Deck 6: Self and Personality

Question 1

Based on Ma and Schoeneman's study with Americans and Kenyans,which of the following would be expected?

A)Kenyan undergrad: "I am a resourceful person." Kenyan tribesman (e.g. ,the Samburu): "I am a member of an association."
B)All Kenyan populations: "I am a resourceful person."
C)American undergrad: "I am a thoughtful person." Kenyan undergrad: "I am a member of an association."
D)All Samburu: "I am a charitable person."
E)All Kenyan populations: "I am a member of group X."

Answer 1

Kenyan undergrad: "I am a resourceful person." Kenyan tribesman (e.g. ,the Samburu): "I am a member of an association."

Question 2

Comparisons of men and women from East Asia and the United States reveal that

A)the most individualistic people are East Asian males.
B)gender is not related to any factors underlying individualism and collectivism.
C)women and men are similar in most factors underlying individualism and collectivism.
D)sex differences in the various factors underlying individualism and collectivism are larger than cultural differences.
E)men generally score higher on agency than women.

Answer 2

women and men are similar in most factors underlying individualism and collectivism.

Question 3

A group of Japanese and North Americans are in a restaurant late at night.Some people ordered for themselves,and some people ordered for friends who had not yet arrived.Because the restaurant was about to close,it had run out of everything they ordered.Instead,they had to choose between the only two dishes that remained,both of which were deemed to be average dishes by everyone.Which of the following is the most likely to result from this scenario?

A)All would end up liking the "average dish" they picked for themselves more than the "average dish" they did not pick for themselves.
B)The "average dish" that the North Americans would end up liking the least is the one they ordered for themselves.
C)The "average dish" that the Japanese would end up liking more is the one they ordered for themselves compared to the one they did not order for themselves.
D)The "average dish" that the Japanese would end up liking more is the one they ordered for their friends compared to the one they did not order for their friends.
E)The "average dish" that the North Americans would end up liking more is the one they ordered for their friends compared to the one they did not order for their friends.

Answer 3

The "average dish" that the Japanese would end up liking more is the one they ordered for their friends compared to the one they did not order for their friends.

Question 4

The most collectivistic states of the United States are

A)states from the Mountain West and the Midwest.
B)Alaska and the states of the Confederate South.
C)states on the West Coast and the East Coast.
D)Hawaii and Utah.
E)Arizona and New Mexico.

Question 5

Why do motivations for self-consistency appear weaker among East Asians than among Westerners?

A)Westerners who are consistent earn more money than those who are not.
B)East Asian parents tend to punish their children when they act consistently.
C)In the West,self-consistency correlates more strongly with subjective well-being and with being liked by others than it does in East Asia.
D)East Asians tend to complete self-report scales with more extreme opinions than do Westerners.
E)Motivations for self-consistency are not weaker among East Asians than among Westerners.

Question 6

Foot-in-the-door is a persuasion technique whereby the requester makes a relatively small request of a target.Once the target says yes,the requester will make more,and incrementally more costly,requests.This works because people are motivated to be self-consistent.Your friend is a big fan of this technique,and thinks that this sales tactic is equally effective everywhere,no matter where he goes.Based on research by Cialdini and colleagues,is this true or false?

A)True-there are no cultural differences in need for self-consistency,only peer-consistency
B)True-susceptibility to the foot-in-the-door technique is an accessibility universal
C)False-the foot-in-the-door technique would work better in the United States than in Poland
D)False-the foot-in-the-door technique would work better in interdependent cultures than independent cultures
E)False-susceptibility to the foot-in-the-door technique is a cultural invention

Question 7

One difference between Americans and Hindu Indians is that in the United States

A)the male identity is essentialized,whereas among Hindu Indians the female identity is essentialized.
B)the female identity is essentialized,whereas among Hindu Indians the male identity is essentialized.
C)both male and female identities are essentialized,whereas among Hindu Indians only the female identity is essentialized.
D)neither male nor female identities are essentialized,whereas among Hindu Indians the male identity is essentialized.
E)both male and female identities are essentialized,whereas among Hindu Indians the male identity is essentialized,but only among children.

