Deck 4: Infancy: Socioemotional Development

Question 1

The classic research strategy for determining infant attachment styles is called the _____.

Answer 1

Strange Situation

Question 2

According to Bowlby, at roughly 2 months of age, during the _____ phase of development, that landmark event called the social smile emerges.

Answer 2

preattachment

Question 3

List the four attachment patterns identified in the text, give examples of each, and then name the attachment style that BEST predicts having long-term personality problems.

Answer 3

Secure: The baby runs with love into the caregiver's arms after being separated. Avoidant: The baby shows no response when the caregiver leaves or returns. Anxious-ambivalent: The baby is too anxious to explore and gets hysterical and cannot be comforted when the caregiver returns. Disorganized: The baby freezes and responds with fear when the caregiver returns. The disorganized style is MOST apt to foreshadow later personality problems.

Question 4

Think of yourself as a social policy expert and, as such, formulate some suggestions to level the playing field, by spelling out interventions to foster low-income preschoolers' social and cognitive development.

Question 5

During the _____ phase of attachment, children over age 3 no longer need to be physically near their caregivers.

Question 6

Jeffrey, age 5 months, Marcus, age 14 months, and Jennifer, age 4, are on a weekly outing to the park. As they are all relaxing together, a park ranger stops by. Compare the MOST likely responses of these three children to this person's efforts to pick them up.

Question 7

A baby boy named Dante is insecurely attached. List the forces that may have contributed to this situation and suggest a few possible remedies.

Question 8

A baby with a(n) _____ attachment style gets overly distressed at separation and cannot be consoled when a caregiver enters the room.

Question 9

A friend asks, "What behaviors should I expect when my child is a toddler?" What are some behaviors to include in your response?

Question 10

According to attachment theory, a genetically reactive baby may evoke _____ caregiving.

Question 11

_____ is the powerful bond of love between a child and a primary caregiver.

Question 12

Harry Harlow found that motherless baby monkeys preferred clinging to _____ mothers when distressed, rather than the wire mothers from whom they were fed.

Question 13

A baby with a(n) _____ attachment style shows no emotion when a primary caregiver enters the room.

Question 14

A toddler's need to check back with a caregiver to see if situations are safe to explore is called _____.

Question 15

Describe in sequence the development of the attachment response and give examples of each stage.

Question 16

Describe the roots of attachment theory-that is, the studies that suggested to Bowlby that attachment was a vital human need.

Question 17

Babies' biologically based style of reacting to the world is called _____.

Question 18

Tito is adopting a child from an orphanage in Kenya. Discuss the specific forces that predict the child having enduring problems and what symptoms Tito might expect.

Question 19

To an anxious friend who is putting her daughter in infant day care, offer tips for selecting a setting and having this child get the best possible experience.

Question 20

Flavio is a shy toddler; Gina is an exuberant toddler. If both children attend a mommy-and-me playgroup, how might their behaviors differ? What can be done to BEST help each child?

Question 21

When people are upset, they want their significant other close. According to attachment theory, this response indicates:

A) normal proximity-seeking behavior.
B) an emotional problem.
C) abnormal fear.
D) insecure attachment.

Question 22

_____ is the term for arranging a child's environment to suit that person's unique strengths and weaknesses.

Question 23

In the United States, _____ have higher rates of poverty than any other age group.

Question 24

Poor children tend to show chronically elevated levels of the stress hormone called _____.

Question 25

Harlow's findings with motherless monkeys showed that physical contact (or love) is:

A) a basic human need.
B) an overrated human need.
C) less important than food.
D) important in other species, but not in our own.

Question 26

The risk of a child having enduring problems after being adopted from an Eastern European orphanage depends on the quality of the institution and the _____ of time the child lived in that setting before being adopted.

Question 27

_____, or teaching toddlers to obey social norms, is a core goal of parenting during this stage of life.

Question 28

Day-care providers tend to earn _____ wages.

Question 29

"Too much mother love during infancy produces whiny, dependent adults." This statement would MOST likely be made by a(n):

A) evolutionary psychologist.
B) old-style behaviorist.
C) Eriksonian theorist.
D) psychoanalyst.

Question 30

If you have a shy toddler, the BEST approach is to gently expose that child to supportive _____.

Question 31

Attachment styles are MOST apt to change during development if a child is born with a(n) _____ genetic profile.

Question 32

_____ care for a relatively large number of children in licensed facilities.

Question 33

Sasha is a toddler. Sasha is _____.

A) 8 months old
B) 1 to 2 years old
C) 2 to 3 years old
D) 3 years old

Question 34

_____ is a U.S. government-sponsored day-care program for disadvantaged children aged 3 to 5.

Question 35

The quality of the child's caregiving _____ is the important environmental force in later development.

Question 36

According to Erikson, a toddler's task is to develop a sense of _____.

Question 37

Dr. Out-of-Date is an old-style behaviorist. How would he explain 1-year-old Ned's efforts to be close to his mother at all times?

A) "This child shares a unique emotional bond with his mother."
B) "Ned's behavior is being reinforced because his mother feeds him."
C) "Ned's behavior is irrational."
D) "The behavior of children is genetically programmed."

