Deck 5: Early Childhood

Question 1

Rafael, who just turned 4, is not only terrific at hitting a ball and scaling monkey bars, but he's also incredibly well coordinated in most areas when compared to his friends. Suggest tips for Rafael's mother to help her son nurture his abilities, then speculate about Rafael's school performance.

Answer 1

Tips to mother: She should give her son plenty of chances to exercise his motor skills, but not prematurely pressure him into joining in organized activities such as sports. The only ability that is apt to predict school performance is whether Rafael can copy images he has previously seen. Unless Rafael excels at this capacity, the mother cannot predict anything about her son's academic performance.

Question 2

A college student is a counselor at a coed summer day camp for children ages 6 to 10. What gender differences might this counselor expect to see in the children's play?

Answer 2

The boys may be more overtly competitive, bossy, and play in larger groups. They also may run around more (and really enjoy fighting with each other!) and play with classically male toys (such as toy cars or trucks). The girls may prefer quieter activities, relate more one-to-one, and tend to negotiate and interact in a more collaborative way. The girls may play with more classically female toys such as dolls. While some girls will enjoy "male" toys, if they try to cross the gender divide and join the all-boy groups, they may get a harsh reception. Moreover, if a boy enjoys "girl" toys and prefers to play mainly with girls, he may be socially scorned.

Question 3

Children in the _____ stage of cognitive development focus on the way things immediately appear.

Answer 3

preoperational

Question 4

An evolutionary psychologist gives a talk in his psychology class on why humans are special compared to other species. Spell out his main messages.

Question 5

According to Erikson, early childhood is the time to master the psychosocial task of _____.

Question 6

A lack of outdoor play and _____ are two forces that can limit children's growth and motor skills.

Question 7

At age 7, Anthony is in the stage of _____ childhood.

Question 8

Leon is 8 years old; his brother Murph is 4 years old. Their Aunt Erica is taking a developmental psychology class and will get credit if she administers Piaget's conservation of liquid task to her nephews. Describe Erica's procedure, and compare Leon and Murph's likely responses.

Question 9

When children can _____, they understand that "the height makes up for the width," and they have reached the concrete operational stage.

Question 10

According to Piaget, a young child's belief that a stuffed teddy bear needs a drink of water is an example of _____.

Question 11

Explain why theory of mind is vital. Chart the age when this ability really kicks in and describe some forces that go along with developing an earlier appearance of theory of mind.

Question 12

Brandon is 7 years old and is focused on developing _____, according to Erikson.

Question 13

Discuss autism spectrum disorders, describing their classic symptoms and other issues related to their diagnoses.

Question 14

Jumping is an example of a(n) _____ motor skill, whereas working a jigsaw puzzle requires fine motor skills.

Question 15

Piaget's term for a young child's inability to take another person's perspective is _____.

Question 16

Compare and contrast the perspectives on cognitive development of Piaget and Vygotsky.

Question 17

Tien is a 5-year-old boy and is spending time with his same-sex cousins while on a family vacation. How are Tien and his cousins likely to play, and what are the play behaviors called?

Question 18

According to Piaget, young children who focus on the MOST striking feature of an object, ignoring its other features, are _____.

Question 19

Stephanie is 4 years old and Jason is 8 years old. According to Erikson, they are in differing psychosocial stages of development. Explain the psychosocial stages that Stephanie and Jason are experiencing and what can be expected.

Question 20

List the language challenges children face, and then spell out the language mistakes young children make.

Question 21

According to the text, cell phones, cities, and technological advances are caused by the exceptional ability of humans to:

A) grasp other people's inner motivations and intentions.
B) walk on two feet.
C) see details.
D) use tools.

Question 22

Pretend play is at its peak during _____.

Question 23

Melissa lives in an apartment in the city and has two children, ages 8 and 11. The children rarely go outside to play. According to the text, which of the following is a reason Melissa might give for her children's limited outdoor play?

A) "If my children go outside to play they may make friends."
B) "It might rain today."
C) "Playing outside in rural areas can be dangerous."
D) "They have too much homework to do."

Question 24

According to Vygotsky, learning occurs within a person's _____.

Question 25

_____ refers to understanding word meanings.

Question 26

Juan is 5 years old. What psychosocial task is he focused on?

A) identity
B) industry
C) initiative
D) autonomy

Question 27

Based on the text, what trait makes human beings stand out?