Question 8

You want to persuade your friend to help you.You recently learned about cognitive dissonance in your psychology class,and you want to try out the effectiveness of using that to persuade others.How might you implement cognitive dissonance in persuading someone to help you?

A)remind him or her of how consistently he or she acts across different social situations
B)remind him or her of how unimportant the issue is that requires his or her help
C)remind him or her of what you may think of him or her
D)remind the target that he or she had helped you before
E)put a mirror in front of the person from whom you are seeking help

Question 9

When Americans and Japanese evaluate themselves in front of a mirror,

A)Americans have more positive views of themselves than they normally do.
B)Japanese have more positive views of themselves than they normally do.
C)Americans have more negative views of themselves than they normally do.
D)Japanese have more negative views of themselves than they normally do.
E)Japanese self-evaluations are more positive than are American self-evaluations.

Question 10

You are introduced to a person who is said to have an independent view of self.Based on Markus and Kitayama's model,which of the following would you LEAST expect the person to say?

A)"I love playing hockey."
B)"I am a responsible person."
C)"I am a member of a ballet dance group."
D)"I am my own person and am not defined by others."
E)"I am hungry."

Question 11

Yuan,a Chinese mother,and Alexis,a Euro-Canadian mother,both decided to read their children's diaries.How might the memories of Yuan's child differ from the memories of Alexis's child?

A)Yuan's child has more positive memories than Alexis's child,if the memories include other people.
B)The memories of Alexis's child have more third-person imagery than the memories of Yuan's child.
C)The memories of Yuan's child seem to be more consistent and similar to each other than the memories of Alexis's child.
D)The memories of Alexis's child seem to be filled with scenarios in which he is by himself.
E)The memories of Yuan's child have more third-person imagery than the memories of Alexis's child.

Question 12

Given Bosterup's thesis about agricultural methods centuries ago affecting gender attitudes now,what is this type of relationship between agricultural methods and gender attitudes an example of?

A)power distance
B)distal cause
C)vertical collectivism
D)evoked culture
E)entity theory of self

Question 13

You work for an international charity foundation and are in charge of seeking donations from Americans and Poles.Based on Cialdini's research on the importance of consistency with the self and with peers,which of the following would you use to secure the most donations from the two populations?

A)use the foot-in-the-door technique because it is a powerful technique with both Poles and Americans
B)ask Americans for more money because they are more easily influenced than Poles
C)remind Americans of their past donations,but remind Poles of their peers' donations
D)do not use the door-in-the-face technique because it does not work with either Americans or Poles
E)ask Americans for more money because they like to donate more than Poles do

Question 14

When completing the Twenty-Statements Test,people from non-Western cultures,in contrast with people from Western cultures,are more likely to put down which of the following?

A)"I am a charitable person."
B)"I am a student."
C)"I am very hungry."
D)"I am always very generous."
E)"I am someone who likes to eat."

Question 15

According to research using the Sex Role Ideology inventory,which of the following situations does NOT agree with the research findings?

A)Poland,a primarily Christian country,has more egalitarian gender values than Azerbaijan,a primarily Muslim country.
B)Uruguay,a country south of the equator,has more egalitarian gender values than Estonia,a country north of the equator.
C)Mahalapye,a rural township,has less egalitarian gender values than Bobirwa,an urban city.
D)Kiribati,a collectivistic society,has less egalitarian gender values than Nauru,a society that is more individualistic than Kiribati.
E)All of these statements agree with the research findings.

Question 16

Which of the following was NOT found in Suh's research on Koreans and Americans?

