Deck 17: Behavioral Economics and Risk Taking

Question 1

Behavioral economics seeks to dethrone __________ and replace him with something "more human."

A) Homo rationalimus
B) Homo economicus
C) Homo macrus
D) Homo sapiens
E) Homo stevejobsimus

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Behavioral economics studies how __________ influences the decision-making process.

A) the weather pattern
B) rational economic action
C) human psychology
D) the financial sector
E) macroeconomics

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The hypothetical species Homo economicus is acutely aware of opportunities in the environment and:

A) strives to maximize the benefits received from each course of action while minimizing the costs.
B) strives to minimize the benefits received from each course of action while maximizing the costs.
C) strives to equalize the benefits received and costs incurred from each course of action.
D) takes an action only if the benefits to society of this action outweigh the costs to society of this action.
E) never takes action because of the understanding that all individual actions are to the detriment of society.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

In 1990, Richard Thaler, a behavioral economist, said the following with respect to the standard economic model: The problem seems to be that while economists have gotten increasingly sophisticated and clever, consumers have remained decidedly human.
Which statement below best describes what Thaler implies in this sentence?

A) The standard economic model should be dumbed down so that more citizens can understand it.
B) The standard economic model fails to account for the fact that human beings generally do not act like Homo economicus.
C) Economists should educate citizens to become more sophisticated and clever so that their actions better fit the standard economic model.
D) The behavioral economic model needs to be abandoned.
E) Human nature is neither clever nor sophisticated.

Question 5

Behavioral economics studies:

A) economy-wide phenomena such as real output, inflation, unemployment, and business cycles.
B) the decision-making processes of rational, self-interested economic actors.
C) all aspects of the markets and institutions that make up the financial system.
D) the implications of trade among individuals, firms, and countries.
E) how human psychology influences the decision-making process.

Question 6

The traditional economic model conceptualizes the economy as made up of infinitely calculating, unemotional maximizers that have been called:

A) Homo consumus.
B) Homo economicus.
C) Homo microcus.
D) Homo demandcurvius.
E) Homo elasticious.

Question 7

__________ is the field of economics that studies how human psychology influences the decision-making process.

A) Public finance
B) Psychology
C) Behavioral economics
D) Sociology
E) Macroeconomics

Question 8

Which of the following activities involve Mary playing a game of chance?

A) Mary works eight hours at Dairy Queen and earns a total of $60.
B) Mary spends $250 on a used video game console.
C) Mary wins a $1,000 Visa gift card in a competitive food-eating competition.
D) Mary wins a $500 prize in a business-plan competition.
E) Mary deposits $5 in a slot machine and does not win anything.

Question 9

Most state lotteries:

A) have positive expected values.
B) have negative expected values.
C) have expected values equal to zero.
D) do not have expected values because state lotteries are not games of chance.
E) do not have expected values because most state lotteries are operated by government agencies.

Question 10

Behavioral economists draw on insights from __________ to explore how people behave in economic settings.

A) experimental psychology
B) experimental biology
C) evolutionary biology
D) astrology
E) theoretical physics

Question 11

A consumer who adheres to bounded rationality is:

A) a fully rational consumer who behaves like an all-knowing supercomputer when making cost-benefit calculations.
B) a completely irrational consumer who is unable to use logic to compare costs and benefits.
C) neither capable of performing the problem-solving that traditional economic theory assumes nor is inclined to do so.
D) rational only in situations that involve market prices.
E) never rational in situations that involve market prices.

Question 12

The standard economic model assumes people can be approximated by __________, who is assumed to be fully rational, calculating, and selfish; has unlimited computational ability; and never makes systematic mistakes.

A) Homo consumus
B) Homo microcus
C) Homo demandcurvius
D) Homo economicus
E) Homo elasticious

Question 13

Most economic theory proceeds as though economic actors are all rational, self-interested decision-makers. Economists refer to this hypothetical rational, self-interested decision-maker as:

A) Homo consumus.
B) Homo microcus.
C) Homo demandcurvius.
D) Homo economicus.
E) Homo elasticious.

Question 14

For mathematical convenience, assuming that people are fully rational and self-interested:

A) clearly does not mean that people really are fully rational and self-interested all the time.
B) clearly means that people really are fully rational and self-interested all the time.
C) is a practice never followed by economists but is often followed by psychologists.
D) is a practice always followed by behavioral economists.
E) is a practice that is banned in most states by professional ethics laws.

Question 15

In 2002, Daniel Kahneman was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics for "having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty." Source: The Price in Economics 2002: Press Release." Nobelprize.org. 12 Oct 2012. www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/2002/press.html
Based on this information, which academic field would Daniel Kahneman most likely identify with?

A) economics
B) industrial-organizational sociology
C) evolutionary biology
D) English
E) behavioral economics

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of a game of chance?

A) Jeremiah plays basketball with his girlfriend.
B) Joan works eight hours at Taco Bell.
C) Jacqueline buys a lottery ticket.
D) John runs in a marathon.
E) Jalisha purchases salsa dancing shoes.

Question 17

In 2011, Edward Cartwright, a behavioral economist, gave credit to the Nobel Prize-winning economist Herbert Simon for launching what Cartwright calls the "you cannot be serious attack" on the standard economic model. Cartwright cites a paper published by Simon in 1955 where the author uses the standard economic model to solve elegantly how a rational person should behave. After solving an equation for this rational person's optimal behavior, Simon states: My first empirical proposition is that there is a complete lack of evidence that, in actual human choice situations of any complexity, these computations can be, or are in fact, performed.
Source: "A Behavior Model of Rational Choice." The Quarterly Journal of Economics (1955), page 104.
This statement by Simon can be best described as a call to:

A) governments for increased education spending so that more decision-makers can and will perform the computations that Simon is referring to.
B) citizens to do their part to reduce the complexity of all human choice situations.
C) economists to replace Homo economicus in economic thinking with something more humanlike.
D) economists to continue to use Homo economicus to guide their understanding of the complex nature of human decision-making.
E) the United States Department of Economic Rationality to impose a new bylaw prohibiting the use of the standard economic model in academic research papers.

Question 18

A relatively new area in the field of economics called __________ studies people who appear to make choices that do not seem rational in an economic sense.

A) business-cycle economics
B) financial economics
C) behavioral economics
D) labor economics
E) entrepreneurial economics

Question 19

Whenever consumers make decisions without perfect information, the decision reflects:

A) perfect rationality.
B) perfect irrationality.
C) bounded rationality.
D) unbounded rationality.
E) confounded rationality.

