Deck 8: Deformation and Metamorphism

Question 1

What type of deformation is shown in this photograph?

A)displacement
B)rotation
C)internal strain of the rock
D)columnar joints

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What type of stress formed the structure shown in this figure?

A)fluid pressure
B)compression
C)tension
D)test anxiety
E)none of these

Answer 2

B

Question 3

What type of stress formed the structure shown in this figure?

A)compression
B)tension
C)shear
D)none of these because no fracture was formed

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following is most likely to occur at deep crustal levels?

A)ductile behavior
B)brittle deformation
C)fracturing
D)only minor changes in minerals
E)none of these

Question 5

What type of stress formed the structure shown in this figure?

A)compression
B)confining pressure
C)tension
D)shear
E)none of these

Question 6

Which of the following is most likely to occur at shallow crustal levels?

A)ductile behavior
B)brittle deformation
C)growth of new minerals
D)recrystallization of minerals
E)metamorphism

Question 7

What type of stress formed the structure shown in this figure?

A)fluid pressure
B)compression
C)confining pressure
D)tension

Question 8

Under what conditions was this rock likely deformed?

A)relatively shallow
B)brittle conditions
C)conditions that favored fracturing
D)hot and deep conditions

Question 9

What type of tectonic event formed the main structures in the Valley and Ridge Province of the Appalachian Mountains?

A)rifting and stretching of the continental crust
B)rifting and thickening of the continental crust
C)melting associated with an ocean-continent convergent margin
D)a continental collision

Question 10

How would the force and stress on the wooden pillar in this figure change if the stone weight was the same size but the wooden pillar was narrower?

A)The amount of force and amount of stress would be unchanged.
B)The amount of force and the amount of stress would both increase.
C)The amount of force and the amount of stress would both decrease.
D)The force would remain the same,but the amount of stress would increase.
E)The force would remain the same,but the amount of stress would decrease.

Question 11

Under what conditions was this rock likely deformed?

A)relatively shallow
B)brittle conditions
C)conditions that favored fracturing
D)all of these

Question 12

How does the strength of continental crust vary with depth?

A)Rocks become stronger with depth and then get weaker deep in the crust.
B)Rocks weaken with depth and then get stronger deep in the crust.
C)Rocks systematically get stronger from the surface to deep in the crust.
D)Rocks systematically get weaker from the surface to deep in the crust.

Question 13

What type of deformation is shown in this photograph?

A)displacement
B)rotation
C)internal strain of the rock
D)columnar joints

Question 14

What types of structures dominate the Valley and Ridge Province of the Appalachian Mountains?

A)normal faults that uplift the ridges and downdrop the valleys
B)glacially carved valleys and curved ridges of glacial deposits
C)large folds and thrust faults that have been eroded
D)high-grade metamorphic rocks and ridges of granite

Question 15

What type of stress formed the structure shown in this figure?

A)fluid pressure
B)compression
C)shear
D)tension
E)none of these

Question 16

What type of structure is expressed in this cliff face?

A)normal faults
B)reverse faults
C)joints
D)folds

Question 17

If a rock is subjected to differential stress,then it means that:

A)forces are pushing inward from all directions by the same amount
B)stresses are pushing inward from all directions by the same amount
C)fluid pressure is greater than the confining pressure
D)the amount of stress is greater in some directions than in others

Question 18

What type of deformation is shown in this photograph?

A)displacement
B)rotation
C)internal strain of the rock
D)columnar joints

Question 19

Which of the following is a valid statement about how rocks respond to stress?

A)If the stress is very high,the rock will be unchanged.
B)Stress can cause a rock to be displaced,but not rotated.
C)If a rock has strained,then it has changed its size or shape.
D)A rock can be displaced or strained but not both at the same time.

Question 20

What are the three main types of stress?

A)compression,tension,and shear
B)confining stress,deformation,and folding
C)convergence,divergence,and transform faulting
D)positive,negative,and neutral
E)none of these

Question 21

What types of structures are shown in this photograph?

A)joints
B)normal faults
C)reverse faults
D)anticlines
E)synclines

Question 22

What type of fault is forming here?

A)normal fault
B)reverse fault
C)strike-slip fault
D)oblique-slip faults

Question 23

What type of stress could form the fault in this figure?

A)confining pressure
B)vertical tension
C)shear
D)none of these

Question 24

What causes the stress that forms joints?

A)burial and tectonic forces
B)cooling and contraction
C)uplift and unloading of pressure
D)all of these
E)none of these

Question 25

How did the joints in this photograph form?

