Deck 10: Gender and Age

Question 1

Historically,television advertisements and other forms of media have portrayed elderly people with negative images.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Gender stratification refers to the unequal access to power,property,and prestige of males and females based on their sex.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The ratio of women who work for wages is evenly distributed throughout the United States.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The "testosterone bonus" refers to men's ability to think quicker and act more decisively than women.

Question 5

Gender age is the relative value that a culture places on men's and women's ages,such as gray hair on men interpreted as a sign of being mature and gray hair on women interpreted as a sign of being old.

Question 6

Elaine Cumming and William Henry discovered that the elderly abruptly shift gears upon retiring,which is the basis of disengagement theory.

Question 7

In hunting and gathering as well as horticultural societies,women contributed the majority of the food supply to their groups.

Question 8

Because of the high costs of Medicare and Social Security,programs that benefit children are underfunded.

Question 9

The terms "life span" and "life expectancy" are interchangeable and virtually mean the same thing.

Question 10

The fact that women are twice as likely to die after coronary bypass surgery can be traced to unintentional sexual discrimination by medical personnel.

Question 11

Sociologically,"gender" and "sex" are interchangeable terms that have virtually the same meaning.

Question 12

The number of members in an age cohort determines the size of a "baby boom" or a "baby bust."

Question 13

Sociologically,females are appropriately classified as a minority group.

Question 14

Citizens of Japan have the longest life expectancy of any industrialized nation.

Question 15

The major theories on the origin of patriarchy point to the social consequences of human reproduction.

Question 16

Continuity theory and disengagement theory are aligned with the functionalist perspective.

Question 17

Because age is socially constructed,there is little unified agreement worldwide on the image and treatment of the elderly.

Question 18

The 1985 Vietnam veterans study clearly demonstrated that biology (in this case,testosterone)is the cause of male aggressiveness.

Question 19

Promotion of feminism and the rights of women in the Least Industrialized Nations has resulted in the practice of honor killing being outlawed throughout the world.

Question 20

The Supreme Court has ruled that sexual harassment laws do not apply equally to homosexuals who are harassed by heterosexuals on the job.

Question 21

What is the philosophy that biology is not destiny,especially with regard to justifying gender stratification?

A)symbolic interactionism
B)exchange theory
C)neo-Marxism
D)feminism

Question 22

The first wave of the women's movement had a radical branch and a conservative branch. What was the goal of the radical branch of the movement?

A)campaigning to pass an Equal Rights Amendment
B)winning the right to vote for women
C)reforming all the institutions of society
D)changing women's work roles

Question 23

Sociologically,why is gender especially significant?

A)It is a master status cutting across all aspects of life.
B)It permits a comparison to superior male qualities.
C)It provides one group to lead,another to follow.
D)It reinforces the teachings of Genesis.

Question 24

What classification or terminology do sociologists apply to women that describe their inability to gain equal access to power,property,and prestige?

A)the glass escalator
B)radical feminism
C)a counterculture
D)minority group

Question 25

The term for the unequal access to power,prestige,and property based on a person's sex is ________.

A)sex typing
B)sexual harassment
C)gender stratification
D)matriarchy

Question 26

In what society were women and men often considered social equals?

A)industrial
B)pastoral and horticultural
C)agricultural
D)hunting and gathering

Question 27

Past research appears to have supported the idea that men who have higher levels of testosterone tend to be more aggressive. What is an alternative explanation to the testosterone thesis to explain aggressive behavior in men?

A)the social norms of the society in which men are raised
B)the social structure of a man's immediate family
C)the social class to which a man belongs
D)the social role of men

Question 28

The fact that nearly 80 percent of engineering degrees are awarded to men while 90 percent of library science degrees are awarded to women illustrates the phenomenon of ________.

A)feminization of the workplace
B)gender tracking
C)affirmative action
D)political correctness

Question 29

Which of the following is a primary sex characteristic?

A)increased body hair in men
B)lower voice in men
C)a uterus in women
D)broader hips in women

Question 30

Which statement is LEAST accurate regarding sex and gender?

A)The world offers unequal access to power,prestige,and property based on one's sex.
B)Being born male or female carries images and expectations of how one should act.
C)Gender is sociologically significant because it is the way in which society controls its members.
D)The terms "sex" and "gender" are sociologically and biologically interchangeable.

Question 31

In 1890,women made up about ________ of the U.S. labor force. Today,they represent almost ________.

A)0; 35
B)10; 35
C)15; 40
D)20; 50

Question 32

Who proposed the concept that women are better prepared biologically for "mothering" than men,which is overlaid with culture?