Question 20

When comparing the standard models in the respective fields of economics and psychology, it is clear that:

A) both economists and psychologists always assume that people behave in a fully rational way.
B) both economists and psychologists always assume that people do not act in a fully rational way.
C) neither economists nor psychologists always assume that people behave in a fully rational way.
D) economists generally assume that people behave in a rational way, whereas psychologists generally do not.
E) psychologists generally assume that people behave in a rational way, whereas economists generally do not.

Question 21

The contestant changes buckets from the original bucket to the other bucket remaining. This change of buckets changes the probability that the contestant will win the 5-oz. gold bar from _____________.

A) $\frac { 1 } { 3 }$ to $\frac { 1 } { 2 }$
B) $\frac { 1 } { 2 }$ to $\frac { 1 } { 3 }$
C) $\frac { 1 } { 2 }$ to $\frac { 2 } { 3 }$
D) $\frac { 1 } { 3 }$ to $\frac { 2 } { 3 }$
E) $\frac { 2 } { 3 }$ to $\frac { 1 } { 3 }$

Question 22

Imagine a game show on television where one lucky contestant is presented with four upside-down buckets that are numbered 1, 2, 3, and 4. Under one of the buckets is a $100 bill. Under each of the other three buckets is a $10 bill. After the game ends, the contestant will receive the amount of money that is under his or her bucket.
The host of the game show asks the contestant to choose one of the four buckets. After the contestant makes a choice, the host lifts one of the remaining three buckets to reveal a $10 bill under it. At this point, three buckets remain uncovered: the bucket that the contestant originally chose and the two buckets that were not uncovered by the host.
The host subsequently asks the contestant if he or she would like to keep the original bucket or change buckets to one of the two other buckets remaining.


-If the contestant changes buckets from the original bucket to one of the other buckets remaining, what is the probability that the contestant will win the $100 bill?

A) $\frac { 1 } { 8 }$
B) $\frac { 3 } { 8 }$
C) $\frac { 1 } { 2 }$
D) $\frac { 5 } { 8 }$
E) $\frac { 7 } { 8 }$

Question 23

Imagine a game show on television where one lucky contestant is presented with four upside-down buckets that are numbered 1, 2, 3, and 4. Under one of the buckets is a large pile of $100 bills. Under each of the other three buckets is exactly one $5 bill. After the game ends, the contestant will receive the amount of money that is under his or her bucket.
The host of the game show asks the contestant to choose one of the four buckets. After the contestant makes a choice, the host lifts up two of the remaining three buckets to reveal a $5 bill under each of them. At this point, only two buckets remain uncovered: the bucket that the contestant originally chose and the bucket that was not uncovered by the host.
The host subsequently asks the contestant if he or she would like to keep the original bucket or change buckets to the only other bucket remaining.


-If the contestant changes buckets from the original bucket to the other bucket remaining, what is the probability that the contestant will win the stack of $100 bills?

A) $\frac { 1 } { 8 }$
B) $\frac { 1 } { 4 }$
C) $\frac { 1 } { 2 }$
D) $\frac { 3 } { 4 }$
E) $\frac { 5 } { 8 }$

Question 24

Suppose a casino is offering a game of chance where Sally can bet $5 on the flip of a fair coin. If the casino employee flips tails, Sally loses the $5 that she bet. If the casino employee flips heads, Sally receives a payout of $11 (the $5 she originally bet plus another $6). If Sally sits in the casino and plays this game 1,000 times consecutively over a period of 12 hours, she:

A) will likely end up with less money than she started with.
B) will likely end up with more money than she started with.
C) will likely end up with the same amount of money that she started with.
D) is equally likely to end up with more money or less money than she started with.
E) will definitely end up with less money than she started with.

Question 25

Imagine a game show on television where one lucky contestant is presented with four upside-down buckets that are numbered 1, 2, 3, and 4. Under one of the buckets is a large pile of $100 bills. Under each of the other three buckets is exactly one $5 bill. After the game ends, the contestant will receive the amount of money that is under his or her bucket.
The host of the game show asks the contestant to choose one of the four buckets. After the contestant makes a choice, the host lifts up two of the remaining three buckets to reveal a $5 bill under each of them. At this point, only two buckets remain uncovered: the bucket that the contestant originally chose and the bucket that was not uncovered by the host.
The host subsequently asks the contestant if he or she would like to keep the original bucket or change buckets to the only other bucket remaining.


-If the contestant does not change buckets and stays with the original bucket chosen, what is the probability that the contestant will win exactly one $5 bill?

A) $\frac { 1 } { 8 }$
B) $\frac { 1 } { 4 }$
C) $\frac { 1 } { 2 }$
D) $\frac { 3 } { 4 }$
E) $\frac { 5 } { 8 }$

Question 26

Imagine a game show on television where one lucky contestant is presented with three upside-down buckets that are numbered 1, 2, and 3. Under one of the buckets is a 5-oz. gold bar. Under each of the other two buckets is a 1-oz. gold bar. After the game ends, the contestant receives the gold bar that is under his or her bucket.
The host of the game show asks the contestant to choose one of the three buckets. After the contestant makes a choice, the host lifts up one of the remaining two buckets to reveal a 1-oz. gold bar under it. At this point, only two buckets remain uncovered: the bucket that the contestant originally chose and the bucket that was not uncovered by the host.
The host subsequently asks the contestant if he or she would like to keep the original bucket or change buckets to the only other bucket remaining.


-If the contestant does not change buckets and stays with the original bucket chosen, what is the probability that the contestant will win the 5-oz. gold bar?

A) $\frac { 1 } { 8 }$
B) $\frac { 1 } { 3 }$
C) $\frac { 1 } { 2 }$
D) $\frac { 2 } { 3 }$
E) $\frac { 5 } { 8 }$

Question 27

Imagine a game show on television where one lucky contestant is presented with four upside-down buckets that are numbered 1, 2, 3, and 4. Under one of the buckets is a $100 bill. Under each of the other three buckets is a $10 bill. After the game ends, the contestant will receive the amount of money that is under his or her bucket.
The host of the game show asks the contestant to choose one of the four buckets. After the contestant makes a choice, the host lifts one of the remaining three buckets to reveal a $10 bill under it. At this point, three buckets remain uncovered: the bucket that the contestant originally chose and the two buckets that were not uncovered by the host.
The host subsequently asks the contestant if he or she would like to keep the original bucket or change buckets to one of the two other buckets remaining.


-In the context of behavioral economics, the belief that outcomes that have not occurred in the recent past are more likely to occur soon, and that recent outcomes are unlikely to be repeated in the near future is best referred to as the:

A) gambler's fallacy.
B) base-rate fallacy.
C) existential fallacy.
D) hot-hand fallacy.
E) broken-window fallacy.

