Deck 2: Prenatal Development, Pregnancy, and Birth

Question 1

The stage of prenatal development in which all the major organs are formed is called the _____ stage.

Answer 1

embryonic

Question 2

During the final phase of prenatal development, called the fetal stage, the vital structure that is developing is the _____.

Answer 2

brain

Question 3

Compared to many other mammals, humans spend an incredibly long time in the womb. In one sentence, explain the main reason why this is so.

Answer 3

It takes a long time to form the human brain.

Question 4

A couple, both carriers of the cystic fibrosis gene, visit a genetic counselor for advice. What should the counselor say?

Question 5

Discuss the research on the impact of excessive drinking during pregnancy. How does alcohol affect the fetus? Which women are at risk for drinking during pregnancy? What role do cultural norms play in the tendency to use alcohol when pregnant?

Question 6

During the first 2 weeks of prenatal development, the germinal stage, the developing mass of cells prepare for _____.

Question 7

You are a developmentalist lecturing to nurse midwives about the emotional quality of pregnancy. Discuss some forces that predict patients' having a joyous or unhappy pregnancy experience.

Question 8

The three guiding principles related to prenatal development are the cephalocaudal, proximodistal, and _____ sequences.

Question 9

The union of the sperm and egg is called _____.

Question 10

The structure housing the eggs is/are the _____.

Question 11

Give a brief account of the history of birth in the developed world.

Question 12

List some basic teratogenic principles.

Question 13

The single-cell fertilized ovum is called the _____.

Question 14

Explain the sequence from fertilization to implantation.

Question 15

Discuss the teratogenic impact of stress during pregnancy. What specific effects might stress have on the fetus? Which are the main considerations, issues, and findings in this area?

Question 16

Explain the three core principles of prenatal development, giving examples of each.

Question 17

Xenia carries the gene for hemophilia and asks a doctor for information about her risks should she decide to have children. What should the doctor let Xenia know?

Question 18

The cylindrical structure called the _____ eventually develops into the brain and spinal cord.

Question 19

Briefly discuss social policy birth issues in the developed world and the main birth issue in the developing world.

Question 20

Define assisted reproductive technologies (ART), discuss its variations, and explore the concerns, issues, and problems facing couples who choose to undergo these procedures.

Question 21

Smoking during pregnancy can produce a _____ baby.

Question 22

_____ is the birth condition caused by having an extra chromosome on pair 21.

Question 23

The pipelike _____ serves as a conduit to the uterus.

A) fallopian tube
B) cervix
C) vesicles
D) ovary

Question 24

When the doctor makes incisions in the abdominal wall in order to extract the baby, the procedure is called a _____.

Question 25

_____ is the term for giving birth without medical interventions.

Question 26

The field of research that studies how intense stress during pregnancy affects the baby's lifelong development is called _____.

Question 27

During the _____ stage of childbirth, called birth, the baby emerges from the womb.

Question 28

_____ is the name for any infertility treatment in which the egg is fertilized outside of the womb.

Question 29

A pregnant woman's sense of connection to her baby often intensifies during the second trimester when the landmark event called _____ occurs.

Question 30

During the second trimester of pregnancy, _____ typically is used to diagnose fetal genetic disorders.

Question 31

Major organ damage may result if a baby is exposed to teratogens during the embryonic stage, while the main teratogenic problem may be developmental disorders during the _____ stage.

Question 32

According to the text, pregnancy is often a time of:

A) incredible excitement and fear.
B) unusual inner calm.
C) intense anger.
D) pure happiness.

Question 33

Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive or carry a baby to term after_____ of unprotected intercourse.

Question 34

During the first trimester of pregnancy, _____ typically is used to diagnose fetal genetic disorders.

Question 35

The risk of miscarriage is highest during the _____ trimester of pregnancy.

Question 36

In the third stage of labor and birth, the _____ is expelled.

Question 37

Danielle asks, "Are new sperm continually produced?" Which reply is correct?

A) "Yes. Sperm are manufactured continuously."
B) "No. All sperm are formed early in life."
C) "Yes and no. Some sperm are present early in life. Others are continually manufactured."
D) "Scientists have no data relating to this question."

Question 38

Sperm is to ovum as testis is to:

A) fallopian tube.
B) ovary.
C) uterus.
D) cervix.

Question 39

With dominant single-gene disorders, the odds that a baby will have that condition are _____.

Question 40

The cervix

A) expands dramatically to allow the baby to emerge during birth.
B) is the upper section of the uterus.
C) is an inflexible muscle.
D) houses the developing baby in a woman's abdomen.

