Deck 7: Communication and Learning Disorders

Question 1

 Julia's father asked her to go to her bedroom to select a book that they could read together. Julia went upstairs to her bedroom and chose her favorite book from her bookshelf. On her way back downstairs, Julia's mother asked her what she was doing. Julia's response was "Book read." Based on this description, Julia may meet the criteria for ____.

A) phonological disorder
B) expressive language disorder
C) speech sound disorder
D) stuttering

Answer 1

expressive language disorder

Question 2

 To see if a child has phonological awareness, a teacher might ____.

A) ask the child to rhyme words
B) have the child try to complete a page of math problems
C) have the child sing out loud
D) ask the child to recite the alphabet

Answer 2

ask the child to rhyme words

Question 3

 Which statement regarding the general intellect of children with learning disabilities is true?

A) Children with learning disabilities usually have mild intellectual disability.
B) Children with learning disabilities usually have below-average intelligence.
C) Children with learning disabilities usually have average intelligence.
D) Children with learning disabilities usually have average or above-average intelligence.

Answer 3

Children with learning disabilities usually have average or above-average intelligence.

Question 4

 Learning disabilities differ from physical disabilities in childhood in that they are ____.

A) more pronounced
B) not as easy to detect
C) not diagnosed by professionals
D) fairly rare

Question 5

 By the age of ____, a child's auditory map for phonetic discrimination is complete.

A) 1 month
B) 6 months
C) 1 year
D) 5 years

Question 6

 ____ is highly related to expressive language development.

A) Semantic ability
B) Pragmatic awareness
C) Phonological awareness
D) Morphological ability

Question 7

 Which statement about learning disabilities is true?

A) Learning problems occurring as a result of intellectual disability may qualify as "learning disabilities."
B) Learning problems occurring as a result of brain injury may qualify as "learning disabilities."
C) Learning problems occurring as a result of either intellectual disability or brain injury may qualify as "learning disabilities."
D) Learning disabilities can affect daily routines, work, and family life.

Question 8

 ____ is/are connected to the later onset of learning disorders.

A) Parental age
B) Communication disorders
C) Head injuries
D) Developmental delay

Question 9

 Which statement regarding gender differences in rates of communication disorders is true?

A) Girls are more likely to be diagnosed with communication disorders due to biological differences.
B) Girls are more likely to be diagnosed with communication disorders due to referral bias.
C) Boys are more likely to be diagnosed with communication disorders due to biological differences.
D) Boys are more likely to be diagnosed with communication disorders due to acting out.

Question 10

 When a developmental language problem involves articulation or sound production rather than word knowledge, it is typically known as a __________________ disorder.

A) pragmatic communication
B) childhood-onset
C) speech sound
D) language

Question 11

 Phonological awareness is a broad construct that includes ____.

A) recognition of the independence of sounds and letters
B) awareness that sounds cannot be manipulated within syllables in words
C) detection of rhyme and alliteration
D) reciting the alphabet

Question 12

 A child diagnosed with a learning disorder would typically score ____.

A) better on IQ tests than on tests of academic achievement
B) lower on IQ tests than on tests of academic achievement
C) comparably high on both IQ tests and tests of academic achievement
D) comparably low on both IQ tests and tests of academic achievement

Question 13

 Dyslexia refers to ____.

A) problems with fine motor control
B) problems decoding and recognizing simple words
C) a specific kind of reading problem in which the child reverses letters
D) problems in writing

Question 14

 By the early school-age years, which communication disorder is most prevalent?

A) Language disorder
B) Speech sound disorder
C) Childhood-onset fluency disorder
D) Pragmatic communication disorder

Question 15

 The basic sounds that make up a language are called ________.

A) phonology
B) phonemes
C) phonetics
D) phonics

Question 16

 Which disorder is determined by achievement test results that are substantially below what is expected for the child's age, schooling, and intellectual ability?

A) Communication disorder
B) Phonological awareness
C) Specific learning disorder
D) Fluency disorder

Question 17

 ____ is one of the best predictors of school performance and overall intelligence.

A) Well-developed fine motor skill
B) Early infant stimulation
C) Early attainment of developmental milestones
D) The development of language

Question 18

 Deficits in ____ are a chief reason that most children with communication and learning disorders have problems in learning to read and spell.

A) phonology
B) comprehension
C) attention
D) adaptation

Question 19

 Deficits in phonological awareness are diagnosed when a child ____.

A) cannot express his or her thoughts
B) cannot understand others
C) stutters
D) has trouble manipulating sounds

Question 20

 By mid-to-late adolescence, most children with communication disorders ____.

A) stop speaking
B) have acquired normal language
C) show decline in the quality of speech
D) drop out of school

Question 21

 Studies investigating the causes of communication disorders suggest that ____.

A) there is no genetic basis for language problems
B) left-handed people are more likely to develop language impairments
C) communication problems are often tied to poor parental efforts to stimulate language development
D) there is an interaction of genetic influences, slowness of brain maturation, and possible minor brain lesions

Question 22

 Language functions are housed primarily in the ____.

