Deck 5: Development and Socialization

Question 1

What can be said about sensitive windows for language acquisition?

A)Children do not start to acquire any language input before the age of one year.
B)People can learn to speak languages equally well,regardless of age of acquisition.
C)Some aspects of language,such as accents,do not show any evidence for sensitive windows for acquisition.
D)People who are raised bilingually have two distinct language centers in their brain that do not overlap.
E)Learning a sign language is subject to a similar sensitive window constraint as learning a spoken language.

Answer 1

Learning a sign language is subject to a similar sensitive window constraint as learning a spoken language.

Question 2

Which of the following statements about the relationships between authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles is true?

A)Both lead the child to be psychologically maladjusted.
B)Authoritative parenting uses more democratic reasoning than does authoritarian parenting.
C)Authoritarian parenting and authoritative parenting involve similar levels of parental warmth.
D)Authoritative parenting makes the child less happy than authoritarian parenting.
E)Both help the child to be psychologically well adjusted.

Answer 2

Authoritative parenting uses more democratic reasoning than does authoritarian parenting.

Question 3

The Westermarcks,a large American family with growing sons and daughters,need to build a new house,and are particularly concerned about making appropriate sleeping arrangements.Based on Shweder and colleagues' research,which moral principle will the family consider the most important?

A)hierarchy maintenance
B)female chastity anxiety
C)incest avoidance
D)protection of the vulnerable
E)the autonomy ideal

Answer 3

incest avoidance

Question 4

American and Chinese children were recruited for a study.All children were either thirteen years old or five years old.They were first told that a child was happy every day the past week;then they were asked to predict the likelihood that the child would be happy tomorrow.To analyze the data,researchers matched 13-year-old American children's responses to those of the 13-year-old Chinese children.The same was done with the 5-year-old children's responses.Which of the following would be most likely to occur with this analysis?

A)Everyone would equally likely predict that the child would continue to be happy tomorrow.
B)Everyone would equally likely predict that the child would be much less happy tomorrow.
C)Chinese children would predict that the child would continue to be happy tomorrow;American children would predict that the child would be much less happy tomorrow.
D)The difference in predicted likelihood between Chinese and American children has a consistent magnitude throughout the age groups.
E)The difference in predicted likelihood between Chinese and American children is much greater for the 13-year-olds than for the 5-year-olds.

Question 5

Two parents are trying to plan sleeping arrangements for their three children: a 15-year-old daughter,a 3-year-old son,and a 2-year-old daughter.They decide that the 2-year-old would sleep alone,while the 15-year-old and the 3-year-old would sleep in the same room.The parents would sleep separately.According to this arrangement,which of the following principles was violated?

A)respect for hierarchy
B)female chastity anxiety
C)incest avoidance
D)the sacred couple
E)protection of the vulnerable

Question 6

Research with infants and the perception of phonemes reveals that

A)very young infants cannot distinguish between two phonemes from an unfamiliar language,whereas older infants can distinguish them.
B)from birth,infants slowly accumulate a growing number of phonemes that they can recognize,until they have learned all of the phonemes in their language.
C)the lack of exposure to a language can lead people to be unable to distinguish between two phonemes from that language as they get older.
D)1-year-old infants can distinguish between two phonemes from an unfamiliar language,whereas 6-year-olds cannot.
E)infants from one language group cannot understand the phonemes used by an unfamiliar language group.

Question 7

The Blurgs,an alien family from Neptune,want to build a new house.This family consists of a father,a mother,a 20-year-old son,a 10-year-old son,and a baby daughter.When deciding on sleeping arrangements,the people of Neptune greatly value respect for hierarchy,as defined by Shweder and colleagues in their study examining cultural differences between the Americans and Indians in sleeping arrangements.Which of the following most accurately reflects this value?

A)The parents sleep in their own room while the children all sleep in the same room.
B)The oldest person in the family gets a room to him/herself.
C)The younger brother decides to sleep in the same room as the older brother.
D)Everyone sleeps in his or her own room.
E)The older brother sleeps in his own room.

Question 8

Jack and Jill are two parents who place great emphasis on the value of the sacred couple.They also have a postpubescent son,a prepubescent daughter,and a toddler son.What sleeping arrangement are they most likely going to have?

A)Everyone sleeps in his or her own room.
B)They would sleep with the toddler son in one room,the other son and daughter in another room.
C)They would sleep in the same room,separate from their children.
D)The parents sleep in the same room as the daughter;the two sons sleep in the same room.
E)The mother and daughter share one room,and the father and sons share another room.

Question 9

The Parkers are an American family planning for how their family members will be sleeping.The moral value that will NOT be reflected in their sleeping arrangements is

A)protection of the vulnerable.
B)incest avoidance.
C)the autonomy ideal.
D)the sacred couple.
E)All of these are values reflected in American sleeping arrangements.

Question 10

Wan-Ying wants to use the jiào xun type of parenting on her child.What is she NOT likely to do?