A)Cynthia Fuchs Epstein
B)Margaret Mead
C)Alice Rossi
D)Rebecca Ann Wilson

Question 33

In Pakistan,Jordan,and Kurdistan,a woman who has brought disgrace to her family is killed by a male relative,usually her brother or husband. This practice is called ________.

A)honor killing
B)domestic manslaughter
C)blood feud
D)infanticide

Question 34

Which wave of the women's movement focused on the problems of women in the Least Industrialized Nations?

A)the first wave
B)the second wave
C)the third wave
D)the fourth wave

Question 35

What is the normal chromosome configuration for a male?

A)XY
B)XX
C)XYY
D)XXY

Question 36

Which wave of feminism was characterized by broad goals ranging from an increase in women's pay to an antiviolence campaign?

A)the first wave
B)the second wave
C)the third wave
D)the fourth wave

Question 37

While the notion of gender refers to sociological characteristics,the concept of sex refers to ________ characteristics.

A)psychological
B)biological
C)philosophical
D)anthropological

Question 38

Social Security and Medicare account for almost two-thirds of the tax dollars spent by the federal government.

Question 39

Why do sociologists classify females as a minority group?

A)Women are outnumbered by men in virtually every society.
B)Women are not as physically strong as men.
C)Men perform the most difficult and dangerous work in most societies.
D)There is not a single society known where women-as-a-group have decision-making power over men.

Question 40

What is the practice of suttee?

A)permitting only men the right to vote
B)requiring women to cover their faces in public
C)passing legislation that legally makes women inferior to men
D)burning the living widow with the body of her dead husband

Question 41

The term "________" refers to prejudice,discrimination,and hostility directed against people because of their age,and was coined by the physician ________.

A)gerotranscendence; Lars Tornstam
B)gender age; Francis E. Downey
C)ageism; Robert Butler
D)age cohort; C. Everett Koop

Question 42

What is the term for gender discrimination against women who miss the work experience while they care for children at home?

A)the child penalty
B)the devaluation of women
C)the glass ceiling
D)the glass escalator

Question 43

Which group of men do women fear the MOST as potential rapists?

A)coworkers
B)strangers
C)family members outside the home
D)family members in the home

Question 44

The age range of women MOST likely to be victims of rape is ________.

A)12 to 15
B)16 to 19
C)20 to 24
D)25 to 34

Question 45

What does it mean when sociologists say that age is "socially constructed"?

A)Age is based on sociobiological concepts.
B)Age is related to heredity and genes.
C)Age is perceived in a similar manner all over the world.
D)Age is based on cultural attitudes that are rooted in a society.

Question 46

Agatha has worked for ten years in the public relations department of a large firm. She has been promoted to several higher paying managerial positions,but never to an executive position,even though she has directed several successful projects for the firm. Her lack of promotion MOST likely illustrates ________.

A)the "glass ceiling"
B)the "glass elevator"
C)the "mommy track"
D)sexual harassment

Question 47

The life span for humans is recorded as ________,based on the well-documented records of a French woman who died in 1977.

A)109
B)115
C)122
D)128

Question 48

Which of the following statements BEST describes how feminists view sexual harassment?

A)It is a fundamental difference in how men and women think.
B)It is based on the social process that guides society.
C)It is based on the structural problems embedded in society.
D)It is caused by the biological differences between men and women.

Question 49

What has the Supreme Court ruled regarding the treatment of homosexuals in the workplace and sexual harassment?

A)Homosexuals can only file claims of sexual harassment if the aggressor was also a homosexual.
B)Sexual desire is a fundamental requirement for a sexual harassment charge to be valid.
C)Sexual harassment laws apply to homosexuals who are harassed by heterosexuals or other homosexuals on the job.
D)Homosexuals are not a protected class and,therefore,are not covered by sexual harassment laws.

Question 50

Which of the following nations has the lowest percentage of population age 65 or older?

A)Afghanistan
B)Uganda
C)Poland
D)Hungary

Question 51

Based the same levels of academic achievement,where does the greatest pay gap exist between men and women over their lifetime?

A)among high school dropouts
B)among high school graduates
C)among those who earned some college credits but no degree
D)among college graduates

Question 52

By the 1970s,women began to perceive unwanted sexual advances at work and school as part of a _______. problem.

A)gender
B)structural
C)coworker
D)company

Question 53

What term refers to the maximum length of life that is possible for a species?

A)life expectancy
B)life span
C)life cycle
D)life course

Question 54

Which statement BEST summarizes the relationship between killers and their victims?

A)Women and men are equally represented as victims of homicide.
B)Women and men are equally represented as perpetrators of homicide.
C)More women than men are victims of homicide.
D)Men outnumber women as both victims and killers.