A) left temporal lobe
B) right temporal lobe
C) frontal lobe
D) occipital lobe

Question 23

 Decoding can be described as ____.

A) interpreting the hidden meaning of words
B) recognizing concepts in sentences
C) breaking a word into parts rapidly enough to read the whole word
D) recognizing errors in sequence of words and spelling

Question 24

 Which statement about the causes of stuttering is true?

A) Empirical studies have shown stuttering to be due to unresolved emotional problems or anxiety.
B) The communicative behavior of mothers significantly contributes to the development of stuttering.
C) Stuttering is probably related to abnormal development of the right hemisphere of the brain.
D) A combination of genetic and environmental factors seem to cause the abnormal development.

Question 25

 Diagnostic criteria for specific learning disorder include all of the following EXCEPT ____.

A) difficulty memorizing basic facts and procedures
B) inaccurate or slow and effortful word reading
C) difficulty understanding the meaning of what is read
D) difficulties mastering number sense, number facts, or calculation

Question 26

 Which of the following is a category of learning disorders?

A) Social
B) Mathematics
C) Phonological
D) Fluency

Question 27

 ____ education strategies are based on the premise that children with special needs will benefit from associating with normally developing peers.

A) Segregation
B) Inclusion
C) Incorporation
D) Cooperation

Question 28

 Language functions are housed primarily in which lobe of the brain?

A) The frontal lobe
B) The occipital lobe
C) The left temporal lobe
D) The parietal lobe

Question 29

 The course of SLD is associated with ____.

A) improvement in high school
B) better reading comprehension in adulthood
C) reduction in reading deficits, but not in mathematics
D) dropping out of school

Question 30

 Which is an appropriate treatment for children who stutter?

A) Teach parents how to discipline their children.
B) Aggressively encourage proper speech.
C) Use contingency management procedures.
D) Make the child accountable for progress.

Question 31

 A child with a mathematics disorder would most likely have difficulty with ____.

A) reading
B) visual-spatial ability
C) coordination
D) memory

Question 32

 The most common underlying feature associated with reading disorders is ____.

A) associating new words with those in memory
B) visually processing the shapes of letters
C) interpreting the meaning of words
D) distinguishing or separating sounds in spoken words

Question 33

 The age at which stuttering tends to recede is around ____.

A) 2 years
B) 5 years
C) 9 years
D) 10 years

Question 34

 Mary is reading out loud to her class. She reads "from," when in fact the word is "form." Mary has made a(n) ____ error.

A) omission
B) reversal
C) transposition
D) sight

Question 35

 Boys are more likely to be diagnosed with learning disorders because ____.

A) their parents are more likely to seek help
B) they are more likely to also have behavior problems
C) their problems are more severe
D) they actually outnumber girls in epidemiological studies

Question 36

 Which statement about gender differences in rates of stuttering is true?

A) Boys and girls are equally affected by stuttering.
B) Girls are more likely to stutter than boys.
C) Boys are more likely to stutter than girls.
D) Boys are more likely to stutter than girls, except among children of low socioeconomic status.

Question 37

 Almost ________ of children who stutter before the age of 5 will no longer stutter once they have been in school for about a year.

A) 10%
B) 50%
C) 80%
D) 100%

Question 38

 A child with a writing disorder has the most difficulty with ____.

A) spelling accuracy
B) visual-spatial ability
C) gross motor skills
D) memory

Question 39

 Studies comparing language-impaired children with and without a positive family history for a language-based learning disability suggest that children with a positive family history may inherit ____.

A) co-morbid behavior problems
B) temporal processing deficits
C) structural abnormalities in the temporal lobe
D) brain lesions in a pinpointed region

Question 40

 Evidence of mathematics disorder typically emerges ____.

A) well before entry into school
B) upon entry into school
C) several years after beginning school
D) in early adolescence

Question 41

 The planum temporale in individuals with reading disorders is ____.

A) larger on the right side of the brain
B) larger on the left side of the brain
C) of equal size on both sides of the brain
D) scarred and malfunctioning

Question 42

 Shaywitz and Shaywitz (2002) found that the brains of dyslexic children compared to nonimpaired children had ____.

A) higher activation primarily in the right hemisphere
B) lower activation primarily in the right hemisphere
C) higher activation primarily in the left hemisphere
D) lower activation primarily in the left hemisphere

Question 43

 Mild specific learning disorders include which of the following?

A) Difficulties learning skills in multiple academic domains, but the individual is able to compensate without any accommodations or interventions.
B) Difficulties learning skills, affecting several academic domains, so that the individual is unlikely to learn skills without ongoing individualized and specialized teaching.
C) Difficulties learning skills in one or more academic domains, so that the individual is unlikely to become proficient without some intervals of specialized teaching during the school years.
D) Difficulties learning skills in one or two academic domains, but the individual may be able to compensate well when provided with appropriate accommodations.

Question 44

 Which intervention would be least likely to be used with a child with a learning disorder?

A) Implementation of behavioral reinforcement
B) Prescribing medications that help learning
C) Teaching the child to monitor his or her own thought processes
D) Individual counseling to help the child to develop more positive feelings about his or her abilities

Question 45

 ____ is based on the premise that the ability to decode and recognize words accurately and rapidly must be acquired before reading comprehension can occur.