A)devote lots of time to nurture her child's musical talents
B)show her child that he must bow when speaking to his grandparents
C)try to ensure that her child steers away from socially undesirable behaviors
D)allow her child to play games,while watching him like a hawk
E)watch her child closely while he does his homework

Question 11

Shweder and colleagues found that Indian parents are more likely to sleep in the same room with their children than are American parents.Given their studies,which of these is the most compelling explanation for their results?

A)American houses have more rooms than Indian ones.
B)Americans are more fearful of smothering their babies by rolling on top of them.
C)Americans are more concerned about avoiding incest.
D)Americans place more value on providing parents with exclusive sleeping space.
E)Indian parents place more value on the moral good of interpersonal harmony.

Question 12

Which of the following is/are accessibility universals?

A)noun biases
B)the "terrible twos"
C)protection of the vulnerable
D)adolescent rebellion
E)incest avoidance

Question 13

Shawna,a mother from the United Kingdom,is trying to determine which parenting style she should use with her child to maximize the child's school achievement,autonomy,and self-reliance.According to Baumrind's typology as found among Western samples,which parenting style should she use?

A)Tiger Mom parenting
B)jiào xun parenting
C)permissive parenting
D)authoritarian parenting
E)authoritative parenting

Question 14

As a parent,Leslie thinks that he should place as few restrictions on his children as possible,and give them the warmth and responsiveness that children need.What parenting style is this indicative of?

A)authoritative parenting
B)permissive parenting
C)authoritarian parenting
D)jiào xun
E)None of these are the parenting style described.

Question 15

Lee Hom and Eason are 25-year-old Hong Kong natives who have recently moved to Canada after having lived in Hong Kong all their lives.Based on research into a sensitive period for cultural adjustment,which of the following best characterizes their adjustment to Canada?

A)The longer they stay in Canada,the more they identify with being Canadian.
B)The longer they stay in Canada,the less they identify with being Canadian.
C)The shorter their stay in Canada,the more they identify with being Canadian.
D)There is no relationship between how long they stay in Canada and how much they identify with being Canadian.
E)The younger they are when they move to Canada,the more they identify with being Chinese.

Question 16

Which of the following statements is true about parent-child interactions across cultures?

A)Children in every culture lead their interactions with their mothers,and their mothers play a supporting role.
B)Children in every culture see themselves as relational beings and respond to their mothers.
C)Urban European mothers generally have less face-to-face contact with their infants than do rural mothers.
D)Urban European mothers spend less time in physical contact with their infants,as compared with rural mothers.
E)Mothers from all cultures spend at least half of their time in contact with their infants.

Question 17

Xing,a Chinese stockbroker,and Joe,a Canadian stockbroker,are being asked to predict the trend of a stock that has been gaining value for the past three years.Xing likely thinks the stock will _____________,and Joe likely thinks the stock will _____________.

A)continue to go up;continue to go up
B)continue to go up;go down
C)go down;continue to go up
D)go down;go down
E)make your professor rich;bankrupt your professor

Question 18

The Singhs,an Indian family,are trying to decide on room arrangements for a new house that they are building.Which of the following moral principles is likely to be the LEAST important for this family?

A)protection of the vulnerable
B)the sacred couple
C)female chastity anxiety
D)respect for hierarchy
E)incest avoidance

Question 19

Korean differs from English in that English has an /f/ and a /p/ phoneme,whereas Korean lacks the /f/ phoneme.To many Koreans,these two phonemes sound the same.Applying what is discussed in the textbook about language acquisition to Ji-su,a Korean,which of the following would you most likely expect to occur?

A)If Ji-su learns English,Korean and English will both be represented in separate,non-overlapping areas in the brain up to a certain age.
B)Ji-su will be able to perceive the difference between /f/ and /p/ up to a certain age.
C)Ji-su can learn to master English grammar,but will not be able to perceive /f/ and /p/ differently,regardless of age of acquisition.
D)Ji-su will have Korean and English both represented in the same area in the brain.
E)Ji-su can learn to perceive the difference between /f/ and /p/ well,regardless of age of acquisition.

Question 20

In what way does exposure to a language at a young age affect our abilities to discriminate between different sounds?

A)Infants have poor ability to distinguish between similar phonemes;however,with exposure in their first year of life,they learn how to make distinctions between sounds in their own languages.
B)Infants have the ability to distinguish between similar phonemes;however,starting from the age of six years old,they begin to have difficulty distinguishing between similar phonemes that are not in their own language.
C)People who grew up speaking different languages may differ in their perceptions of some consonants,but not in terms of their perceptions of some vowels.
D)Infants as young as one year differ in their perception of some phonemes compared with those raised to speak a different language.
E)Infants perceive sound categories categorically,but later lose those categories with repeated exposure to the first language.

Question 21

A 7-year-old East Asian child is likely to have all of the following EXCEPT a(n)

A)lack of family cohesion from strong parental control.
B)tendency not to meet his or her mother's expectations for school.
C)inability to distinguish all human phonemes.
D)expectation of nonlinear trends.
E)desk at home.