A) language
B) the ability to walk upright
C) flexible hands
D) a long life expectancy

Question 28

Teaching each new skill by providing just the right amount of support and then backing off when a child has mastered that challenge describes the process called _____.

Question 29

If Clara is in the stage of "early childhood," then she is:

A) between the ages of 3 and 6.
B) the middle child in her family.
C) in elementary school.
D) at the 50th percentile in height and weight.

Question 30

_____ abilities are associated with the abilities to share and help, especially during the elementary school years.

Question 31

When 5-year-olds Mei and Lola imagine that they are friends serving tea to a group of dolls, they are engaging in _____.

Question 32

The disorders defined by severe deficits in theory of mind are called _____.

Question 33

Gender-stereotyped play tends to have both _____ and environmental causes.

Question 34

In Vygotsky's theory, people learn to regulate and monitor their behavior through _____.

Question 35

Which psychosocial task involves exuberantly testing skills?

A) identity
B) industry
C) initiative
D) autonomy

Question 36

Developmentalists use the false-belief task to measure _____, the understanding that other people have different points of view.

Question 37

Gender-segregated play is at its peak during _____.

Question 38

When Shelby and Sam are outside running and chasing each other, they are engaging in _____.

Question 39

Children who believe that someone becomes a different person when he or she puts on a mask lack _____.

Question 40

Erum is 9 years old. Which psychosocial task is she currently working on, according to Erikson?

A) identity
B) industry
C) initiative
D) autonomy

Question 41

Which situation shows that the child cannot conserve?

A) Marta thinks she should eat her lunch before she gets to school.
B) Chao thinks he has more juice than his sister, because his bottle is poured into a taller glass.
C) Hermia thinks her father has turned into a superhero when he puts on a costume.
D) Debare thinks that his toy bear is alive.

Question 42

During childhood a child's:

A) head and body grow at the same rate.
B) limbs and body become more rounded.
C) hands and arms grow more rapidly than the limbs.
D) body thins out and the limbs get longer.

Question 43

When Ernesto sees his mother roll the thick ball of dough into a thin circle for a pie crust, he says, "Now there is more dough, because it's bigger." His sister Lara tells Ernesto, "No, it's the same amount because Mommy could just roll it back again and it would look the same." According to Piaget's framework, Ernesto cannot conserve and Lara can:

A) conserve.
B) make a pie crust.
C) think abstractly.
D) center.

Question 44

Worldwide, the greatest threat to children's physical development is:

A) obesity.
B) polluted water.
C) undernutrition.
D) overprotective parents.

Question 45

Three-year-old Meilin is unusually good at climbing, jumping, and catching a ball. Her parents should:

A) start to train her at sports right away.
B) give her chances to exercise her skills, but not push her too hard.
C) try to get her to slow down a bit.
D) understand that she isn't likely to do well at academics in first grade.

Question 46

If Carmen is coaching a mixed-gender softball team, the boys will MOST likely have the clear-cut advantage:

A) pitching faster and hitting the ball harder.
B) knowing the rules of the game.
C) catching the ball.
D) not striking out when up at bat.

Question 47

Which is an example of (1) a gross motor talent and (2) a fine motor talent?

A) (1) forming letters; (2) climbing a tree
B) (1) climbing a tree; (2) forming letters
C) (1) drawing a portrait; (2) painting a wall
D) (1) cutting out a paper snowflake; (2) sawing through a tree

Question 48

Which term describes each of the following concrete operational skills? (1) understanding that an increase in one dimension of a substance can make up for a loss in another dimension of the substance; (2) understanding that changing the shape of a substance doesn't change its amount; (3) realizing that candy is the name for both chocolate and gummy bears.

A) (1) decentering; (2) conservation of mass; (3) class inclusion
B) (1) conservation of mass; (2) class inclusion; (3) decentering
C) (1) decentering; (2) class inclusion; (3) conservation of mass
D) (1) conservation of mass; (2) decentering; (3) class inclusion

Question 49

Which situation shows a child's lack of an understanding of identity constancy?

A) Marta thinks she should eat lunch before she gets to school.
B) Chao thinks he has more juice than his sister, because his bottle is poured into a taller glass.
C) Hermia thinks her father is turned into a superhero when he puts on a costume.
D) Debare thinks that his toy bear is alive.

Question 50

James experienced undernourishment when he was a small child. This may have negatively impacted the development of:

A) his vision.
B) his gross motor skills.
C) his speech.
D) his hearing.