Question 28

Imagine a game show on television where one lucky contestant is presented with four upside-down buckets that are numbered 1, 2, 3, and 4. Under one of the buckets is a large pile of $100 bills. Under each of the other three buckets is exactly one $5 bill. After the game ends, the contestant will receive the amount of money that is under his or her bucket.
The host of the game show asks the contestant to choose one of the four buckets. After the contestant makes a choice, the host lifts up two of the remaining three buckets to reveal a $5 bill under each of them. At this point, only two buckets remain uncovered: the bucket that the contestant originally chose and the bucket that was not uncovered by the host.
The host subsequently asks the contestant if he or she would like to keep the original bucket or change buckets to the only other bucket remaining.


-If the contestant changes buckets from the original bucket to the other bucket remaining, what is the probability that the contestant will win exactly one $5 bill?

A) $\frac { 1 } { 8 }$
B) $\frac { 1 } { 4 }$
C) $\frac { 1 } { 2 }$
D) $\frac { 3 } { 4 }$
E) $\frac { 5 } { 8 }$

Question 29

Imagine a game show on television where one lucky contestant is presented with three upside-down buckets that are numbered 1, 2, and 3. Under one of the buckets is a 5-oz. gold bar. Under each of the other two buckets is a 1-oz. gold bar. After the game ends, the contestant will receive the gold bar that is under his or her bucket. The host of the game show asks the contestant to choose one of the three buckets. The contestant chooses bucket #1. After the contestant makes a choice, the host lifts up bucket #2 to reveal a 1-oz. gold bar under it. At this point, only two buckets remain uncovered: the bucket that the contestant originally chose (bucket #1) and the bucket that was not uncovered by the host (bucket #3).
The host subsequently asks the contestant if he or she would like to keep the original bucket or change buckets to the only other bucket remaining. The contestant changes buckets from the original bucket (bucket #1) to the other bucket remaining (bucket #3). When the contestant originally made the choice of bucket #1, the probability of the 5-oz. gold bar being under that bucket was $\frac { 1 } { 3 }$ . This means that the probability of the 5-oz. gold bar being under either bucket #1 or bucket #2 was $\frac { 2 } { 3 }$ . When the host lifted bucket #2 to reveal a 1-oz. gold bar under it, the probability of the 5-oz. gold bar being under bucket #3 is now ____________, while the probability of the 5-oz. gold bar being under bucket number #1 is still _____________.

A) $\frac { 1 } { 2 }$ ; $\frac { 1 } { 3 }$
B) $\frac { 2 } { 3 }$ ; $\frac { 1 } { 3 }$
C) $\frac { 1 } { 3 }$ ; $\frac { 1 } { 3 }$
D) $\frac { 1 } { 3 }$ ; $\frac { 2 } { 3 }$
E) $\frac { 1 } { 2 }$ ; $\frac { 2 } { 3 }$

Question 30

Suppose a casino is offering a game of chance where Frank can bet $6 on the flip of a fair coin. If the casino employee flips tails, Frank loses the $6 that he bet. If the casino employee flips heads, Frank receives a payout of $11 (the $6 he originally bet plus another $5). If Frank sits in the casino and plays this game 1,000 times consecutively over a period of 12 hours, he:

A) will likely end up with less money than he started with.
B) will likely end up with more money than he started with.
C) will likely end up with the same amount of money that he started with.
D) is equally likely to end up with more money or less money than he started with.
E) will definitely end up with less money than he started with.

Question 31

Imagine a game show on television where one lucky contestant is presented with three upside-down buckets that are numbered 1, 2, and 3. Under one of the buckets is a 5-oz. gold bar. Under each of the other two buckets is a 1-oz. gold bar. After the game ends, the contestant receives the gold bar that is under his or her bucket.
The host of the game show asks the contestant to choose one of the three buckets. After the contestant makes a choice, the host lifts up one of the remaining two buckets to reveal a 1-oz. gold bar under it. At this point, only two buckets remain uncovered: the bucket that the contestant originally chose and the bucket that was not uncovered by the host.
The host subsequently asks the contestant if he or she would like to keep the original bucket or change buckets to the only other bucket remaining.


-If the contestant changes buckets from the original bucket to the other bucket remaining, what is the expected value of the game? Assume that the market price of gold is $1,000.00 per ounce.

A) $4,000.00
B) $2,333.33
C) $3,666.67
D) $5,000.00
E) $1,000.00

Question 32

Imagine a game show on television where one lucky contestant is presented with four upside-down buckets that are numbered 1, 2, 3, and 4. Under one of the buckets is a $100 bill. Under each of the other three buckets is a $10 bill. After the game ends, the contestant will receive the amount of money that is under his or her bucket.
The host of the game show asks the contestant to choose one of the four buckets. After the contestant makes a choice, the host lifts one of the remaining three buckets to reveal a $10 bill under it. At this point, three buckets remain uncovered: the bucket that the contestant originally chose and the two buckets that were not uncovered by the host.
The host subsequently asks the contestant if he or she would like to keep the original bucket or change buckets to one of the two other buckets remaining.


-If the contestant changes buckets from the original bucket to one of the other buckets remaining, what is the expected value of the game?

A) $32.50
B) $40.00
C) $43.75
D) $66.25
E) $100.00

Question 33

Imagine a game show on television where one lucky contestant is presented with four upside-down buckets that are numbered 1, 2, 3, and 4. Under one of the buckets is a large pile of $100 bills. Under each of the other three buckets is exactly one $5 bill. After the game ends, the contestant will receive the amount of money that is under his or her bucket.
The host of the game show asks the contestant to choose one of the four buckets. After the contestant makes a choice, the host lifts up two of the remaining three buckets to reveal a $5 bill under each of them. At this point, only two buckets remain uncovered: the bucket that the contestant originally chose and the bucket that was not uncovered by the host.
The host subsequently asks the contestant if he or she would like to keep the original bucket or change buckets to the only other bucket remaining.


-If the contestant does not change buckets and stays with the original bucket chosen, what is the probability that the contestant will win the stack of $100 bills?

