity theory of the world

Question 24

Claudia and Hideki are math students.Claudia has a promotion orientation,whereas Hideki has a prevention orientation.What is the best way to make them both continue to put in effort to learn math?

A)Give both students a very difficult math test that's rigged to make them do poorly.
B)Give both students a very easy math test that's rigged to make them do well.
C)Give Claudia a very easy math test so she's rigged to do well,but give Hideki a very difficult math test so he's rigged to do poorly.
D)Give Claudia a very difficult math test so she's rigged to do poorly,but give Hideki a very easy math test so he's rigged to do well.
E)Give both students a very easy math test,but don't tell them their scores.

Question 25

Ichiro,a Japanese student,wants to sell his used book that he's had for a decade.Kent,an American student,wants to sell the exact same book,which he has also owned for a decade.They price their respective books depending on how much they think the book is worth.The book itself is valued at $50.Which of the following best predicts what the two price tags will most likely be?

A)Ichiro: $50;Kent: $50
B)Ichiro: $20;Kent: $15
C)Ichiro: $60;Kent: $50
D)Ichiro: $70;Kent: $20
E)Ichiro: $30;Kent $60

Question 26

Which of the following people would you expect to feel the need to maintain "face"?

A)"I go along with what other people want to do,and make myself enjoy it."
B)"I really like to make myself feel good about myself."
C)"I prefer to avoid negative outcomes from happening."
D)"I can't change who I am-I am who I am."
E)"I like to compare myself with those who are worse off than I am."

Question 27

What is one distinction between "predestination" and "calling"?

A)They are synonyms of each other.
B)"Predestination" refers to a goal that one works toward in one's lifetime;"calling" refers to the way by which one achieves the goal.
C)"Predestination" refers to the fact that one is preordained to go to heaven;"calling" refers to how the person gets to go to heaven.
D)"Predestination" refers to when one will die;"calling" refers to what a person does in life to prepare for his or her death.
E)"Predestination" refers to something after death;"calling" refers to something before death.

Question 28

Your friend does not engage in self-enhancing.Your friend also just failed a chemistry test.Based on the biases that self-enhancers have,which of the following is your friend NOT likely to say?

A)"Even though I failed this chemistry test,I can still do well in physics."
B)"I failed this chemistry test,so I have to study even harder in this class."
C)"This test was fair;I just did not work hard enough."
D)"Chemistry is still very important to me."
E)"Lex did so well! I need to work to be more like him."

Question 29

Which of the following would be the best example of primary control?

A)You and your friends decide as a group to spend a day at the amusement park.
B)You choose to paint your house yellow after your partner tells you about her strong preference for yellow.
C)You cook spaghetti and meatballs because your parents are in town and it's their favorite dish.
D)You return a computer game to the local computer store because it didn't excite you as much as you wanted it to.
E)You buy a dog as a pet.

Question 30

Which of the following statements about self-esteem is most accurate?

A)There is very little variation in self-esteem across cultures.
B)In interdependent cultures,interdependence is negatively related to self-esteem,whereas in independent cultures,interdependence is positively related to self-esteem.
C)Independence is positively related to self-esteem.
D)Interdependence is positively related to self-esteem.
E)Self-esteem is higher among children than adults in Eastern cultures;however,self-esteem is higher among adults than children in Western cultures.