A) Recognition learning
B) Direct learning
C) Direct instruction
D) Recognition instruction

Question 46

 Which factor is least likely to lead to increased resiliency and adaptation in children with learning disorders?

A) Easy or positive temperament
B) Positive sense of efficacy and self-esteem
C) Competent and supportive caregivers
D) Clear consequences for when mistakes are made

Question 47

 The cause of most learning disorders is ____.

A) limited exposure to reading material in the home
B) genetically based neurological problems
C) perinatal injury and/or anoxia
D) poor instructional methods

Question 48

 Eden et al. (1996) found that the brains of adults with reading disorders show no activation in an area that detects ____.

A) pressure
B) auditory stimuli
C) vestibular changes
D) visual motion

Question 49

 Typical errors students with SLD with impairment in reading make include all of the following EXCEPT ____.

A) reversals of letters
B) transposition of letters
C) omission of letters
D) patterned replacement of letters

Question 50

 Which of the following is NOT a critical element for a successful beginning reading program?

A) Providing direct instruction in language analysis
B) Providing direct teaching of the alphabetic code
C) Teaching reading and spelling in coordination
D) Teaching reading and writing in coordination

Question 51

 A term sometimes used to describe a pattern of reading difficulties would be ___________.

A) inversion
B) transposition
C) decoding
D) dyslexia

Question 52

 Children with learning disorders are likely to also have ____.

A) low sports self-concept
B) difficulty with appearance self-concept
C) poor academic self-concept
D) trouble balancing an overactive social life with school

Question 53

 Intervention methods and treatments for SLD rely primarily on _________.

A) psychosocial methods
B) surgical treatments
C) prescription medications
D) a combination of biological and educational treatments

Question 54

 Factors that increase resilience and adaptation among children with learning disorders in their transition to adulthood include all of the following EXCEPT

A) a commitment to getting things done correctly the first time
B) a basic temperament that elicits positive responses from others
C) a well-developed sense of efficacy, preparedness, and self-esteem
D) competent caregivers and supportive adults

Question 55

 Children with impairment in written expression often have problems with tasks that require ____________.

A) good handwriting
B) proper spelling
C) hand-eye coordination
D) sitting and reasoning

Question 56

 The FIRST step in direct behavioral instruction is to ___________.

A) review the child's existing disabilities
B) develop a short statement of goals at the beginning of a lesson
C) provide clear and detailed instructions and explanations
D) provide explicit guidance for each student during initial practice

Question 57

 This law, originally passed in 1975 and renamed in 2004, mandates that children with special needs must be afforded access to all educational services, regardless of their handicaps. The Act, signed into U.S. law in 2002, allowed for more intensified efforts by each state to improve the academic achievement of public school students considered at risk for school failure.

A) Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
B) No Child Left Behind Act
C) Every Student Succeeds Act
D) Old Deluder Satan Act

Question 58

 This part of the brain, which is the first part of the brain to process speech, receives electrical signals from receptors in the ears and transforms them into sound sensations.

A) The temporal lobe
B) The auditory association area
C) The primary auditory cortex
D) The parietal lobe

Question 59

 Nonverbal learning disabilities are deficits related to ____.

A) cellular abnormalities in the left hemisphere
B) functional abnormalities in the right hemisphere
C) abnormalities of the planum temporale
D) excesses of dopamine neurotransmitters

Question 60

 Nonverbal learning disabilities are characteristic of children who perform worse at ____ than reading.

A) sports
B) singing
C) math
D) spelling

Question 61

 Discuss why children with learning disorders might display more acting out behaviors at school and the behavioral strategies used.

Question 62

 Differentiate between the terms learning disabilities, communication disorders, and specific learning disorder.

Question 63

 How do the biological causes of language-based learning disabilities and nonverbal learning disabilities differ?

Question 64

 What particular difficulties, errors, and/or deficits suggest a child has an impairment in mathematics?

Question 65

 Summarize the use of computer-assisted learning for specific learning disorders.

Question 66

 What is meant by a "perceptual map" for language and how does it develop?

Question 67

 Compare and contrast behavioral strategies for addressing SLD with cognitive-behavioral interventions.

Question 68

 Eight-year-old Jessica has a mathematics disorder. You have been asked to make recommendations to Jessica's parents and teacher as to how they might help Jessica. From a behavioral and cognitive-behavioral standpoint, what specific recommendations would you make?

Question 69

 It has been suggested that language-based learning disorders are related to neurological deficits in sensitivity. What is the nature of this argument?

Question 70

 Discuss the two major findings that implicate specific biological underpinnings of reading disorders.

Question 71

 What kind of deficits might a parent or teacher notice in a child who has a writing disorder?

Question 72

 List the steps involved in direct behavioral instruction.

Question 73

 Outline and describe the diagnostic criteria for a language disorder.

Question 74

 What particular difficulties and errors might suggest that a child has a reading disorder?

Question 75

 Strauss and Werner (1943) pointed out that children learn in their own individual ways. List the three important concepts developed from their idea that continues to influence the field to this day.