A) $\frac { 1 } { 8 }$
B) $\frac { 1 } { 4 }$
C) $\frac { 1 } { 2 }$
D) $\frac { 3 } { 4 }$
E) $\frac { 5 } { 8 }$

Question 34

Imagine a game show on television where one lucky contestant is presented with three upside-down buckets that are numbered 1, 2, and 3. Under one of the buckets is a 5-oz. gold bar. Under each of the other two buckets is a 1-oz. gold bar. After the game ends, the contestant receives the gold bar that is under his or her bucket.
The host of the game show asks the contestant to choose one of the three buckets. After the contestant makes a choice, the host lifts up one of the remaining two buckets to reveal a 1-oz. gold bar under it. At this point, only two buckets remain uncovered: the bucket that the contestant originally chose and the bucket that was not uncovered by the host.
The host subsequently asks the contestant if he or she would like to keep the original bucket or change buckets to the only other bucket remaining.


-If the contestant changes buckets from the original bucket to the other bucket remaining, what is the probability that the contestant will win the 5-oz. gold bar?

A) $\frac { 1 } { 8 }$
B) $\frac { 1 } { 3 }$
C) $\frac { 1 } { 2 }$
D) $\frac { 2 } { 3 }$
E) $\frac { 5 } { 8 }$

Question 35

Imagine a game show on television where one lucky contestant is presented with four upside-down buckets that are numbered 1, 2, 3, and 4. Under one of the buckets is a $100 bill. Under each of the other three buckets is a $10 bill. After the game ends, the contestant will receive the amount of money that is under his or her bucket.
The host of the game show asks the contestant to choose one of the four buckets. After the contestant makes a choice, the host lifts one of the remaining three buckets to reveal a $10 bill under it. At this point, three buckets remain uncovered: the bucket that the contestant originally chose and the two buckets that were not uncovered by the host.
The host subsequently asks the contestant if he or she would like to keep the original bucket or change buckets to one of the two other buckets remaining.


-If the contestant changes buckets from the original bucket to one of the other buckets remaining, the expected value of the game rises from:

A) $10.00 to $32.50.
B) $32.50 to $43.75.
C) $43.75 to $66.25.
D) $66.25 to $67.50.
E) $100.00 to $167.50.

Question 36

Imagine a game show on television where one lucky contestant is presented with three upside-down buckets that are numbered 1, 2, and 3. Under one of the buckets is a 5-oz. gold bar. Under each of the other two buckets is a 1-oz. gold bar. After the game ends, the contestant receives the gold bar that is under his or her bucket.
The host of the game show asks the contestant to choose one of the three buckets. After the contestant makes a choice, the host lifts up one of the remaining two buckets to reveal a 1-oz. gold bar under it. At this point, only two buckets remain uncovered: the bucket that the contestant originally chose and the bucket that was not uncovered by the host.
The host subsequently asks the contestant if he or she would like to keep the original bucket or change buckets to the only other bucket remaining.


-If the contestant changes buckets from the original bucket to the other bucket remaining, the expected value of the game is __________; if the contestant does not change buckets and sticks with the original bucket chosen, the expected value of the game is ___________. Assume that the market price of gold is $1,000.00 per ounce.

A) $4,000.00; $4,000.00
B) $2,333.33; $3666.67
C) $3,666.67; $2333.33
D) $5,000.00; $1,000.00
E) $1,000.00; $5,000.00

Question 37

Imagine a game show on television where one lucky contestant is presented with three upside-down buckets that are numbered 1, 2, and 3. Under one of the buckets is a 5-oz. gold bar. Under each of the other two buckets is a 1-oz. gold bar. After the game ends, the contestant receives the gold bar that is under his or her bucket.
The host of the game show asks the contestant to choose one of the three buckets. After the contestant makes a choice, the host lifts up one of the remaining two buckets to reveal a 1-oz. gold bar under it. At this point, only two buckets remain uncovered: the bucket that the contestant originally chose and the bucket that was not uncovered by the host.
The host subsequently asks the contestant if he or she would like to keep the original bucket or change buckets to the only other bucket remaining.


-If the contestant does not change buckets and stays with the original bucket chosen, what is the probability that the contestant will win the 1-oz. gold bar?

A) $\frac { 1 } { 8 }$
B) $\frac { 1 } { 3 }$
C) $\frac { 1 } { 2 }$
D) $\frac { 2 } { 3 }$
E) $\frac { 5 } { 8 }$

Question 38

Imagine a game show on television where one lucky contestant is presented with four upside-down buckets that are numbered 1, 2, 3, and 4. Under one of the buckets is exactly one $100 bill. Under each of the other three buckets is exactly one $5 bill. After the game ends, the contestant will receive the amount of money that is under his or her bucket.
The host of the game show asks the contestant to choose one of the four buckets. After the contestant makes a choice, the host lifts up two of the remaining three buckets to reveal a $5 bill under each of them. At this point, only two buckets remain uncovered: the bucket that the contestant originally chose and the bucket that not uncovered by the host.
The host subsequently asks the contestant if he or she would like to keep the original bucket or change buckets to the only other bucket remaining.


-If the contestant does not change buckets and stays with the original bucket, what is the expected value of the game?

A) $5.00
B) $95.00
C) $62.50
D) $28.75
E) $76.25

Question 39

Imagine a game show on television where one lucky contestant is presented with three upside-down buckets that are numbered 1, 2, and 3. Under one of the buckets is a 5-oz. gold bar. Under each of the other two buckets is a 1-oz. gold bar. After the game ends, the contestant receives the gold bar that is under his or her bucket.
The host of the game show asks the contestant to choose one of the three buckets. After the contestant makes a choice, the host lifts up one of the remaining two buckets to reveal a 1-oz. gold bar under it. At this point, only two buckets remain uncovered: the bucket that the contestant originally chose and the bucket that was not uncovered by the host.
The host subsequently asks the contestant if he or she would like to keep the original bucket or change buckets to the only other bucket remaining.


-If the contestant changes buckets from the original bucket to the other bucket remaining, what is the probability that the contestant will win the 1-oz. gold bar?

A) $\frac { 1 } { 8 }$
B) $\frac { 1 } { 3 }$
C) $\frac { 1 } { 2 }$
D) $\frac { 2 } { 3 }$
E) $\frac { 5 } { 8 }$

Question 40

Imagine a game show on television where one lucky contestant is presented with four upside-down buckets that are numbered 1, 2, 3, and 4. Under one of the buckets is exactly one $100 bill. Under each of the other three buckets is exactly one $5 bill. After the game ends, the contestant will receive the amount of money that is under his or her bucket.
The host of the game show asks the contestant to choose one of the four buckets. After the contestant makes a choice, the host lifts up two of the remaining three buckets to reveal a $5 bill under each of them. At this point, only two buckets remain uncovered: the bucket that the contestant originally chose and the bucket that not uncovered by the host.
The host subsequently asks the contestant if he or she would like to keep the original bucket or change buckets to the only other bucket remaining.