A)from uplift
B)from burial
C)from tectonics
D)from weathering
E)from cooling

Question 26

What type of fault is shown in this figure?

A)dip-slip fault
B)normal fault
C)strike-slip fault
D)reverse fault

Question 27

What type of fault is shown in this figure?

A)normal fault
B)reverse fault
C)strike-slip fault
D)thrust fault

Question 28

What orientation of stresses is the simplest explanation for the structure shown in this figure?

A)equal amounts of confining pressure
B)tension from upper left to lower right
C)shearing in a vertical direction
D)shearing in a horizontal direction

Question 29

What type of stress could form the fault in this figure?

A)confining pressure
B)horizontal tension
C)vertical tension
D)horizontal compression
E)any of these

Question 30

What type of fault is shown in this figure?

A)normal fault
B)reverse fault
C)strike-slip fault

Question 31

What type of structure is shown in this photograph?

A)joint
B)cleavage
C)fault
D)anticline
E)syncline

Question 32

What does the horizontal line along the intersection of the plane and the water represent?

A)the direction of dip on the plane
B)the direction in which a fault slipped
C)the hanging wall
D)a normal fault
E)the strike of the surface

Question 33

What type of fault is shown in this figure?

A)normal fault
B)strike-slip fault
C)reverse fault
D)none of these

Question 34

What type of stress could form the fault in this figure?

A)confining pressure
B)horizontal tension
C)horizontal compression
D)horizontal pushing
E)any of these

Question 35

What type of fault is shown in this figure?

A)dip-slip fault
B)normal fault
C)strike-slip fault
D)reverse fault

Question 36

What type of fault is forming here?

A)normal fault
B)reverse fault
C)strike-slip fault
D)oblique-slip faults

Question 37

What is the difference between a joint and a fault?

A)a joint is formed by confining pressure
B)a joint is formed by differential stress but a fault is not
C)a fault is formed by tension but a joint is formed by compression
D)a fault displaces the rocks on one side relative to another

Question 38

What type of fault is being formed here?

A)normal fault
B)reverse fault
C)strike-slip fault
D)oblique-slip faults

Question 39

What type of structure is shown in this photograph?

A)joint
B)cleavage
C)fault
D)anticline
E)syncline

Question 40

What type of structure is shown in this figure?

A)joint
B)normal fault
C)reverse fault
D)strike-slip fault
E)dip-slip fault

Question 41

What type of fold is shown in this figure?

A)thrust fault
B)anticline
C)syncline
D)monocline
E)basin

Question 42

What type of structure is shown in this figure?

A)horizontal anticline
B)horizontal syncline
C)plunging anticline
D)plunging syncline
E)asymmetric anticline

Question 43

What type of metamorphic rock is shown here?

A)slate
B)hornfels
C)greenstone
D)banded gneiss

Question 44

What type of structure is shown in this figure?

A)horizontal anticline
B)horizontal syncline
C)plunging anticline
D)plunging syncline
E)asymmetric anticline

Question 45

What type of structure is shown in this figure?

A)thrust fault
B)anticline
C)syncline
D)monocline
E)basin

Question 46

Which of the following does NOT match a sedimentary rock with a possible metamorphic equivalent?

A)sandstone-quartzite
B)limestone-marble
C)shale-schist
D)shale-gneiss
E)all of these are correct matches

Question 47

What type of structure is shown in this figure?

A)horizontal anticline
B)horizontal syncline
C)plunging anticline
D)plunging syncline
E)asymmetric anticline

Question 48

Which of the following does NOT help define foliation in metamorphic rocks?

A)a dominant orientation of crystals,such as mica
B)light- and dark-colored bands
C)flattened shapes of deformed objects,such as pebbles
D)crystals that grow in a random orientation
E)all of these

Question 49

What type of structure is shown in this figure?

A)thrust fault
B)anticline
C)syncline
D)monocline
E)dome

Question 50

What type of structure is shown in this figure?

A)thrust fault
B)anticline
C)syncline
D)monocline
E)basin

Question 51

What type of metamorphic feature is shown in this photograph?

A)anticline
B)syncline
C)monocline
D)lineation

Question 52

What type of structure is shown in this figure?

A)horizontal syncline
B)plunging anticline
C)plunging syncline
D)asymmetric anticline
E)asymmetric syncline

Question 53

What type of stress is the cause of most folding?

A)tension
B)compression
C)confining pressure
D)fluid pressure

Question 54

Which of the following matches a sedimentary rock with a possible metamorphic equivalent?