Question 51

Boris looks at a bouquet of daisies and carnations, and knows that there are more flowers than daisies in the vase. Boris understands:

A) class inclusion.
B) seriation.
C) conservation of mass.
D) identity constancy.

Question 52

In choosing the best baseball players for an elementary school baseball team, and with all things being equal, would a coach choose Sandra or Sam to play on the team?

A) Sandra-she may be able to hit the ball more easily
B) Sam-he will be able to run faster
C) either child-Sandra may be able to connect with the ball more easily, but Sam will be able to run faster
D) either child-Sandra will be able to run faster, but Sam will be able to hit the ball more easily

Question 53

Which of the following is an area of development that can be hindered due to undernutrition?

A) speech
B) hearing
C) brain
D) vision

Question 54

Melissa watched 3 hours of TV each day while she was pregnant and then spent another 2 hours each day on the Internet. What might be expected regarding the amount of time she will allow her child to spend using technological devices?

A) She is likely to prevent her child from using any technological device.
B) She will try to limit the amount of time her child uses technological devices to 1 hour each day.
C) She will try to limit the amount of time her child uses technological devices to 3 hours each day.
D) She is not likely to place any restrictions on the amount of time her child can use technological devices each day.

Question 55

Undernutrition-or not having enough food-has which of the following effects?

A) impairing emotional development
B) increase in body fat
C) affecting play
D) making children intensely angry

Question 56

A 5-year-old who is incredibly talented at remembering and copying designs will MOST likely be _____ at a younger age.

A) writing well
B) playing softball
C) running fast
D) speaking well

Question 57

With regard to sex differences in childhood motor skills:

A) boys and girls appear to be equal.
B) girls appear to be superior at fine motor skills; boys at gross motor skills.
C) boys appear to be superior at fine motor skills; girls at gross motor tasks.
D) both sexes are equal, but girls appear to more easily improve with practice.

Question 58

Which child is showing animism?

A) Marta, who eats her lunch before she gets to school
B) Chao, who thinks he has more juice than his sister, because his bottle is poured into a taller glass
C) Hermia, who thinks her father is turned into a superhero when he puts on a costume
D) Debare, who thinks that his toy bear is alive

Question 59

During kindergarten, which physical ability suggests a child might be academically advanced at school?

A) running fast and winning in a race
B) reproducing designs seen on a previous page
C) drawing a face on a piece of paper
D) hitting a ball and running to first base

Question 60

Three-year-old Lola watches her mother roll a ball of dough into a thin circle for a pie crust, and exclaims, "You made more dough!" Lola lacks an understanding of conservation of:

A) matter.
B) number.
C) mass.
D) volume.

Question 61

Mousa tells Mark, his 3-year-old, "Don't go outside until Daddy says," and later overhears the child saying, "Mark no go outside till Daddy says." Based on Vygotsky's ideas about language, this parent should feel that his son:

A) is learning to monitor his behavior and internalize rules.
B) is learning to express himself.
C) may be developing a mental disorder.
D) has to learn not to speak about things out loud that are on his mind.

Question 62

A coach is using scaffolding in teaching baseball if she:

A) helps a child hold a bat, then, after that step has been mastered, moves on to hitting the ball.
B) teaches a child the rules of the game, then watches to see how well that boy or girl performs.
C) has the child watch and imitate her as she hits the ball.
D) has the child try to master the game totally on his or her own.

Question 63

In Western societies, which is a quality involved in "superior" scaffolding?

A) fostering a secure attachment and building in motivation.
B) avoiding a child's zone of proximal development.
C) letting children figure things out totally on their own.
D) briefly cover a concept and allow the child to grasp it at a later time.

Question 64

Which is a sign that a child has entered the stage of concrete operations?

A) disagreeing with the rules of a game
B) understanding simple language
C) cleaning up toys
D) understanding conservation of liquid

Question 65

Identify each boy's type of preoperational thought: (1) thinks his father made the moon; (2) believes his stuffed bear is alive; (3) thinks his sister turned into a boy when she got a haircut.

A) (1) animism; (2) artificialism; (3) no identity constancy
B) (1) artificialism; (2) animism; (3) no identity constancy
C) (1) no identity constancy; (2) artificialism; (3) animism
D) (1) artificialism; (2) no identity constancy; (3) animism

Question 66

Vygotsky would believe that, as a student is responding to test items, that student is:

A) learning the concepts better through making his or her responses.
B) drawing only on memorization skills.
C) becoming uninterested, or "turned off," to school.
D) not learning while responding, but only showing what has already been learned.