-If the contestant changes buckets from the original bucket to the other bucket remaining, what is the expected value of the game?

A) $5.00
B) $95.00
C) $62.50
D) $28.75
E) $76.25

Question 41

Suppose 5,000 students were split into two groups of 2,500. Both groups were first presented with an image of a new high-end pair of shoes produced by UGG, a footwear company. The first group was given the following statement and then asked the following question:
"The normal retail price of these shoes is $200. Would you be willing to pay $125 for them?"
The second group was given the following statement and then asked the following question:
"The normal retail price of these shoes is $450. Would you be willing to pay $125 for them?"
Suppose that 13% of the students in the first group answered yes and that 63% of the students in the second group answered yes. It is likely that more students in the second group were willing to pay $125 for the pair of shoes because they were told the normal price was much higher. This is an example of a ___________ effect in decision-making.

A) bootstrapping
B) market-making
C) utilitarian
D) framing
E) psychosomatic

Question 42

Suppose a student tosses a fair coin consecutively ten times and gets tails each time. Which belief about the probability of getting heads on the next toss is not consistent with the gambler's fallacy?

A) The probability of getting heads on the next toss is $\frac { 4 } { 5 }$ .
B) The probability of getting heads on the next toss is $\frac { 5 } { 6 }$ .
C) The probability of getting heads on the next toss is $\frac { 6 } { 10 }$ .
D) The probability of getting heads on the next toss is $\frac { 9 } { 10 }$ .
E) The probability of getting heads on the next toss is $\frac { 1 } { 2 }$ .

Question 43

Priming effects:

A) occur when the ordering of the questions that are asked influences the answers.
B) occur when the ordering of the questions that are asked does not influence the answers.
C) occur when a decision-maker makes a rational decision based on a complete assessment of the costs and benefits.
D) are observed only in the context of political affairs.
E) are observed only when the decision-maker has an advanced graduate degree in particle physics.

Question 44

The opposite of the gambler's fallacy is the:

A) hot-hand fallacy.
B) historian's fallacy.
C) fallacy of single cause.
D) dealer's fallacy.
E) mind-projection fallacy.

Question 45

Corey and Trevor are playing a coin-tossing game where each player, in turn, tosses a fair coin consecutively ten times. The winner of the game is the player who tosses the most consecutive tails. Corey decides to go first and tosses tails five times in a row. Ricky and Julian are observing the game and have the following conversation before Corey attempts the sixth toss: Ricky: "The probability of Corey tossing tails has to be greater than 75% because he is on a roll!"
Julian: "No, Ricky, the probability of Corey tossing tails has to be less than 25% because he is due to toss heads."
Ricky's statement is an example of __________, and Julian's statement is an example of ____________.

A) the hot-hand fallacy; the hot-hand fallacy
B) the gambler's fallacy; the gambler's fallacy
C) the hot-hand fallacy; the gambler's fallacy
D) the gambler's fallacy; the hot-hand fallacy
E) neither the gambler's fallacy nor the hot-hand fallacy; the gambler's fallacy

Question 46

___________ occur when the ordering of the questions that are asked influences the answers.

A) Rational expectations
B) Hot-hand effects
C) Fairness effects
D) Priming effects
E) Quasi-rational effects

Question 47

Imagine a game show on television where one lucky contestant is presented with four upside-down buckets that are numbered 1, 2, 3, and 4. Under one of the buckets is a $100 bill. Under each of the other three buckets is a $10 bill. After the game ends, the contestant will receive the amount of money that is under his or her bucket.
The host of the game show asks the contestant to choose one of the four buckets. After the contestant makes a choice, the host lifts one of the remaining three buckets to reveal a $10 bill under it. At this point, three buckets remain uncovered: the bucket that the contestant originally chose and the two buckets that were not uncovered by the host.
The host subsequently asks the contestant if he or she would like to keep the original bucket or change buckets to one of the two other buckets remaining.


-If 25 consecutive tosses of a fair coin have all been heads, some individuals tend to think that the next one "must be tails." This is an example of the:

A) hot-hand fallacy.
B) continuum fallacy.
C) broken-window fallacy.
D) definist fallacy.
E) gambler's fallacy.

Question 48

Imagine a game show on television where one lucky contestant is presented with four upside-down buckets that are numbered 1, 2, 3, and 4. Under one of the buckets is a $100 bill. Under each of the other three buckets is a $10 bill. After the game ends, the contestant will receive the amount of money that is under his or her bucket.
The host of the game show asks the contestant to choose one of the four buckets. After the contestant makes a choice, the host lifts one of the remaining three buckets to reveal a $10 bill under it. At this point, three buckets remain uncovered: the bucket that the contestant originally chose and the two buckets that were not uncovered by the host.
The host subsequently asks the contestant if he or she would like to keep the original bucket or change buckets to one of the two other buckets remaining.


-In the context of behavioral economics, the belief that outcomes that have not occurred in the recent past are __________ likely to occur soon, and that recent outcomes are __________ to be repeated in the near future is best referred to as the gambler's fallacy.

A) more; likely
B) more; unlikely
C) less; likely
D) less; unlikely
E) less; never going

Question 49

Imagine a game show on television where one lucky contestant is presented with four upside-down buckets that are numbered 1, 2, 3, and 4. Under one of the buckets is a $100 bill. Under each of the other three buckets is a $10 bill. After the game ends, the contestant will receive the amount of money that is under his or her bucket.
The host of the game show asks the contestant to choose one of the four buckets. After the contestant makes a choice, the host lifts one of the remaining three buckets to reveal a $10 bill under it. At this point, three buckets remain uncovered: the bucket that the contestant originally chose and the two buckets that were not uncovered by the host.
The host subsequently asks the contestant if he or she would like to keep the original bucket or change buckets to one of the two other buckets remaining.


-Suppose a student tosses a fair coin consecutively ten times and gets tails each time. If the student concludes that the next toss will be heads because heads "is due," the student has committed the:

A) hot-hand fallacy.
B) casino's fallacy.
C) gambler's fallacy.
D) dealer's fallacy.
E) NBA fallacy.

Question 50

Bart and Lisa are playing a coin-tossing game where each player tosses a fair coin 20 times consecutively. The winner of the game is the player who tosses the most consecutive tails. Bart decides to go first and tosses tails five times in a row. Marge and Homer are observing the game and make the following observations before Bart attempts the sixth toss: Marge: "The probability of Bart tossing tails has to be greater than 75% because he is on a roll!"
Homer: "No, Marge, the probability of Bart tossing tails has to be less than 25% because he hasn't tossed heads in the last five tosses and he is due to toss heads!"
A behavioral economist would conclude that Marge's statement is an example of the __________, and Homer's statement is an example of the ___________.