A)sandstone-greenstone
B)basalt-marble
C)limestone-quartzite
D)shale-slate
E)none of these

Question 55

What type of structure is shown in this figure?

A)thrust fault
B)anticline
C)syncline
D)monocline
E)basin

Question 56

What type of metamorphic feature is shown in this photograph?

A)thrust fault
B)normal fault
C)cleavage
D)hornfels

Question 57

What type of structure is shown in this figure?

A)horizontal anticline
B)horizontal syncline
C)plunging anticline
D)plunging syncline
E)asymmetric anticline

Question 58

Which of the following does NOT help define lineation in some metamorphic rocks?

A)a dominant orientation of long crystals
B)alternating layers of dark- and light-colored rock types
C)stretched crystals
D)stretched pebbles
E)linear streaks formed by smearing of minerals

Question 59

What type of structure is shown in this figure?

A)thrust fault
B)anticline
C)syncline
D)monocline
E)basin

Question 60

What type of metamorphic feature is shown in this photograph?

A)cleavage in slate
B)hornfels
C)foliation in banded gneiss
D)thrust fault

Question 61

Which of these conditions could form rocks that are partly metamorphic and partly igneous?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 62

Which of the following rocks cannot be metamorphosed?

A)shale
B)sandstone
C)limestone
D)granite
E)all of these can be metamorphosed

Question 63

Why could the geologic setting in this figure cause metamorphism?

A)because it forces some rocks deeper as they are overridden by rocks above the fault
B)it would only cause metamorphism very near the surface
C)it would only cause metamorphism where the fault intersects the surface
D)it cannot cause metamorphism
E)none of these

Question 64

What type of metamorphism would occur in this setting?

A)regional metamorphism
B)contact metamorphism
C)subduction
D)normal faulting

Question 65

Which location on this diagram would most likely record hot conditions deep within the continental crust?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 66

What type of metamorphism would occur in this setting?

A)regional metamorphism
B)contact metamorphism
C)extension
D)normal faulting

Question 67

Which of the numbers on this figure indicates high pressure/low temperature metamorphic conditions?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 68

If a rock is metamorphosed but does not contain foliation or lineation,what has probably happened to the rock?

A)It has not been metamorphosed.
B)It has been deformed but not metamorphosed.
C)It has been metamorphosed but not deformed.
D)It has been flattened and stretched while it was metamorphosed.
E)It was only flattened during metamorphism.

Question 69

What kind of metamorphic rock is formed where rocks have been heated but not deformed?

A)slate
B)schist
C)metamorphic rock with shear zones
D)a rock with metamorphic minerals but no foliation or lineation
E)it is not possible to metamorphose a rock without deformation

Question 70

Which location on this diagram would result from burial to moderate depths accompanied by normal heating of rocks (regional metamorphism)?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 71

Which location on this diagram would most likely record metamorphism along a subduction zone?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 72

Which of the following is a common metamorphic process?

A)deforming objects into new shapes
B)rotation of minerals into a common orientation
C)remobilization of chemical constituents into light and dark bands
D)dissolving some parts of the rock and carrying the material away
E)all of these

Question 73

In what site on this figure would you expect high pressure/low temperature metamorphism?

A)A and B
B)B and C
C)C and D
D)D and E
E)none of these

Question 74

What type of metamorphism would occur in this setting?

A)regional metamorphism
B)contact metamorphism
C)subduction
D)thrust faulting

Question 75

Shale is metamorphosed into three rock types: (1)a banded gneissic rock; (2)a rock with small mica crystals with a shiny aspect; (3)a very shiny rock with large mica crystals; and (4)a dull slate with cleavage.Which of the following lists these rocks in order of increasing metamorphic grade?

A)1,2,3,4
B)4,3,2,1
C)2,3,4,1
D)4,2,3,1
E)3,2,4,1

Question 76

What is the typical setting for fold and thrust belts?

A)associated with convergent plate boundaries
B)ocean-ocean divergent plate boundaries
C)continental rifts
D)transform faults
E)any of these

Question 77

Which of the numbers on this figure indicates low pressure/high temperature metamorphic conditions?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 78

Which location on this diagram would most likely record contact metamorphism in shallow levels of the crust?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 79

Which of the numbers on this figure indicates typical continental conditions (regional metamorphism)?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 80

In what site on this figure would you expect regional metamorphism?

A)A and B
B)B and C
C)C and D
D)D and E
E)A and C