Question 22

Compare and contrast authoritarian parenting and authoritative parenting,making sure to include associated parental attributes.

Question 23

Which of the following does NOT explain why children at East Asian schools tend to do better at math than children at American schools?

A)East Asian mothers spend more time teaching their kids math before their kids start kindergarten.
B)East Asian students are at school for more hours per year than American children.
C)East Asian mothers tend to demand higher standards of achievement than American mothers.
D)East Asian teachers tend to use more concrete examples when teaching math than American teachers.
E)East Asian children get more math homework than American children.

Question 24

The term "noun bias" means that

A)people describe themselves more with nouns than with adjectives.
B)the first words children learn tend to be nouns rather than other kinds of words.
C)people attend more to nouns than to other words in conversations.
D)nouns can be dropped in many languages,while still preserving the meaning of a sentence.
E)East Asian children tend to remember nouns better than do North American children.

Question 25

Kosuke is a 3-year-old Japanese boy who scores a 3 out of 7 on a measure of interdependence.Jeremy is a 3-year-old American boy who also scores a 3 out of 7 on a measure of interdependence.In general,the Japanese are more interdependent than Americans.Draw a graph to predict how each child's score on the measure of interdependence will change (or not change)as he or she gets older (until age eighteen).

Question 26

Vladimir,Vassily,and Valentina are three siblings who immigrated with their parents to Canada from Russia.At the time of immigration,Vladimir was four,Vassily was eighteen,and Valentina was twenty.Based on research by Cheung,Chudek,and Heine regarding sensitive periods,draw a graph predicting how each sibling's identification with Canadian culture will change as he or she spends more years in Canada?

Question 27

Xiao,a 7-year-old Chinese child,and Jess,a 7-year-old American child,are each listening to an audio tape in their individual rooms.At one point,the audio on both tapes gets covered by static.Xiao and Jess are asked to guess what was said.Which of the following is the likeliest to happen?

A)They both guess that the inaudible part refers to a noun.
B)Xiao guesses that the inaudible part refers to a verb;Jess guesses that the inaudible part refers to a noun.
C)Xiao guesses that the inaudible part refers to a noun;Jess guesses that the inaudible part refers to a verb.
D)They both guess that the inaudible part refers to a verb.
E)There is no reason to expect that their guesses would either be the same or different.

Question 28

Shuang is a Chinese mother.Compared with Shuang,Alex,an American mother,is more likely to

A)lead interactions with her children.
B)introduce topics.
C)acknowledge her children's perspectives.
D)discuss her children's failures.
E)focus on relationships in discussions with her child.

Question 29

You overhear a mother talking about her adolescent son being rebellious,but she does not seem bothered by his rebelliousness.Instead,she says that it is a universal phenomenon that adolescents are rebellious.Do you agree or disagree? Please justify your response with empirical evidence.

Question 30

Yuexi,a Chinese mother,wants to use strong parental control with her child.Based on the textbook,which of the following would most likely NOT occur as a result?

A)Her child feels a lack of family cohesion.
B)Her child is less happy than with less parental control.
C)Her child perceives more parental warmth than with less parental control.
D)Her child has better academic achievement than with less parental control.
E)Her child feels more parental acceptance than with less parental control.

Question 31

According to Stevenson and Stigler's study on cultural differences in math performance at school,if American parents wanted their children to do well in math,what aspect of Chinese parenting should they mimic?

A)provide a desk at home for their children
B)teach their children numbers and math before entering kindergarten
C)give their children less schooling
D)learn how to do math in English
E)let the children set their own learning paces

Question 32

The Randhawa family is an Indian family who just bought a new house with three bedrooms.There are two parents (a mother and a father),a 3-year-old daughter,a 17-year-old (postpubescent)daughter,and a 20-year-old (postpubescent)son.Based only on the values of female chastity anxiety and respect for hierarchy,design a floorplan for their arrangement of bedrooms that satisfies both values.Be sure to note who sleeps in each bedroom.

Question 33

The "terrible twos" is a developmental stage that

A)signals adolescent rebellion later in life.
B)is an existential universal.
C)is a nonuniversal.
D)is an accessibility universal.
E)is a functional universal.

Question 34

Cross-cultural research on math achievement at school reveals that

A)East Asian children perform better than American children on arithmetic but not trigonometry.
B)the cultural differences in math achievement are pronounced in elementary school but largely disappear by the time of high school graduation.
C)East Asian teachers teach more hours per day on average than American teachers.
D)Americans spend more hours on math homework per week than do East Asians.
E)Americans are more satisfied with their math performance than are East Asians.

Question 35

Adolescent rebellion

A)is observed in the vast majority of the world's cultures.
B)is more pronounced in societies with more role distinctions and opportunities.
C)is especially pronounced in collectivistic societies.
D)is universal,although adolescent violence is not.
E)may be seen in different societies,but it serves a different purpose in every culture.