A) continuum fallacy; hot-hand fallacy
B) hot-hand fallacy; broken-window fallacy
C) gambler's fallacy; hot-hand fallacy
D) hot-hand fallacy; gambler's fallacy
E) behavior fallacy; broken-window fallacy

Question 51

Imagine a game show on television where one lucky contestant is presented with four upside-down buckets that are numbered 1, 2, 3, and 4. Under one of the buckets is a $100 bill. Under each of the other three buckets is a $10 bill. After the game ends, the contestant will receive the amount of money that is under his or her bucket.
The host of the game show asks the contestant to choose one of the four buckets. After the contestant makes a choice, the host lifts one of the remaining three buckets to reveal a $10 bill under it. At this point, three buckets remain uncovered: the bucket that the contestant originally chose and the two buckets that were not uncovered by the host.
The host subsequently asks the contestant if he or she would like to keep the original bucket or change buckets to one of the two other buckets remaining.


-If 12 consecutive tosses of a fair coin have all been tails, some individuals tend to think that the next one "must be heads." This is an example of the:

A) casino's fallacy.
B) dealer's fallacy.
C) gambler's fallacy.
D) masked-man fallacy.
E) hot-hand fallacy.

Question 52

If 12 consecutive tosses of a fair coin have all been tails, some individuals tend to think that the next one "must be tails." This is an example of the:

A) casino's fallacy.
B) dealer's fallacy.
C) gambler's fallacy.
D) masked-man fallacy.
E) hot-hand fallacy.

Question 53

If 25 consecutive tosses of a fair coin have all been heads, some individuals tend to think that the next one "must be heads." This is an example of the:

A) hot-hand fallacy.
B) continuum fallacy.
C) broken-window fallacy.
D) definist fallacy.
E) gambler's fallacy.

Question 54

Imagine a game show on television where one lucky contestant is presented with four upside-down buckets that are numbered 1, 2, 3, and 4. Under one of the buckets is a $100 bill. Under each of the other three buckets is a $10 bill. After the game ends, the contestant will receive the amount of money that is under his or her bucket.
The host of the game show asks the contestant to choose one of the four buckets. After the contestant makes a choice, the host lifts one of the remaining three buckets to reveal a $10 bill under it. At this point, three buckets remain uncovered: the bucket that the contestant originally chose and the two buckets that were not uncovered by the host.
The host subsequently asks the contestant if he or she would like to keep the original bucket or change buckets to one of the two other buckets remaining.


-Nancy tosses a fair coin five times and gets heads each time. When her son Shane asks her about the probability of getting tails on the next (sixth) toss, Nancy says the following: "This is a fair coin, so I should toss heads approximately 50% of the time. Because I have tossed heads 100% of the time for my first five tosses, then the probability of me tossing tails on the sixth toss must be greater than 50%." Nancy's statement is an example of the:

A) hot-hand fallacy.
B) association fallacy.
C) gambler's fallacy.
D) dealer's fallacy.
E) Showtime fallacy.

Question 55

Suppose a student tosses a fair coin consecutively seven times and gets tails each time. Which belief about the probability of getting tails on the next toss is not consistent with the hot-hand fallacy?

A) The probability of getting heads on the next toss is $\frac { 4 } { 5 }$ .
B) The probability of getting heads on the next toss is $\frac { 5 } { 6 }$ .
C) The probability of getting heads on the next toss is $\frac { 6 } { 10 }$ .
D) The probability of getting heads on the next toss is $\frac { 9 } { 10 }$ .
E) The probability of getting heads on the next toss is $\frac { 1 } { 2 }$ .

Question 56

In the 1990s, researchers Clotfelter, Cook, and Terrel analyzed data from a particular game of chance that was offered in both the Maryland and New Jersey state lotteries. In the game, participants place a bet and then guessed a three-digit number. After all bets have been placed, a three-digit number is randomly drawn by state lottery representatives. If a bettor correctly guesses the number drawn, the bettor wins a large prize. The researchers found clear evidence that lottery players bet less on a number that had won in the recent past. This finding indicates that the __________ is not at work.

A) hot-hand fallacy
B) gambler's fallacy
C) casino's fallacy
D) genetic fallacy
E) naturalistic fallacy

Question 57

A ___________ effect occurs when an answer depends on how a question is asked or when a decision is influenced by the way alternatives are presented.

A) framing
B) hot-hand
C) Hayekian
D) priming
E) behaviorist

Question 58

Corey and Trevor are playing a coin-tossing game where each player, in turn, tosses a fair coin consecutively ten times. The winner of the game is the player who tosses the most consecutive tails. Corey decides to go first and tosses tails five times in a row. Ricky and Julian are observing the game, and Ricky whispers the following to Julian before Corey attempts the sixth toss: "The probability of Corey tossing tails has to be greater than 75% because he is on a roll!" Ricky's statement is an example of the:

A) Rickyism fallacy.
B) fallacy of single cause.
C) Sunnyvale fallacy
D) hot-hand fallacy.
E) gambler's fallacy.

Question 59

Suppose 1,000 students were split into two groups of 500. Both groups were first presented with an image of a new high-end pair of jeans produced by Tommy Hilfiger, a clothing company. The first group was given the following statement and then asked the following question:
"The normal retail price of these jeans is $100. Would you be willing to pay $75 for them?"
The second group was given the following statement and then asked the following question:
"The normal retail price of these jeans is $250. Would you be willing to pay $75 for them?"
Suppose that 24% of the students in the first group answered yes and that 73% of the students in the second group answered yes. It is likely that more students in the second group were willing to pay $75 for the pair of jeans because they were told the normal price was much higher. This is an example of a ___________ effect in decision-making.

A) clothing
B) marketing
C) utilitarian
D) framing
E) psychosomatic

Question 60

Imagine a game show on television where one lucky contestant is presented with four upside-down buckets that are numbered 1, 2, 3, and 4. Under one of the buckets is a $100 bill. Under each of the other three buckets is a $10 bill. After the game ends, the contestant will receive the amount of money that is under his or her bucket.
The host of the game show asks the contestant to choose one of the four buckets. After the contestant makes a choice, the host lifts one of the remaining three buckets to reveal a $10 bill under it. At this point, three buckets remain uncovered: the bucket that the contestant originally chose and the two buckets that were not uncovered by the host.
The host subsequently asks the contestant if he or she would like to keep the original bucket or change buckets to one of the two other buckets remaining.


