Deck 9: Gender Inequality

Question 1

Which of the following statements concerning Afghanistan and the bacha posh,daughters transformed into sons,is true?

A) Families with only sons often experience shame and pity.
B) Most of the time,a bacha posh returns to womanhood when the child enters puberty.
C) Parents of bacha posh consider transforming their girls into boys to be cruel.
D) Girls are highly prized.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Researchers have found that boys are responded to positively when they act in masculine ways,but when they act in feminine ways,they are either admonished or ignored.This finding provides the most support for which approach to gender?

A) the biological approach
B) the gender socialization approach
C) the economic reductionist approach
D) the social position approach

Answer 2

B

Question 3

In 1975,only __________ of married women with preschool-age children (under six years old)were in the labor force,yet this figure had increased to __________ by 2011.

A) 19 percent; 77.9 percent
B) 19 percent; 62.3 percent
C) 39 percent; 77.9 percent
D) 39 percent; 62.3 percent

Answer 3

D

Question 4

__________ refers to the psychological,social,and cultural differences between women and men.

A) Sex
B) Gender
C) Sexuality
D) Genetics

Question 5

Theorists who believe in the social construction of gender:

A) argue that only gender is socially constructed; sex is clearly biological
B) argue that both gender and sex are socially constructed
C) argue that neither gender nor sex is socially constructed
D) accept that there are some gender differences that are biological

Question 6

Why does gender inequality exist?

A) Men and women generally do different kinds of work.
B) Women are responsible for childrearing.
C) Men hunt.
D) The activities of men and women are valued differently.

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of aggression that is consistent with female gender role socialization?

A) headlocks
B) perpetuating malicious gossip
C) threatening gun violence
D) fist fighting

Question 8

Over the past fifty years,women's participation in the paid labor force:

A) has risen continuously
B) has dropped continuously
C) has remained the same
D) has gone up and down with no clear pattern

Question 9

In Navajo culture,the nádleehí,male-bodied people with feminine natures:

A) are considered especially honorable
B) are devalued
C) cross-dress because they consider cross-dressing erotic
D) were banned from Navajo society

Question 10

People begin to treat children in specific ways because of their gender:

A) from the moment they are born
B) when they begin kindergarten
C) at the onset of puberty
D) when they enter the labor force

Question 11

Which of the following statements is true concerning the !Kung of the Kalahari Desert?

A) !Kung men engage in child care.
B) !Kung women are aggressive.
C) !Kung women hunt.
D) !Kung men provide the majority of the food.

Question 12

How can the increase in female labor force participation over the past fifty years be explained?

A) There has been an increase in the demand for blue-collar work.
B) Many women now postpone family formation to complete their education and establish themselves in the labor force.
C) There has been no increase.
D) Men have reduced their labor force participation to engage in caregiving,so women have had to increase their participation to compensate.

Question 13

What is an example of "doing gender"?

A) going through puberty
B) choosing to wear a dress
C) getting a spray tan
D) taking medication for a headache

Question 14

Which of the following statements is true concerning the role of biology in explaining the behavior patterns of men and women?

A) Nearly a century of research fails to identify the physiological and biological origins of the behavior patterns of men and women.
B) There is abundant evidence that supports the biological origins of behavior patterns in men and women.
C) The biological evidence shows that social context has little to do with shaping the behavior patterns of men and women.
D) The biological evidence shows that social interaction has little to do with shaping the behavior patterns of men and women.

Question 15

Male dominance in a society is usually referred to as:

A) patriarchy
B) matriarchy
C) patrilocality
D) matrilocality

Question 16

Variations in gender roles across cultures demonstrate that:

A) gender roles are biologically determined
B) gender roles are not biologically determined
C) Western social scientists have a bias that distorts their understanding of gender roles
D) gender roles are essentially the same everywhere,with only minor variations

Question 17

In the United States,men generally have more status,power,and prestige than women.This is an example of:

A) gender conformity
B) matriarchy
C) masculinity
D) gender inequality

Question 18

Norah Vincent's 2006 book,Self-Made Man: One Woman's Year Disguised as a Man,illustrates how:

A) gender is pervasive in structuring social life
B) biological differences make it difficult for a woman to pretend to be a man
C) gender is irrelevant in most everyday encounters
D) voice training cannot help a woman sound like a man

Question 19

Theories of natural difference are often grounded in:

A) animal behavior evidence
B) anthropological evidence
C) historical evidence
D) social psychological evidence

Question 20

__________ refers to physical differences of the body between males and females.

A) Sex
B) Gender
C) Sexuality
D) Genetics

Question 21

Stanford University sociologist Shelley Correll and her colleagues found that:

A) mothers are less likely to be hired than non-mothers who have the same work experience and qualifications,and mothers are offered significantly lower starting pay than equally qualified non-mothers for the same job
B) mothers are less likely to be hired than non-mothers who have the same work experience and qualifications; however,mothers are offered significantly higher starting pay than equally qualified non-mothers for the same job
C) mothers are more likely to be hired than non-mothers who have the same work experience and qualification,and mothers are offered significantly higher starting pay than equally qualified non-mothers for the same job
D) mothers are more likely to be hired than non-mothers who have the same work experience and qualifications; however,mothers are offered significantly lower starting pay than equally qualified non-mothers for the same job