Question 41

Link each statement to the correct principle of prenatal development: (1) the arms form before the hands; (2) the head forms before the feet; (3) the fingers form before the fingernails.

A) (1) proximodistal; (2) cephalocaudal; (3) mass-to-specific
B) (1) cephalocaudal; (2) proximodistal; (3) mass-to-specific
C) (1) mass-to-specific; (2) cephalocaudal; (3) proximodistal
D) (1) cephalocaudal; (2) mass-to-specific; (3) proximodistal

Question 42

Match each prenatal stage to the appropriate description: (1) first 2 weeks after fertilization; (2) all major body organs form; (3) final stage lasting roughly 7 months.

A) (1) embryonic; (2) germinal; (3) fetal
B) (1) fetal; (2) germinal; (3) embryonic
C) (1) germinal; (2) embryonic; (3) fetal
D) (1) germinal; (2) fetal; (3) embryonic

Question 43

Maru asks, "To get pregnant, when is the best time to have intercourse?" Which reply is correct?

A) "right around the time of ovulation"
B) "a week before ovulation"
C) "just before menstruation"
D) "there is no ideal time"

Question 44

Which of the following is true of the neural tube?

A) It appears during the early germinal stage.
B) It will eventually form the sympathetic nervous system.
C) It contains almost all the neurons people have throughout life.
D) It is formed during the fetal stage.

Question 45

Darwa asks Ethan, "What is the main function of the placenta?" Ethan should answer that the placenta:

A) "removes waste from the mother."
B) "provides nutrients to the fetus."
C) "keeps the fetus from sliding out of the uterus."
D) "supports the pregnant woman's health."

Question 46

More males are conceived and _____ males die in utero and during each stage of life.

A) more
B) fewer
C) 1 in 0.5
D) 1 in 2

Question 47

The brain forms during:

A) the germinal phase.
B) the embryonic stage.
C) the fetal stage.
D) every stage of prenatal development.

Question 48

Link the correct terms about prenatal development to the following descriptions: (1) union of sperm and egg; (2) first cell; (3) first phase of prenatal development; (4) structure that implants in the uterine wall.

A) (1) fertilization; (2) zygote; (3) germinal period; (4) blastocyst
B) (1) germinal period; (2) zygote; (3) blastocyst; (4) zygote
C) (1) blastocyst; (2) zygote; (3) germinal period; (4) fertilization
D) (1) zygote; (2) blastocyst; (3) fertilization; (4) germinal period

Question 49

During the germinal stage, the:

A) ovum is released from the ovaries.
B) blastocyst begins to embed into the uterine wall.
C) heart begins to form.
D) placenta begins to form.

Question 50

Which is/are formed during the embryonic stage?

A) major body organs
B) digestive system alone
C) circulatory system alone
D) brain alone

Question 51

During the embryonic period, _____ is/are formed.

A) the neural tube alone
B) the arms and legs alone
C) the circulatory system alone
D) every major body structure

Question 52

Development during the embryonic stage is fast-paced, while development during the fetal stage occurs:

A) more slowly.
B) at a faster pace.
C) at the same pace.
D) halts.

Question 53

Match each process to the appropriate prenatal stage: (1) brain development; (2) implantation; (3) neural tube forms.

A) (1) fetal stage; (2) germinal stage; (3) embryonic stage
B) (1) embryonic stage; (2) germinal stage; (3) fetal stage
C) (1) fetal stage; (2) fetal stage; (3) embryonic stage
D) (1) embryonic stage; (2) fetal stage; (3) fetal stage

Question 54

The earliest structure to form during the embryonic stage is the _____.

A) heart
B) hands
C) legs
D) fingers

Question 55

Which is the correct sequence of events during the germinal stage?

A) fertilization, blastocyst, implantation
B) blastocyst, fertilization, implantation
C) implantation, fertilization, blastocyst
D) fertilization, implantation, blastocyst

Question 56

Genes:

A) function as templates for producing proteins.
B) produce human chromosomes.
C) produce human DNA.
D) produce mainly waste material.

Question 57

Phillip asks, "How many chromosomes do humans have?" Which reply is correct?

A) 11.5
B) 23
C) 46
D) 92

Question 58

Which is the correct sequence?

A) ovulation, fertilization, zygote, blastocyst, implantation
B) fertilization, ovulation, blastocyst, implantation, zygote
C) zygote, ovulation, fertilization, implantation, blastocyst
D) fertilization, ovulation, blastocyst, implantation

Question 59

Jack and Diane desperately want a son. What are their odds of getting this wish?

A) It's a coin toss; there is a 50 percent chance of having a male.
B) Because the Y chromosomes carrying sperm are lighter and faster, the odds favor having a male.
C) Because the X chromosomes carrying sperm are larger and faster, the odds favor having a female.
D) Even though more males are conceived, the odds favor having a female.