-In the 1990s, researchers Clotfelter, Cook, and Terrel analyzed data from a particular game that was offered in both the Maryland and New Jersey state lotteries. In the game, participants place a bet and then guess a three-digit number. After all bets have been placed, a three-digit number is randomly drawn by state lottery representatives. If a bettor correctly guesses the number drawn, the bettor wins a large prize. Consistent with the ___________, the researchers found clear evidence that lottery players bet less often on a number that had won in the recent past.

A) hot-hand fallacy
B) gambler's fallacy
C) casino's fallacy
D) genetic fallacy
E) naturalistic fallacy

Question 61

Suppose a large electronics retailer has 1,000 salespeople who sell new computers and new computer service plans. The retailer is interested in increasing the percentage of customers who purchase a computer service plan (or warranty) with their new computer. The retailer decides to test two sales pitches by splitting its salespeople into two groups of 500 and giving each group a slightly different sales pitch to recite to customers prior to the consummation of a computer sale.
The first group of salespeople recites the following sales pitch: "Before you pay, I wanted to let you know that all of our new computers come automatically with a warranty that adds $150 to the purchase price. If you wish to opt out and decline the warranty, all you need to do is fill out and sign a form attesting to your refusal."
The second group of salespeople recites the following sales pitch: "Before you pay, I wanted to let you know that, although none of our new computers come automatically with a warranty, you can purchase one by adding $150 to the purchase price. If you wish to opt in and accept the warranty, all you need to do is fill out and sign a form attesting to your acceptance."

-Suppose that 84% of customers hearing the sales pitch from the first group purchased the warranty and that 19% of the customers hearing the sales pitch from the second group purchased the warranty. The managers concluded that ___________ were likely present and changed company policy such that all salespeople are required to recite the sales pitch given by the first group.

A) fairness effects
B) rational effects
C) electronic aptitude effects
D) concerns about fairness
E) framing effects

Question 62

___________ exists when a person places more value on avoiding losses than attempting to realize gains.

A) The availability heuristic
B) Loss aversion
C) The trait ascription bias
D) The halo effect
E) The availability cascade

Question 63

Suppose 600 cancer patients have identical diagnoses. The patients are separated into two groups of 300 and asked the following questions regarding a potentially beneficial radiation therapy treatment. The first group was given the following statement and then asked the following question:
"Statistically, 950 out of every 1,000 cancer patients survive more than two years following the radiation treatment. Would you be willing to undergo the radiation treatment?"
The second group was given the following statement and then asked the following question:
"Statistically, 50 out of every 1,000 cancer patients die within the two years following the radiation treatment. Would you be willing to undergo the radiation treatment?"
Suppose that 78% of the patients in the first group answered yes and that 31% of the patients in the second group answered yes. Because the first statement that was given to both groups essentially states the same statistical fact in a different way, the significant difference in the answers recorded for each group is likely an example of a ___________ effect in decision-making.

A) placebo
B) Taylorian
C) utilitarian
D) wording
E) framing

Question 64

Suppose 500 residents of a dormitory are separated into two groups. The first group is asked the following questions in this order: "How happy are you with your experience living in the dormitory?" followed by "How many social gatherings held in the dormitory have you been invited to?" The second group is asked the following questions in this order:
"How many social gatherings held in the dormitory have you been invited to?" followed by "How happy are you with your experience living in the dormitory?
Further suppose that residents in the second group who reported that they had been invited to fewer social gatherings held in the dormitory reported being less happy with their experience living in the dormitory than did similar residents in the first group. This is an example of:

A) priming effects.
B) Kahnemanian effects.
C) internal rate of return effects.
D) market capitalization effects.
E) Rothbardian effects.

Question 65

In 2000, researchers Brigitte Madrian and Dennis Shea analyzed the 401(k) savings behavior of employees in a large U.S. corporation before and after an interesting change in the company 401(k) plan.
Before the plan change, employees were not automatically enrolled as participants in the company 401(k) plan upon being hired and were required to complete paperwork if they wanted to opt in. After the plan change, new employees were automatically enrolled in the 401(k) plan and were required to complete paperwork if they wanted to opt out. The amount of time and effort required to either opt in or opt out was approximately equal. None of the economic features of the plan changed.


-A finding of no significant difference in 401(k) plan participation after the plan change provides evidence that employee 401(k) participation decisions are made ___________ effects do not exist in the context of 401(k) plan participation.

A) rationally and rational
B) irrationally and priming
C) rationally and framing
D) irrationally and framing
E) rationally and fairness

Question 66

Suppose 1,000 college students are separated into two groups. The first group is asked the following questions in this order: "How happy are you with your college experience?" followed by "How many friends have you made in college?" The second group is asked the following questions in this order: "How many friends have you made in college?" followed by "How happy are you with your college experience?"
Further suppose that students in the second group who reported that they had met more friends in college reported being much happier than did similar students in the first group. This is an example of:

A) rationality effects.
B) priming effects.
C) dorm-room effects.
D) financial aid effects.
E) felinarian effects.

Question 67

The ___________ is a cognitive bias that leads people to prefer things to change as little as possible.

A) status quo bias
B) gambler's bias
C) hot-hand fallacy
D) gambler's fallacy
E) hot-hand bias

Question 68

At the beginning of a semester, a group of five students (Jim, Andy, Beth, Brandy, and Duane) were asked to order a snack that the teacher will deliver to the students free of charge before the first class of the tenth week of the semester. The three choices were an apple, a banana, or a Snickers candy bar. The teacher collected the orders and found that two students have ordered an apple, two students have ordered a banana, and one student has ordered a Snickers candy bar. The four students who ordered either an apple or a banana cited health consciousness as the reason for their choice. Immediately before the orders are scheduled to be delivered, the teacher informs the students that they can switch their choice and order something else from the original menu if they wish, or they can receive what they originally ordered. Which of the following scenarios is the best example of inconsistent intertemporal decision-making?

A) Jim originally ordered an apple and did not change his choice when prompted.
B) Andy ordered a banana and switched to an apple when prompted.
C) Beth ordered an apple and switched to a banana when prompted.
D) Brandy ordered a banana and switched to a Snickers candy bar when prompted.
E) Duane ordered a Snickers candy bar and did not change his choice when prompted.

Question 69

In 2000, researchers Brigitte Madrian and Dennis Shea analyzed the 401(k) savings behavior of employees in a large U.S. corporation before and after an interesting change in the company 401(k) plan.
Before the plan change, employees were not automatically enrolled as participants in the company 401(k) plan upon being hired and were required to complete paperwork if they wanted to opt in. After the plan change, new employees were automatically enrolled in the 401(k) plan and were required to complete paperwork if they wanted to opt out. The amount of time and effort required to either opt in or opt out was approximately equal. None of the economic features of the plan changed.