Question 22

Because of differential treatment in schools,girls are socialized to be:

A) quiet
B) inquisitive
C) outspoken
D) active problem solvers

Question 23

Female politicians are more likely to be:

A) members of the Republican party rather than the Democratic party
B) involved in local politics rather than national politics
C) in the U.S.Senate than male politicians
D) in the U.S.House of Representatives than male politicians

Question 24

Child-care work is considered "women's work," and construction work is considered "men's work." Child-care workers generally make less than construction workers.This situation exemplifies:

A) masculinity
B) the glass escalator
C) gender typing
D) the glass ceiling

Question 25

With respect to the study conducted in Great Britain investigating views of managers interviewing female applicants for positions as technical staff members in the health services mentioned in your textbook,which of the following statements is true?

A) Interviewers always asked the women about whether they had,or intended to have,children.
B) Interviewers always asked the men about whether they had,or intended to have,children.
C) Most interviewers did not see the intention to have children as relevant to whether an applicant would prove to be a reliable colleague.
D) Most interviewers accepted the principle that women should have the same career opportunities as men.

Question 26

A local college adjusted the pay of its workers so that workers were paid by education and experience to remedy the gender pay gap between female-dominated and male-dominated jobs.This adjustment is an example of:

A) gender typing policies
B) sex segregation policies
C) comparable worth policies
D) glass ceiling policies

Question 27

Which of the following is an example of quid pro quo sexual harassment?

A) sexual language
B) lewd posters
C) sexual advances that make a worker so uncomfortable that it is difficult for her to do her job
D) when a supervisor demands sexual acts from a worker as a job condition

Question 28

Which of the following differential behaviors is a pattern found in schools?

A) Female students interacted more with their teachers than male students did.
B) Girls were more often scolded and punished than boys.
C) Teachers are more likely to solicit information from boys than girls.
D) Girls were more likely to call out answers in class than boys.

Question 29

John is an elementary school teacher who is encouraged by management to apply for the vacant principal position at his school.Even though there are equally qualified or more qualified female teachers,he is told he will get excellent recommendations.In this example,John is likely:

A) hitting the glass ceiling
B) riding the glass escalator
C) experiencing gender typing
D) experiencing sex segregation

Question 30

Which of the following groups does the most housework?

A) unmarried childless women
B) married women with children
C) unmarried childless men
D) married men with children

Question 31

A political office is more likely to be considered "man's work" the:

A) more time the politician spends in the spotlight
B) more often it is held by a Democrat
C) farther from home the political office
D) fewer people a politician has on staff

Question 32

In 2011,the ratio of women's to men's earnings among full-time,year-round workers was:

A) 52.3 percent
B) 62.4 percent
C) 72.2 percent
D) 82.2 percent

Question 33

Six of the ten richest self-made women in the world are:

A) American
B) Chinese
C) German
D) Indian

Question 34

What agency has helped develop ties among women's movements in countries around the world?

A) the men's movement
B) the International Roundtable of Global Corporations (IRGC)
C) the United Nations Conference on Women
D) the National Security Administration

Question 35

Which country,of those listed below,has the lowest percentage of women in senior management?

A) Netherlands
B) Canada
C) Hungary
D) United States

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT a reason that comparable worth policies are relatively rare?

A) It is easy to assess the worth of jobs.
B) Comparable worth is inflationary.
C) Comparable worth will cause wage losses and unemployment.
D) Feminists argue that comparable worth reinforces gender stereotyping.

Question 37

In which country,of those listed below,is the difference in the hours worked each day by men and women,including housework and child care,the lowest?

A) Mexico
B) Italy
C) India
D) United States

Question 38

A promotion barrier that prevents a woman's upward mobility within an organization is called:

A) a glass ceiling
B) a glass escalator
C) comparable worth
D) sexual citizenship

Question 39

Which of the following countries has the highest percentage of female members in its national legislature?

A) United States
B) Sweden
C) Iran
D) Canada

Question 40

The making of unwanted sexual advances by one individual toward another,in which the first person persists even though it is clear that the other party is resistant is called:

A) matriarchy
B) gender typing
C) sexual harassment
D) gender profiling

Question 41

Which of the following is an accurate assessment of rape?

A) Rape is a purely sexual act.
B) Most rapes are committed by men against women.
C) Most rapes are committed on the spur of the moment to satisfy an uncontrollable sexual urge.
D) The total number of sexual assaults,attempted rapes,and rapes has increased steadily over the past two decades.

Question 42

Which perspective focuses on the interaction of race,class,and gender in the disadvantages women face?

A) liberal feminism
B) radical feminism
C) Marxism
D) Parsonian functionalism

Question 43

According to the functionalist sociologist Talcott Parsons,the family is most efficient when it operates with a clear sexual division of labor,with the females performing the __________ role and the males performing the __________ role.

A) expressive; instrumental
B) instrumental; expressive
C) sexual; passive
D) passive; sexual

Question 44

Which perspective argues that gender inequality is the result of male domination in all aspects of social and economic life?