Question 38

Which is a finding that helped Bowlby formulate attachment theory?

A) Monkeys raised with mothers were able to socially relate as adults.
B) Orphanage babies were extremely social.
C) Baby geese had a biologically programmed attachment response.
D) Babies love their mothers more than other people in their lives.

Question 39

Above all, day-care providers need to be _____ and child-centered.

Question 40

In dealing with a rambunctious toddler, parents need to foster an exceptionally strong and _____ attachment.

Question 41

Ting and her baby travel to visit Ting's mother in another state, and Grandma picks up the child on their arrival. At younger than 7 to 8 months of age, the baby MOST likely would show _____.

A) happiness
B) fear
C) indifference
D) varying responses

Question 42

Elaine is visiting her 13-month-old nephew, and the child gets agitated when she picks him up. Elaine should feel:

A) insulted, because her nephew doesn't love her.
B) not surprised, since this is normal at his age.
C) concerned for her nephew's mental health.
D) angry that her nephew is not being raised properly.

Question 43

The phase of clear-cut attachment:

A) begins at about 4 months of age and lasts through age 1.
B) starts at about 7 or 8 months of age and lasts through toddlerhood (till about age 3).
C) begins at about age 1 and lasts through age 4.
D) starts at about 18 months of age and lasts until kindergarten.

Question 44

One-year-old Gyan needs to be near his main caregiver, his father, all of the time. He gets uncomfortable when other adults pick him up. This response, in general, is:

A) normal.
B) excessive.
C) a sign of male bonding.
D) a serious problem.

Question 45

Eight-month-old Nate suddenly begins to cry when he is left at the babysitter's house, whereas before he never got upset. Nate is MOST likely crying because:

A) he is being abused by the sitter.
B) he has entered the phase of clear-cut attachment.
C) he is having abnormal trouble separating.
D) his parents are having marital troubles.

Question 46

Five-month-old Tracey is more easily soothed by her father; she smiles and looks more at him than at others. Still, when Aunt Corrie comes for a visit, Tracey has no problem giving her a cuddle. Tracey is in the _____ phase.

A) preattachment
B) attachment-in-the-making
C) clear-cut attachment
D) working-model

Question 47

Babies begin to use social referencing to pace and modify their behavior:

A) at 3 months of age.
B) during the phase of clear-cut attachment.
C) at age 3.
D) during adolescence.

Question 48

The attachment response:

A) totally disappears after infancy.
B) is evoked at any time of life when people feel threatened.
C) is a symptom of dependency approximately after age 4.
D) is reinforced by parents.

Question 49

Juanita, age 5, goes to kindergarten happily and without any distress. The MOST likely reason is that Juanita is:

A) insecurely attached.
B) securely attached.
C) in the working-model phase of attachment.
D) in the phase of attachment-in-the making.

Question 50

Which event is LEAST likely to evoke proximity-seeking behavior?

A) learning you have a serious disease
B) listening to your boss insult you
C) leaving for a dangerous part of the world
D) arriving at a job

Question 51

In explaining the attachment response, Dr. Love might make which of the following comments?

A) "It's genetically built into the human species (and others)."
B) "It's programmed to appear during childhood."
C) "It helps encourage dependence."
D) "It disappears during adolescence."

Question 52

Attachment-in-the-making coincides with the onset of:

A) the primary circular reactions.
B) separation anxiety.
C) the secondary circular reactions.
D) the first social smile.

Question 53

If 1-year-old Erik doesn't seem to care when his mother leaves the room, and shows no reaction when she returns, Erik's attachment style is _____.

A) secure
B) disorganized
C) avoidant
D) anxious-ambivalent

Question 54

According to Bowlby, having a primary attachment figure is vital during:

A) infancy.
B) early childhood.
C) childhood and adolescence.
D) any time of life.

Question 55

One-year-old Francisco is terribly clingy even when his mother is in the same room. If she leaves, he cries frantically and cannot be comforted by her when she returns. According to attachment theory, what is Francisco's attachment status?

A) secure
B) anxious-ambivalent
C) avoidant
D) disorganized

Question 56

If Mayumi is 1 month old, she MOST likely:

A) happily smiles at every adult.
B) is indifferent to the human world.
C) only goes to her primary caregiver.
D) has two or three people she really likes.

Question 57

Link the correct attachment style to the following descriptions: (1) thrilled when reunited with a caregiver; (2) confused, erratic response when reunited with a caregiver; (3) doesn't care when reunited with a caregiver.

A) (1) secure; (2) avoidant; (3) disorganized
B) (1) secure; (2) disorganized; (3) avoidant
C) (1) secure; (2) anxious-ambivalent; (3) avoidant
D) (1) secure; (2) avoidant; (3) anxious-ambivalent

Question 58

A baby's first social smile occurs at about 2 months of age and shows _____.

A) intestinal gas
B) attachment
C) ambivalence
D) a reflexive response

Question 59

At the park, 20-month-old Etan crawls through tunnels, throws sand everywhere, and lets a dog lick his face. But as he moves from one activity to another, he looks over his shoulder to see whether his father is watching. What is the name for Etan's behavior?