-The researchers found that 401(k) participation is significantly higher under automatic enrollment. One possible explanation for this finding is that:

A) there was a large shift in the employees' preferences for savings the day plan changes were implemented.
B) framing effects have no influence in employee 401(k) participation decisions.
C) framing effects have a significant influence in employee 401(k) participation decisions.
D) employees will always choose whether to participate based entirely on the economic features of the plan, not the way the decision to participate is framed.
E) employees are acting rationally in the context of standard economic models.

Question 70

Suppose a large electronics retailer has 1,000 salespeople who sell new computers and new computer service plans. The retailer is interested in increasing the percentage of customers who purchase a computer service plan (or warranty) with their new computer. The retailer decides to test two sales pitches by splitting its salespeople into two groups of 500 and giving each group a slightly different sales pitch to recite to customers prior to the consummation of a computer sale.
The first group of salespeople recites the following sales pitch: "Before you pay, I wanted to let you know that all of our new computers come automatically with a warranty that adds $150 to the purchase price. If you wish to opt out and decline the warranty, all you need to do is fill out and sign a form attesting to your refusal."
The second group of salespeople recites the following sales pitch: "Before you pay, I wanted to let you know that, although none of our new computers come automatically with a warranty, you can purchase one by adding $150 to the purchase price. If you wish to opt in and accept the warranty, all you need to do is fill out and sign a form attesting to your acceptance."

-Suppose that 34% of customers hearing the sales pitch from the first group purchased the warranty and that 34% of the customers hearing the sales pitch from the second group purchased the warranty. The managers concluded that ___________ were not present, so it did not matter how the question about purchasing the warranty was asked.

A) rational effects
B) electronic aptitude effects
C) concerns about fairness
D) framing effects
E) fairness effects

Question 71

When people want to maintain their current lifestyles and are reluctant to change, they may exhibit what is known as the:

A) hot-hand fallacy.
B) gambler's fallacy.
C) status quo bias.
D) hot-hand bias.
E) gambler's bias.

Question 72

Mario knows that, over the long run, it is in his best interest to save at least 10% of his paycheck for retirement. However, each time he receives his weekly paycheck of $1,000, he ends up spending it all and not depositing any to a retirement account. Mario has resolved to contact his employer's human resources department to set up a 401(k) work-sponsored retirement account where the 10% would be deducted automatically from his paycheck before it is issued to him each week. It is apparent from this information that Mario realized that:

A) his intertemporal decisions are inconsistent and he had to take action to make them consistent.
B) his intertemporal decisions are consistent and he had to take action to make them inconsistent.
C) it is better for him to handle sending money to a retirement account than to rely on his employer to send the money to a retirement account on his behalf.
D) he should not be saving for retirement after all because his short-run preferences to spend his entire paycheck are perfectly indicative of his long-run preferences.
E) he should not worry about the future anymore because it will take care of itself.

Question 73

The ___________ game is an economic experiment in which two players decide how to divide a pot of money.

A) prisoner's dilemma
B) hawk-dove
C) behavioral economics
D) ultimatum
E) hot-hand dilemma

Question 74

In 1980, the Schlitz Brewing Company conducted several beer taste tests on live television during NFL football games. One hundred confirmed Budweiser drinkers (who had each signed an affidavit stating that he drank at least 12 bottles of Budweiser each week) were each served a glass of both Schlitz and Budweiser in unmarked containers. After tasting both beers, the members of the group were asked which beer they preferred. Between 45% and 55% of the participants responded that they preferred Schlitz even though they were confirmed Budweiser drinkers. Which bias can likely explain why the participants in the group displayed such strong brand allegiance to Budweiser prior to the taste test?

A) the availability heuristic
B) the trait ascription bias
C) the availability cascade
D) status quo bias
E) the Rupertorian effect

Question 75

In behavioral economics, the status quo bias is often accompanied by ___________, which exists when a person places more value on avoiding losses than attempting to realize gains.

A) loss aversion
B) gain aversion
C) the ambiguity effect
D) the availability heuristic
E) the bandwagon effect

Question 76

Stephen C. has been purchasing Fruity Pebbles brand cereal each week for the past two years, even though a different brand, such as Captain Crunch or Rice Krispies, would in all likelihood bring him more utility per dollar spent. A behavioral economist would suspect Stephen C. is suffering from the ___________ bias.

A) choice-supportive
B) status quo
C) egocentric
D) time-saving
E) outcome

Question 77

Amanda and Brenda are considering playing a game called Matching Twenties. In this game, Amanda and Brenda will each place a $20 bill on the table. Both players will then toss a fair coin. If both Amanda and Brenda toss heads or both Amanda and Brenda toss tails, Amanda wins the $40 on the table. If one woman tosses heads and the other tosses tails, Brenda wins the $40 on the table. Amanda decides that she is not willing to play this game because a loss of $20 to Brenda would cause her to lose more utility than she would gain if she won $20 from Brenda. Which concept best explains Amanda's choice not to play the game?

A) hedonic editing
B) gain aversion
C) loss aversion
D) signaling
E) gain-loss asymmetry

Question 78

The ___________ bias leads decision-makers to try to protect what they have, even when an objective evaluation of their circumstances suggests that a change would be beneficial.

A) egocentric
B) choice-supportive
C) time-saving
D) status quo
E) outcome

Question 79

Suppose 8,000 residents at an apartment complex are separated into two groups. The first group is asked the following questions in this order: "How happy are you with your experience at the apartment complex?" followed by "How many social gatherings held at the apartment complex have you been invited to?" The second group is asked the following questions in this order: "How many social gatherings held at the apartment complex have you been invited to?" followed by "How happy are you with your experience at the apartment complex?"
Further suppose that residents in the second group who reported that they had been invited to more social gatherings held at the apartment complex reported being much happier with their experience at the apartment complex than did similar residents in the first group. This is an example of:

A) Kahnemanian effects.
B) Rothbardian effects.
C) internal rate of return effects.
D) market capitalization effects.
E) priming effects.

Question 80

For the past five years, John S. has been purchasing Citizens of Humanity brand jeans each time he needs a new pair of jeans, even though a different brand, such as RocaWear or Ecko, would in all likelihood bring him more utility per dollar spent. A behavioral economist would suspect John S. is suffering from the ___________ bias.

A) egocentric
B) choice-supportive
C) time-saving
D) status quo
E) outcome