Question 67

Dr. Perfectionist is criticizing some of Piaget's ideas. She can legitimately make which statement?

A) "The transition from preoperations to concrete operations occurs spontaneously."
B) "In other societies, children reach specific conservations earlier, showing that you can teach children to conserve."
C) "Children are more egocentric than Piaget believed."
D) "There is no universal change from preoperational to concrete operational thought."

Question 68

Which person is teaching by using Vygotsky's zone of proximal development (ZPD)?

A) Ms. Trong, who spaces the desks in a classroom so that every student can see the board
B) Mr. Smith, who figures out what each child knows now and then determines what that child is capable of understanding through instruction
C) Mrs. Banda, who makes sure that every student learns at the same pace
D) Mr. Doud, who has the class do individual projects

Question 69

A child says, "The moon goes to sleep because I go to sleep." Which two types of preoperational thought does this statement illustrate?

A) egocentrism and animism
B) no identity constancy and animism
C) no conservation and egocentrism
D) animism and artificialism

Question 70

According to Vygotsky, when a child talks to herself, it is normal and she is learning to:

A) isolate herself from people.
B) control and monitor her behavior.
C) express her emotions.
D) make up new emotions.

Question 71

The MAIN basic philosophical difference between Piaget and Vygotsky is that Piaget believed:

A) people learn through hands-on experience; Vygotsky believed people only learn through being taught.
B) in capitalism; Vygotsky believed in communism.
C) people only learn through being taught; Vygotsky believed people only learn through hands-on experience.
D) in communism; Vygotsky believed in capitalism.

Question 72

Which child has probably entered the stage of concrete operations?

A) Sobechi, who can follow the rules of a game
B) Saada, who can draw a face well
C) Sato, who can count to 100
D) Sally, who knows the names of the kids in her class

Question 73

According to Vygotsky, when a professor teaches, that professor:

A) is learning as much from interacting with his students as they are from him.
B) is the boss.
C) should let her students try to figure out the material on their own.
D) should reinforce the class by giving out mostly As.

Question 74

When his mother tosses the action figures into the toy box and slams the lid, Robbie cries, "No! They're scared of the dark!" Susie assumes that her grandma knows she went to the beach yesterday, even though she didn't tell her. Robbie's comment shows _____ and Susie's illustrates egocentrism.

A) artificialism
B) animism
C) egocentrism
D) reversibility

Question 75

A preschool teacher's class gets angry when she pours identical cartons of juice into different shaped glasses. According to Piaget's theory, in which way should the teacher BEST react to the class?

A) seize the moment to teach the children the concepts of conservation
B) buy the same-sized glasses, as children at this age can't understand conservation
C) put the children in time out
D) send the children for psychological testing

Question 76

Which teacher is using Vygotsky's concept of scaffolding in teaching math?

A) Mr. Chen, who makes sure his students have mastered each step in learning long division, and then gradually backs off and allows the class to practice on their own
B) Mr. Shepherd, who drills his students in long division, and then gives a multiple-choice test to see what the class has learned
C) Mr. Olinksy, who tries to get his students to figure out long division on their own
D) Ms. Lahod, who goes over long division in a single class period

Question 77

Dr. Cognition is lecturing on Vygotsky's ideas. Which is a statement Dr. Cognition should make?

A) "People's intelligence is largely based on genetics."
B) "When learning, students learn from their teachers but teachers cannot learn from their students."
C) "Learning occurs on our own inner timetable."
D) "Learning takes place within a child's zone of proximal development."

Question 78

The following example that BEST illustrates Piaget's concept of egocentrism is a child who:

A) insists that the whole family must do what she wants.
B) has a tantrum when she doesn't get her way.
C) thinks that other people automatically know everything that's in his head.
D) has trouble waiting his turn in line.

Question 79

Generalizing from the discussion of Piaget, what is the best way to teach children math?

A) give students extra drills and worksheets
B) illustrate mathematical principles through hands-on activities
C) give students prizes for performing well in math
D) push kids to learn math in kindergarten

Question 80

Which of the following is a sign that a child has entered the stage of concrete operations?

A) an interest in playing pretend
B) an ability to "get" school by understanding basic addition and subtraction
C) having strange ideas about substances
D) being more scared of imaginary monsters than before