A) excessive anxiety
B) social referencing
C) insecure attachment
D) stranger anxiety

Question 60

The BEST sign that a 1-year-old is securely attached is when the child:

A) separates easily from a primary caregiver.
B) is thrilled to see a primary caregiver after a separation.
C) becomes incredibly distressed when separated from a primary caregiver.
D) becomes calm when a primary caregiver returns after a separation.

Question 61

Which is a message suggested by the research tracking Eastern European orphanage infants?

A) Damage depends on the quality of the institution and the age when the baby leaves.
B) Babies never recover from this early deprivation.
C) Babies typically recover if they are adopted during early childhood.
D) Problems can be completely eliminated with therapy.

Question 62

The hormone involved in attachment is called _____.

A) oxytocin
B) estrogen
C) cortisol
D) testosterone

Question 63

If a baby is temperamentally difficult, the child may provoke less-loving caregiving. This principle illustrates what psychological concept?

A) synchrony
B) bidirectionality
C) ecological theory
D) attachment mismatch

Question 64

Bella is pointing out flaws in the ideas of Bowlby and Ainsworth about infant attachment. Which is a statement Bella should make?

A) "Attachment security in infancy is consistent over time."
B) "Attachment security in infancy depends on many forces, not just the caregiver."
C) "Attachment security in infancy may can predict long-term mental health."
D) "Attachment security in infancy is not important."

Question 65

The _____ is a baby's primary attachment figure.

A) child's father
B) child's mother
C) person who spends the most time with a child
D) person who feeds the child

Question 66

Baby Maya and her mother are totally in tune with one another. They know when to come on strong and when to back off. This sense of connection is called _____.

A) synchrony
B) pure love
C) engrossment
D) organization

Question 67

Researchers find that _____ babies worldwide have secure attachment styles.

A) virtually all
B) about 2 in 3
C) about 1 in 2
D) a minority of

Question 68

A baby's temperament is:

A) biological or inborn.
B) due to poor mothering.
C) due to poor feeding.
D) based on the environment.

Question 69

According to attachment theorists, which reason BEST explains what has happened when a caregiver and baby aren't attached, or "dancing well together"?

A) It's the caregiver's fault
B) The baby has a difficult temperament
C) The baby has a difficult temperament and/or it's the caregiver's fault
D) This problem will persist throughout the child's life

Question 70

According to attachment theory, when can the dance of attachment FIRST be seen?

A) during the first few months of life
B) at 7 months of age
C) at age 2
D) at any time of life

Question 71

According to attachment theory, the insecurely attached baby who is MOST at risk for later problems is a 1-year-old who:

A) reacts in an erratic, confused way when reunited with a primary caregiver.
B) doesn't care when reunited with his or her primary caregiver.
C) can't be soothed when reunited with his or her primary caregiver.
D) doesn't care when his or her primary caregiver leaves.

Question 72

Baby Arina's mother had an unhappy childhood. According the text, Arina is more likely to develop:

A) an insecure attachment.
B) a secure attachment.
C) a synchronous attachment.
D) an unpredictable attachment.

Question 73

Which is a bottom-line message of the text's attachment discussion?

A) Profound attachment deprivation is more difficult to overcome.
B) Enduring attachment deprivation is easy to overcome.
C) Attachment security is stable over time.
D) Attachment security is irrelevant to development.

Question 74

A mental health professional is concerned because a client and her baby don't seem to be attached, or "dancing well." Which is a situation that could be true in this relationship?

A) The client had a happy childhood.
B) This baby has an easy temperament.
C) The client is having marital troubles.
D) This baby is the client's first child.

Question 75

Francesca and her husband have adopted a 2-year-old child from an Eastern European orphanage. According to the research, which problem is the child LEAST likely to suffer from?

A) deficits in attention
B) difficulties getting attached to any person
C) indiscriminate friendliness
D) difficulties walking

Question 76

If a child in the United States is under age 6, he has _______ chance of living in a low-income family.

A) about a 1 in 4
B) about a 50-50
C) about a 3 in 4
D) a tiny

Question 77

Milo has a secure attachment at age 1. As he grows older, Milo's attachment status:

A) may change if he has an environment-sensitive genetic profile.
B) will remain as securely attached, regardless of his genetic profile.
C) may change, regardless of his genetic profile.
D) will remain as securely attached, but only to his mother.

Question 78

Francesca and her husband have adopted a child from an Eastern European orphanage. Which is a suggestion based on the related research?

A) The child is at risk of having a reactive attachment disorder.
B) There should be no negative effects on development if the child is younger than 12 months old when adopted.
C) The child is not at risk of having attention problems.
D) There should be no negative effects on development if this child is a boy.

Question 79

According to attachment theorists, a baby's attachment style is affected by which of the following forces?

A) socioeconomic status of the family
B) the child's temperament
C) the culture in which the child is raised
D) the climate of the world region where a child is raised

Question 80

In the United States, the person MOST likely to live in poverty today is a(n) _____.

A) young child
B) adolescent
C) emerging adult
D) elderly person