A)Koreans describe themselves more differently across situations than Americans.
B)Koreans who are more consistent across situations have lower subjective well-being than Koreans who are less consistent.
C)Consistent Americans are viewed as more likable than inconsistent Americans.
D)Consistent Americans are viewed as having more social skills than inconsistent Americans.
E)More benefits can be gained when Americans are consistent than when Koreans are consistent.

Question 17

Ambrose has an independent self,and Hayden has an interdependent self.Which of the following is true about Hayden?

A)He draws a weaker distinction between a stranger at the bus stop and his brother.
B)He feels that his identity is based largely on his sense that he's an outgoing and extraverted person.
C)He acts the same way regardless of the context or situation.
D)He is more motivated to be different and unique from others.
E)He is more likely to activate the same brain regions when thinking about himself and his mother.

Question 18

Jaden has a strong sense of his own identity and does not see any sort of divide between strangers he has just met and his family members.What is this characteristic of?

A)incremental theory of self
B)entity theory of self
C)interdependent view of self
D)independent theory of self
E)objective awareness of self

Question 19

Based on Ma and Schoeneman's study with Americans' and Kenyans' self-descriptions,which of the following is the most accurate in describing the Samburu?

A)collectivistic
B)subjective self-awareness
C)independent view of the self
D)entity theory of the self
E)scores highly in "social potency"

Question 20

You are chatting with a stranger in a coffee shop.Every time you ask him something about himself,he talks about associations to which he belongs and clubs he has joined.He rarely talks about his own attributes.Which of the following best describes him?

A)individualistic
B)incremental theory of self
C)interdependent view of self
D)low in self-awareness
E)high in conscientiousness

Question 21

Which of the following statements about the Big Five model of personality is FALSE?

A)Openness to experience is one of the personality traits within this model.
B)As people age,they tend to become more neurotic.
C)People around the world largely share the same five personality traits based on this model.
D)As people age,they tend to become more agreeable.
E)Factor analysis led to the emergence of the five underlying personality traits.

Question 22

You are in a store with your friend Sarah,and you want to figure out whether she is motivated to strive for consistency within herself,or with others,by asking her how much she likes a stuffed animal in the store.Design a study,with her appraisal of the stuffed animal being the dependent variable.Then,graph the different patterns of results associated with whether Sarah strives for consistency within herself or with others.

Question 23

Xing scores high on the Chinese personality trait of "dependability." Based on Cheung,Cheung,Leung,Ward,and Leong's findings about Chinese personality constructs,with what would Xing's "dependability" score be correlated?

A)social responsibility
B)agreeableness
C)relatedness
D)neuroticism
E)social potency

Question 24

Jack and Jill are best friends,but they are very different from each other.Jack thinks of himself as very interdependent.His in-group includes his mother,his best friend (Jill),and his baby brother,while his out-group includes his doctor.Jill thinks of herself as a very independent person.Her in-group includes her brother,her best friend (Jack),and her husband,while her out-group includes her coworker.Based on Markus and Kitayama's model,draw a diagram for Jack and Jill,separately,that depicts their relationships with other people.

Question 25

As a graduate student in the Department of Music,your thesis seeks to answer the question of whether a singer's anxiety level during performance is associated with different forms of self-awareness.Design a study that would allow you to examine this question.In your response,make sure to use the appropriate terms for the different forms of self-awareness.

Question 26

Lurrr comes from the planet Omicron Persei 8.The culture there fosters an incremental theory of self,with a focus on seeing oneself from a first-person perspective.Lurrr currently describes himself as extraverted,conscientious,and a lover of cats-attributes that Lurrr wants to change.Based on this,if Lurrr is asked to describe what he will be like in the future,which of the following is he most likely to say?

A)His memories will contain more third-person imagery.
B)He will ensure that he is consistent across social situations.
C)He will continue to be extraverted and conscientious.
D)He will be neither extraverted nor conscientious.
E)He will no longer have objective self-awareness.

