Deck 1: Introduction to Digital Radiography and Pacs

Question 1

Who was the first to incorporate digital imaging with the CT scanner?

A) Paul Lauterbur
B) Godfrey Hounsfield
C) Sol Nudelman
D) M. Paul Capp

Answer 1

Godfrey Hounsfield

Question 2

Film and intensifying screens are primarily used in:

A) computed radiography (CR).
B) digital radiography (DR).
C) conventional radiography.
D) picture archival and communication systems.

Answer 2

conventional radiography.

Question 3

Teleradiography incorporated ______ to produce radiographic images.

A) satellite feeds
B) cable lines
C) T1 cables
D) telephone lines

Answer 3

telephone lines

Question 4

The x-ray absorber typically used in direct capture DR is a:

A) photodiode.
B) phototransistor.
C) photoconductor.
D) photoelectron.

Question 5

One of the early goals related to the development of PACS was to:

A) reduce costs related to overstaffing.
B) allow radiologists to read stat films from a hospital while at home.
C) provide a means to move battlefield images to an established hospital.
D) eliminate the need for chemical processing.

Question 6

Early picture archival and communication systems were first developed:

A) in Canada.
B) by the U.S. military.
C) by Albert Jutras.
D) by NASA.

Question 7

Which two modalities could easily be converted to digital imaging properties?

A) CT and ultrasonography
B) CT and MRI
C) Ultrasonography and nuclear medicine
D) Nuclear medicine and CT

Question 8

In a DR system, which of the following are needed to produce a radiographic image?

A) X-ray absorber and a CCD
B) Intensifying screen and a TFT
C) Storage phosphor plate and a CCD
D) Storage phosphor plate and a TFT

Question 9

In which decade was MRI first introduced?

A) 1950s
B) 1960s
C) 1970s
D) 1980s

Question 10

Compared with a 90-second processing time found in conventional radiography, image acquisition with DR has now been reduced to:

A) instantaneous acquisition.
B) 1 to 2 seconds.
C) 3 to 5 seconds.
D) 6 to 8 seconds.

Question 11

The two elements needed to convert light signals into an electrical signal while using indirect capture DR are TFT and:

A) photodiodes.
B) photoconductors.
C) phototransistors.
D) photostators.

Question 12

Which modality was the first to use the principle of digital imaging?

A) Computed tomography (CT)
B) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
C) Ultrasonography
D) Cardiac catheterization

Question 13

Intensifying screens:

A) absorb light.
B) emit light.
C) absorb scatter.
D) emit positive electrons.

Question 14

Early reconstruction of raw CT data took a few ______ to form a recognizable image.

A) minutes
B) hours
C) days

Question 15

The first commercial CT scanners could image the:

A) abdomen only.
B) head only.
C) head and abdomen.
D) total body.

Question 16

The invention of CT is heralded as:

A) the advanced use of three-dimensional computation in medical imaging.
B) one of the greatest milestones in medical imaging.
C) the stepping stone for the development of MRI.
D) the first modality to use PACS.

Question 17

Technologist efficiency ratings are generally the same when comparing conventional radiography with ______ radiography.

A) computed
B) digital

Question 18

CR acquires an image through:

A) conventional film/screen processing using a digital scanner.
B) the heating of a thermoluminescent device.
C) an electrically charged cassette.
D) the use of a storage phosphor plate.

Question 19

Teleradiology, moving images via telephone lines to and from remote locations, was first conceptualized by:

A) Paul Lauterbur.
B) M. Paul Capp.
C) Albert Jutras.
D) Sol Nudelman.

Question 20

Storage phosphor plates are similar to:

A) intensifying screens.
B) xeromammography cassettes.
C) flat panel detectors.
D) cardboard cassettes.

Question 21

In reference to PSP image capture, to release the latent image, which of the following devices is scanned over the phosphor plate?

A) Photomultiplier tube
B) Fluorescent light
C) Focused laser light
D) Lithium crystal

Question 22

All of the following are components of a PACS except:

A) independent kilovoltage peak and milliampere-second stations.
B) Web access.
C) multiple interfaces.
D) reading stations.

Question 23

Which of the following best describes the sequence for PSP image capture?

A) Phosphor plate, focused laser light scanner, photomultiplier, digital-analog converter, review station
B) Phosphor plate, focused laser light scanner, photodensitometer, digital-analog converter, review station
C) Phosphor plate, focused laser light scanner, photodensitometer, analog-digital converter, review station
D) Phosphor plate, focused laser light scanner, photomultiplier, analog-digital converter, review station

Question 24

Preset image annotation controls include all of the following except:

A) arrows.
B) position indicators.
C) date and time stamps.
D) image acquisition markers.

Question 25

The active element in a storage phosphor is:

A) lithium.
B) glutaraldehyde.
C) europium.
D) barium fluorohalide.

Question 26

X-ray energy related to direct capture DR will stimulate a ______, which eventually is changed into an electrical signal.

A) photodensitometer
B) scintillator
C) TFT array
D) charge-coupled device

Question 27

Indirect capture DR converts absorbed x-ray energy into visible light.

Question 28

A look-up table maps:

A) latent images.
B) subject contrasts.
C) image gray scale values.
D) optical density.

Question 29

When switching from a conventional diagnostic radiography room to one that incorporates CR, major equipment changes are to be expected.

Question 30

The earliest CT of the head took several hours to acquire a single slice of information.

Question 31

The first full-scale PACS was installed in 1993 in:

A) Boston.
B) Philadelphia.
C) New York.
D) Baltimore.

Question 32

The ______ converts x-ray energy directly to a digital electrical signal.

A) photoconductor
B) photomultiplier
C) scintillator
D) TLD

Question 33

Many PACS reading stations also have image-processing capabilities.

Question 34

In conventional radiography film processing, the sensitivity speck has which electrical charge?

A) Neutral
B) Positive
C) Negative

Question 35

A Bucky apparatus is required for DR.

Question 36

Similar to CR, DR can use the existing diagnostic equipment found in today's imaging departments.

Question 37

Exposure latitude is to conventional radiography as _______ is to DR.

A) characteristic response
B) linear manner
C) subject contrast
D) dynamic range

Question 38

DICOM is a standard that allows imaging modalities and PACS to communicate in the same language.

Question 39

Light exposing the film is in direct proportion to the amount and energy of the incident photon upon the screen.

Question 40

With conventional radiography, optical density is primarily controlled by:

A) kilovoltage.
B) milliamperage.
C) line voltage.
D) milliampere-seconds.