A) liberal feminism
B) radical feminism
C) black feminism
D) Parsonian functionalism

Question 45

The Platform for Action agreed to at the 1995 United Nations Women's Conference in Beijing called on countries to:

A) give precedence to cultural traditions when cultural traditions conflict with women's rights
B) adopt more gender blind policies that do not draw attention to gender as a social issue
C) give women the right to inherit wealth and property
D) encourage democracy in all contexts

Question 46

Which of the following positions do all schools of feminist thought share?

A) Women have an unequal position in society.
B) Gender has little influence on social life.
C) Gender inequality can never be eradicated.
D) Gender inequality is a social construction.

Question 47

Which statement among the following concerning violence against women is FALSE?

A) Female infanticide is no longer practiced-even in the least developed world.
B) More women worldwide are injured because of beatings by spouses than by any other cause.
C) In India in 2008,there were an estimated 8,172 deaths of women at the hands of husbands and relatives because the women brought an insufficient dowry.
D) Between 100 million and 140 million girls and women have been subjected to genital mutilation.

Question 48

According to the textbook,which answer best explains why women are so often the targets of sexual violence?

A) Women rarely fight back.
B) Women wear revealing clothing to provoke men.
C) The entertainment media produces and distributes highly sexualized content that causes men to become violent.
D) Many men believe that they are entitled to have sexual access if they already know the women.

Question 49

What is the goal of the United Nations Conference on Women?

A) to promote the traditional role of women in bearing children,raising them,and ensuring the domestic tranquility of the home
B) to ensure women's equal access to economic resources,including vocational training and markets
C) to ensure that no country interferes with the gender role definitions of another
D) to prevent the use of birth control and abortion in low-income countries

Question 50

Which of the following statements concerning rape is true?

A) Most rapes are committed by strangers.
B) Rape is a purely sexual act,not an act of violence.
C) When a rape leaves no physical wounds,it is seldom traumatic.
D) Most rapes go unreported.

Question 51

Which strategy would liberal feminists encourage?

A) the abolition of marriage
B) a revolution against capitalist economies
C) the abolition of affirmative action policies
D) family-friendly policies in the workplace

Question 52

Which of the following issues was addressed in the Platform for Action agreed to at the 1995 United Nations Women's Conference in Beijing?

A) women's right to control their own reproduction and sexuality
B) how women can reduce the stress of the male breadwinner role
C) the need for government-imposed quotas for women to be equally represented in politics as men
D) how to discourage women from stay-at-home mothering because it slows the advancement of women

Question 53

Which form of feminist theory believes that unequal access to civil rights and certain social resources produces gender inequality?

A) liberal feminism
B) radical feminism
C) black feminism
D) Parsonian functionalism

Question 54

Joe hangs out with men who discuss women as if they were sexual objects.This makes him insensitive to the difference between consensual and nonconsensual sex.Which concept best explains this situation?

A) rape culture
B) rape awareness
C) gender inequality
D) sex segregation

Question 55

What does the research on monkeys castrated a birth and the story of identical twins raised as different genders suggest about the role of social interaction and social context in explaining gender differences?

Question 56

What is a criticism of the functionalist approach to the family expressed by sociologist Talcott Parsons?

A) The approach condones the subordination of women.
B) Families have to be supportive to socialize children successfully.
C) The approach promulgates a Marxist view of the social world.
D) The allocation of tasks in society is natural and inevitable.

Question 57

Which feminist perspective would most likely advocate for the overthrowing of the patriarchal order?

A) liberal feminism
B) radical feminism
C) symbolic interactionism
D) Parsonian functionalism

Question 58

The functionalist sociologist Talcott Parsons used the term __________ to refer to providing care and security to children and offering them emotional support.

A) expressive role
B) instrumental role
C) gendered role
D) sex segregated role

Question 59

A sociological perspective that emphasizes the centrality of gender in analyzing the social world and particularly the uniqueness of women is known as:

A) feminist theory
B) liberal theory
C) queer theory
D) postmodern theory

Question 60

The functionalist sociologist Talcott Parsons referred to being the breadwinner in the family as filling the:

A) expressive role
B) instrumental role
C) gendered role
D) sex segregated role

Question 61

Describe female labor-force participation patterns over the past fifty years.How can this pattern be explained?

Question 62

Compare liberal feminism with radical feminism.Which perspective best explains gender inequality today? Which perspective provides the best solutions?

Question 63

What are comparable worth policies? What are some reasons why comparable worth policies are not widely adopted?

Question 64

In what ways are boys and girls treated differently at school? What are some consequences of this differential treatment?

Question 65

Discuss Talcott Parsons's view of the family.What criticisms have been made about his analysis? What is your position?

Question 66

Why are women so often the targets of sexual violence?

Question 67

What criticisms do black feminists make about the feminist movement?

Question 68

Using the !Kung of the Kalahari Desert,the bacha posh in Afghanistan,and the nádleehí in Navajo culture as support,discuss how gender can be seen as a social construction.

Question 69

How do gender,marital status,and parental status interact in time spent doing housework?