Question 27

The Big Five personality traits

A)are only clearly observed in Western cultural contexts.
B)do not vary significantly in magnitude across cultures.
C)are believed to be unique to humans.
D)emerge identically across cultures,regardless of the language from which the trait terms are derived.
E)do not cover the full extent of personality traits in other cultures,but is still cross-culturally robust.

Question 28

Compare and contrast an independent view of self versus an independent view of self according to Markus and Kitayama in relation to main points about self-identities and in-group/out-group relationships.

Question 29

In establishing a new tyrannical society,your tyrant,Teresa,is going to decide how people will go about performing their tasks.Teresa appears to have strong opinions about everything-except for agriculture.She does not care whether it is done in a method that requires immense strength and working with dangerous animals or one that is more laidback and only requires simple tools.She believes that this is especially irrelevant for gender relations in the future.According to Boserup's hypothesis that gender norms tend to be preserved when societies shift from agricultural to industrial,do you agree or disagree with Teresa's perspective-and why?

Question 30

You meet a new Chinese friend,Huang.You find that Huang is responsible,optimistic,and trustworthy.After having just learned about Chinese personality constructs in class,you decide to figure out on which construct he scores highly.Which of the following constructs best encompasses the three traits that you know about Huang?

A)interpersonal relatedness
B)dependability
C)extraversion
D)agreeableness
E)conscientiousness

Question 31

Someone with an incremental theory of the self

A)thinks that he or she will be a different person in the future than he or she is now.
B)thinks his or her traits are central to his or her identity.
C)is very high on need to have self-consistency.
D)is more likely than entity theorists to be low on neuroticism.
E)has a very weak distinction between the in-group and the out-group.

Question 32

You have saved up a lot of money over the last few years and have decided to travel the world.In interacting with people from different cultures all over the world,which of the following are you most likely to find?

A)The Big Five explains personality adequately everywhere,but does especially well explaining personality in the West.
B)The Big Five only emerges reliably in cultures characterized by independent views of self.
C)You find that the only trait that emerges reliably across all cultures is neuroticism.
D)The only trait of the Big Five that does not emerge reliably across cultures is neuroticism.
E)Western cultures have a number of personality factors in addition to the Big Five that are not found in cultures characterized by interdependent views of self.

Question 33

Participants are sitting in their own separate testing rooms and have been asked to write statements about what they think about themselves.After a while,a mirror magically appears on a wall in each room.Comparing their self-descriptions before and after the mirror appeared,how much do they differ?

A)Participants from all cultures became more self-critical after the mirror appeared.
B)American participants viewed themselves more positively before the mirror appeared,and Japanese participants viewed themselves more negatively after the mirror showed up.
C)American participants viewed themselves more negatively after the mirror appeared,and Japanese participants viewed themselves more positively after the mirror appeared.
D)American participants viewed themselves more negatively after the mirror appeared,and Japanese participants did not change their views after the mirror appeared.
E)Participants from all cultures viewed themselves more positively after the mirror appeared.

Question 34

Your friend recently entered a few chess competitions,but lost them all really badly.If he has an entity theory of self,what is he most likely to do?

A)put in a lot of work to overcome his weaknesses
B)chalk up the losses as being due to bad luck
C)think he has bad chess "genes"
D)review video of his matches to find his mistakes
E)question the fairness of the matches

Question 35

Jack was talking to his friend Jane about all his positive characteristics.In the middle of the conversation,he took a prescription pill for a sore throat.This pill has an interesting side effect-it alters the way Jack thinks.After taking the pill,he no longer talked about his positive characteristics;instead,he talked about how he needed to improve on his shortcomings and the disappointment that his mother has about many of his qualities.Which of the following most accurately characterizes the side effect of this pill?

A)It makes him less interdependent.
B)It gives him more subjective self-awareness.
C)It makes him more independent.
D)It reduces his feelings of inconsistency.
E)It gives him more objective self-awareness.