Deck 6: Self and Personality

Question 1

Incremental theories of the self are

A)more common among East Asians than Westerners.
B)associated with an emphasis on IQ tests as a means to assess students.
C)very unusual in the context of the world's cultures.
D)associated with less effort in the face of failures.
E)associated with greater subjective well-being.

Answer 1

more common among East Asians than Westerners.

Question 2

Yuan,a Chinese mother,and Alexis,a Euro-Canadian mother,both decided to read their children's diaries.How might the memories of Yuan's child differ from the memories of Alexis' child?

A)Yuan's child has more positive memories than Alexis' child,if the memories include other people.
B)The memories of Alexis' child have more third-person imagery than the memories of Yuan's child.
C)The memories of Yuan's child seem to be more consistent and similar to each other than the memories of Alexis' child.
D)The memories of Alexis' child seem to be filled with scenarios in which he is by himself.
E)The memories of Yuan's child have more third-person imagery in which she is the center of attention than the memories of Alexis' child.

Answer 2

The memories of Yuan's child have more third-person imagery in which she is the center of attention than the memories of Alexis' child.

Question 3

Participants are sitting in their own separate testing rooms and have been asked to write statements about what they think about themselves.After a while,a mirror magically appears on a wall in each room.Comparing their self-descriptions before and after the mirror appeared,how much they differ?

A)Participants from all cultures become more self-critical after the mirror appeared.
B)American participants viewed themselves more positively before the mirror appeared,and Japanese participants viewed themselves more negatively after the mirror showed up.
C)American participants viewed themselves more negatively after the mirror appeared,and Japanese participants viewed themselves more positively after the mirror appeared.
D)American participants viewed themselves more negatively after the mirror appeared,and Japanese participants did not change their views after the mirror appeared.
E)Participants from all cultures viewed themselves more positively after the mirror appeared.

Answer 3

American participants viewed themselves more negatively after the mirror appeared,and Japanese participants did not change their views after the mirror appeared.

Question 4

When completing the Twenty-Statements Test,people from non-Western cultures,in contrast with people from Western cultures,are likelier to put down which of the following?

A)"I am a charitable person."
B)"I am a karate student."
C)"I am very hungry."
D)"I am always very generous."
E)"I am someone who likes to eat."

Question 5

Jaden has a strong sense of his own identity,and does not see any sort of divide between strangers he's just met and his family members.What is this characteristic of?

A)incremental theory of self
B)entity theory of self
C)interdependent view of self
D)independent theory of self
E)objective awareness of self

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality traits?

A)openness to experience
B)autonomy
C)neuroticism
D)extraversion
E)conscientiousness

Question 7

According to research using the Sex Role Inventory,which of the following situations does NOT agree with the research findings?

A)Poland,a primarily Christian country,has more egalitarian gender values than Azerbaijan,a primarily Muslim country.
B)Uruguay,a country south of the equator,has more egalitarian gender values than Eritrea,a country north of the equator.
C)Mahalapye,a rural township,has less egalitarian gender values than Bobirwa,an urban city.
D)Kiribati,a collectivistic society,has less egalitarian gender values than Nauru,a society that is more individualistic than Kiribati.
E)All of these statements agree with the research findings.

Question 8

You work for an international charity foundation and are in charge of seeking donations from Americans and Poles.Based on Cialdini's research,which of the following would you use to secure the most donations from the two populations?

A)Use the foot-in-the-door technique because it is a powerful technique with both Poles and Americans.
B)Ask Americans for more money because they are more easily influenced than Poles.
C)Remind Americans of their past donations,but remind Poles of their peers' donations.
D)Do not use the door-in-the-face technique because it does not work with either Americans or Poles.
E)Ask Americans for more money because they like to donate more than Poles do.

Question 9

Ambrose has an independent self,and Hayden has an interdependent self.Which of the following is TRUE about Hayden?

A)He draws a weaker distinction between a stranger at the bus stop and his brother.
B)He feels that his identity is based largely on his sense that he's an outgoing and extraverted person.
C)He acts the same way regardless of the context or situation.
D)He is more motivated to be different and unique from others.
E)He activates the same brain regions when thinking about himself and his mother,whereas Ambrose doesn't.