Question 60

When a sperm penetrates the nucleus of the ovum, the two merge into one cell. That event is called _____.

A) fertilization
B) ovulation
C) genesis
D) zygosity

Question 61

If Martha goes into premature labor, when is the earliest date she can possibly give birth to a live baby?

A) the twelfth to fourteenth week of pregnancy
B) the twenty-second to twenty-third week of pregnancy
C) the twenty-eighth to twenty-ninth week of pregnancy
D) Predictions are impossible.

Question 62

Quickening refers to the first:

A) time the mother hears the baby's heartbeat.
B) time the mother feels the baby move.
C) time the baby moves.
D) signs of labor.

Question 63

Which is the correct sequence of events in prenatal brain development?

A) neural tube forms; brain cells migrate upward; cells lengthen and form branches
B) brain cells migrate upward; neural tube forms; cells lengthen and form branches
C) cells lengthen and form branches; neural tube forms; brain cells migrate upward
D) brain cells migrate upward; cells lengthen and form branches; neural tube forms

Question 64

Women may feel incredibly tired and experience morning sickness during the _____ trimester(s).

A) first
B) second
C) second and third
D) third

Question 65

Mabel is likely to experience all of the following symptoms during her first trimester of pregnancy EXCEPT:

A) morning sickness.
B) breast tenderness.
C) looking visibly pregnant.
D) feeling tired and faint.

Question 66

Janice is coming up for promotion but she is also 6 months pregnant. She is concerned that she will be denied promotion because of her pregnancy. She is experiencing:

A) family-work conflict.
B) quickening.
C) gestation.
D) fetal development.

Question 67

If a woman has given birth in week 25 of her pregnancy, the baby will:

A) have more than a 50 percent chance of surviving, with good medical care.
B) not be able to survive.
C) almost surely survive.
D) initially survive, but almost certainly die a few weeks after birth.

Question 68

Pregnant women are MOST apt to feel physically uncomfortable during _____.

A) their first and third trimesters
B) their second and third trimesters
C) their first and second trimesters
D) every trimester

Question 69

What is family-work conflict?

A) choosing work over family responsibilities
B) being pulled between the demands of parenthood and career
C) waiting to have children to focus on a career path
D) trying to balance marriage and graduate school

Question 70

When do humans first begin to be able to hear and see?

A) during the embryonic stage
B) during the later fetal stage
C) at birth
D) after birth

Question 71

Which important structure develops mainly during the embryonic stage?

A) heart
B) brain
C) fingernails
D) placenta

Question 72

A mother becomes intensely bonded to her child. According to the text, this feeling is MOST likely to occur after what event?

A) fertilization
B) quickening
C) labor
D) morning sickness

Question 73

Carla just learned she is pregnant. Which force should BEST predict her having a joyous experience?

A) not gaining too much weight
B) being happily married and feeling her partner wants this baby too
C) being married
D) being over 35

Question 74

Professor Misra is an evolutionary psychologist. To explain morning sickness, what statement would he make?

A) "Morning sickness evolved to protect the embryo from poisonous foods."
B) "Morning sickness is all in the mind. Women who expect to get sick, do."
C) "A woman who has morning sickness is unconsciously rejecting her fetus."
D) "Women who have morning sickness are at high risk for miscarrying."

Question 75

To predict the emotional experience of a pregnant patient, a nurse practitioner might ask which question:

A) "Are you engaged to your partner?"
B) "Are you cohabiting with your partner?"
C) "Are you married?"
D) "Do you feel loved by your partner?"

Question 76

Who experiences the early pregnancy symptom called couvade?

A) males
B) females
C) could be either gender
D) both genders

Question 77

Flavia tells Francesca, "I feel incredibly attached to my child now!" Flavia is MOST apt to make this statement during the:

A) first trimester.
B) second trimester.
C) third trimester.
D) embryonic phase.

Question 78

Fathers-to-be:

A) are less bonded to the fetus than are their wives.
B) are pampered by society today.
C) can feel that their emotions are marginalized.
D) may withdraw emotionally from their families.

Question 79

Which of the following is MOST likely to be given a raise after the birth of a child?

A) Jennifer, who is an executive
B) Kaya, who is African American
C) Jonathon, who is a businessman
D) Rebecca, who works in retail

Question 80

Nadya wants to continue working full time as a bank executive after she has her baby. The text implies that her employer may:

A) discriminate against her at work or pass her over for a promotion.
B) give her a promotion.
C) fire her from her job.
D) offer her a year of family leave.