Question 10

Which of the following was NOT found in Suh's research on Koreans and Americans?

A)Koreans describe themselves more differently across situations than Americans.
B)Koreans who are more consistent across situations have lower subjective well-being than Koreans who are less consistent.
C)Consistent Americans are viewed as more likable than inconsistent Americans.
D)Consistent Americans are viewed as having more social skills than inconsistent Americans.
E)More benefits can be gained when Americans are consistent than when Koreans are consistent.

Question 11

Given Bosterup's thesis about agricultural methods centuries ago affecting gender attitudes now,what is this type of relationship between agricultural methods and gender attitudes an example of?

A)power distance
B)distal cause
C)vertical collectivism
D)evoked culture
E)entity theory of self

Question 12

Comparisons of men and women from East Asia and the United States reveal that

A)the most individualistic people are Asian males.
B)gender is not related to any factors underlying individualism and collectivism.
C)women and men are similar in most factors underlying individualism and collectivism.
D)sex differences in the various factors underlying individualism and collectivism are larger than cultural differences.
E)women,in general,are collectivistic.

Question 13

A group of Japanese and North Americans are in a restaurant late at night.Some people ordered for themselves,and some people ordered for friends who had not yet arrived.Because the restaurant was about to close,it ran out of everything they ordered.Instead,they had to choose between the only two dishes that remained,both of which were deemed to be average dishes by everyone.Which of the following is the most likely to result from this scenario?

A)Only the North Americans would end up liking the "average dish" they picked more than the "average dish" that they didn't pick.
B)The Japanese would not care which one they picked.
C)The Japanese would end up liking the "average dish" they picked more than the "average dish" that they didn't pick,even more so than the North Americans.
D)The Japanese would end up liking the "average dish" they picked more than the "average dish" that they didn't pick when ordering for others,whereas North Americans would feel this way when making the choice for themselves.
E)The North Americans would be more disappointed in the choice that they made,and would regret having made the choice.

Question 14

When Americans and Japanese evaluate themselves in front of a mirror,

A)Americans have more positive views of themselves than they normally do.
B)Japanese have more positive views of themselves than they normally do.
C)Americans have more negative views of themselves than they normally do.
D)Japanese have more negative views of themselves than they normally do.
E)Japanese self-evaluations are more positive than are American self-evaluations.

Question 15

Based on Ma and Schoeneman's study with Americans and Kenyans,which of the following would be expected?

A)Kenyan undergrad: "I am a resourceful person." Kenyan tribesman (e.g. ,the Samburu): "I am a member of an association."
B)All Kenyan populations: "I am a resourceful person."
C)American undergrad: "I am a thoughtful person." Kenyan undergrad: "I am a member of an association."
D)All Samburu: "I am a charitable person."
E)All Kenyan populations: "I am a member of group X."

Question 16

The most collectivistic regions of the United States are

A)the Mountain West and the Midwest.
B)Alaska and the South.
C)the West Coast and the East Coast.
D)Hawaii and Utah.
E)Arizona and New Mexico.

Question 17

The Big Five personality traits

A)are only clearly observed in Western cultural contexts.
B)do not vary significantly in magnitude across cultures.
C)are believed to be unique to humans.
D)emerge identically across cultures,regardless of what language the trait terms are derived from.
E)None of these statements are true.

Question 18

Why do motivations for self-consistency appear weaker among East Asians than among Westerners?

A)Westerners who are consistent earn more money than those who are not.
B)East Asian parents tend to punish their children when they act consistently.
C)In the West,self-consistency correlates more strongly with subjective well-being and with being liked by others than it does in East Asia.
D)East Asians tend to complete self-report scales with more extreme opinions than do Westerners.
E)Motivations for self-consistency are not weaker among East Asians than among Westerners.

Question 19

Mr.X is a member of a stamp-collecting group.He cares a great deal about this group and identifies highly with it.Which of the following most likely characterizes Mr.X?

A)He has high self-esteem.
B)He has a consistent self-concept.
C)He is from a Western cultural context.
D)He has lived in the same residence all his life.
E)He has an objective awareness of self.

Question 20

One difference between Americans and Hindu Indians is that

A)in the United States the male identity is essentialized,whereas among Hindu Indians the female identity is essentialized.
B)in the United States the female identity is essentialized,whereas among Hindu Indians the male identity is essentialized.
C)in the United States both male and female identities are essentialized,whereas among Hindu Indians only the female identity is essentialized.
D)in the United States neither male nor female identities are essentialized,whereas among Hindu Indians the male identity is essentialized.
E)in the United States both male and female identities are essentialized,whereas among Hindu Indians the male identity is essentialized,but only among children.

Question 21

Your friend recently entered a few chess competitions,but lost them all really badly.If he has an entity theory of self,what is he most likely to do?

A)put in a lot of work to overcome his weaknesses
B)chalk up the losses as being due to bad luck
C)think he has bad chess "genes"
D)review video of his matches to find his mistakes
E)question the fairness of the matches

Question 22

Xing scores high on the Chinese personality trait of "dependability." Based on Cheung,Cheung,Leung,Ward,and Leong's findings about Chinese personality constructs,what would Xing's "dependability" score be correlated with?

A)social responsibility
B)agreeableness
C)relatedness
D)neuroticism
E)social potency

Question 23

You meet a new Chinese friend,Huang.You find that Huang is responsible,optimistic,and trustworthy.After having just learned about Chinese personality constructs in class,you decided to figure out which construct he scores highly on.Which of the following constructs best encompasses the three traits that you know about Huang?

A)interpersonal relatedness
B)dependability
C)extraversion
D)agreeableness
E)conscientiousness

Question 24

Research on consistency motivations in Poland and the United States reveals that

A)Americans and Poles show no difference in their consistency motivations.
B)Americans show stronger temporal consistency motives,whereas Poles show stronger contextual consistency motives.
C)Americans show stronger self-consistency motives,whereas Poles show stronger peer-consistency motives.
D)Americans show stronger self-consistency and contextual consistency motives.
E)Poles show stronger temporal consistency and contextual consistency motives.

Question 25

You are chatting with a stranger in a coffee shop.Every time you ask him something about himself,he talks about associations he belongs to and clubs he has joined.He rarely talks about his own attributes.Which of the following best describes him?

A)individualistic
B)incremental theory of self
C)interdependent view of self
D)high residential mobility
E)high dependability

Question 26

You are introduced to a person who is said to have an independent view of self.Based on Markus and Kitayama's model,which of the following would you least expect the person to say?

A)"I love playing hockey."
B)"I am a responsible person."
C)"I'm a member of a ballet dance group."
D)"I am my own person and am not defined by others."
E)"I am hungry."

Question 27

Jack was talking to his friend Jane about all his positive characteristics.In the middle of the conversation,he took a prescription pill for a sore throat.This pill had an interesting side effect-it altered the way Jack thinks.After taking the pill,he no longer talked about his positive characteristics;instead,he talked about how he needed to improve on his shortcomings,and the disappointment that his mother has about many of his qualities.Which of the following most accurately characterizes the side effect of this pill?

A)It made him more interdependent.
B)It gave him more subjective self-awareness.
C)It made him more independent.
D)It reduced his feelings of inconsistency.
E)It gave him more objective self-awareness.

Question 28

You've saved up a lot of money over the last few years and have decided to travel the world.In interacting with people from different cultures all over the world,which of the following are you most likely to find?

A)The Big Five factors of personality are found in all cultures.
B)The Big Five only emerges reliably in cultures characterized by independent views of self.
C)You find that the only trait that emerges reliably across all cultures is neuroticism.
D)The only trait of the Big Five that does not emerge reliably across cultures is neuroticism.
E)Western cultures have a number of personality factors in addition to the Big Five that are not found in cultures characterized by interdependent views of self.

Question 29

Based on Ma and Schoeneman's study with Americans' and Kenyans' self-descriptions,which of the following is the most accurate in describing the Samburu?

A)collectivistic
B)subjective self-awareness
C)independent view of the self
D)entity theory of the self
E)scores highly in "social potency"

Question 30

One thing that the findings from research by Kashima and colleagues contrasting men and women reveals is that

A)women tend to have self-concepts more like Asians,whereas men have self-concepts more like Westerners.
B)women have more collectivistic self-views than Westerners.
C)men score higher on assertiveness than women.
D)men and women score similarly on agency.
E)men and women score similarly on relatedness.