Question 55

When many students graduate from college,they are able to earn an extra $1,465 a month between the ages of 25 and 65. These students manage to earn this bonus by ________.

A)majoring in business
B)being born male
C)joining an influential fraternity/sorority
D)majoring in medicine

Question 56

Which of the following is NOT an example of sexual harassment?

A)A male boss using his position of authority to pressure women who work for him to perform sexual favors.
B)A woman making obscene comments to a male homosexual with whom she works.
C)A homosexual male making unwanted advances toward a female college student.
D)A high school boy acting obnoxious around a girl to whom he is attracted.

Question 57

In politics,what distinction does Carol Moseley-Braun hold?

A)She was the first African American woman elected to the U.S. Senate.
B)She was the first woman ever elected state governor.
C)She was the first woman nominated for vice president of the United States by a major party.
D)She was the first African American woman to hold a presidential cabinet post.

Question 58

Joan and Jim were both hired to do the same work at the Acme Tool Company,although Jim's title is slightly different from Joan's. Jim has received a higher starting salary. What do sociologists call this form of employment discrimination?

A)the testosterone bonus
B)the good ol' boy network
C)the blue-collar syndrome
D)management by gender

Question 59

Marketing,sales,and production positions are considered _________ that lead(s)to the top of a company.

A)support positions
B)barriers to jobs
C)pipelines
D)"women's work"

Question 60

Of the nation's top 500 corporations,referred to as the "Fortune 500," ________ are headed by women.

A)none
B)twelve
C)twenty-five
D)thirty-seven

Question 61

How have television advertisements and other forms of cultural media typically portrayed the elderly?

A)as wise and knowing
B)as overprotective and nurturing
C)as accomplished and affluent
D)as unimportant and stereotyped

Question 62

Define primary and secondary sex characteristics,and give specific examples of each.

Question 63

How do theorists view the relationship between industrialization and the elderly in the United States?

A)The social value of the elderly increased with industrialization.
B)The social value of the elderly decreased with industrialization.
C)The elderly were recognized for their knowledge and skills as a result of industrialization.
D)The elderly were identified as having reached an honorable distinction as a result of industrialization.

Question 64

What flaw did Jerrome and Manheimer see in disengagement theory?

A)It is applicable only to Western cultures and customs.
B)It is a myth that society takes care of the elderly when they retire.
C)It fails to take into account people from the inner city,rural America,and other poor areas.
D)It contains an implicit bias against older people,claiming that they abandon socially productive roles.

Question 65

What did the research by anthropologist Dorothy Jerrome show regarding the ways in which the elderly actually retire?

A)They abruptly disengage from their productive roles.
B)They exchange one set of roles for another set of roles.
C)They prefer to be supported by their former employer rather than the government.
D)They retire only when under duress or when forced to do so.

Question 66

Which theory posits the notion that retirement is a mutually beneficial agreement between two parts of society,the old and the young?

A)activity theory
B)exchange theory
C)disengagement theory
D)conflict theory

Question 67

What conclusion was reached after examining the medical records and behavior of more than 4,400 combat veterans in the 1985 Vietnam veterans study?

Question 68

What is feminism?

Question 69

Prejudice,discrimination,and hostility directed against people because of their age is called ________.

A)reverse discrimination
B)disengagement
C)ageism
D)age cohort

Question 70

What was the final outcome in the life of "Brenda," the identical male twin whose penis was accidentally destroyed during circumcision,and who converted to a female (Brenda)and later converted back to a male (David)?

Question 71

Because the first of the baby boom generation has now turned 60,we are likely to see a shift to more positive images of the elderly. What is the major reason for this?

A)They recognize that there is a certain distinction in being elderly.
B)Their vast numbers translate into economic clout and political power.
C)They tend to be much more productive in the labor market than younger workers.
D)They represent a storehouse of occupational knowledge and work skills.

Question 72

What is the difference between sex and gender?

Question 73

Who proposed the Social Security plan that was finally adopted by Congress in 1934?

A)Franklin D. Roosevelt
B)Francis Townsend
C)Robert Butler
D)Lyndon Johnson

Question 74

Which sociological perspective is MOST closely aligned with the explanation that Social Security benefits came about as the result of a struggle between competing interest groups?

A)the conflict perspective
B)functionalism
C)the feminist perspective
D)symbolic interactionism

Question 75

________ was the physician who started a movement in 1930 to levy a 2 percent national sales tax to support the elderly.

A)Alan Scarsdale
B)Jonas Salk
C)C) Everett Koop
D)Francis Townsend

Question 76

In colonial America,reaching an older age was viewed ________.

A)as a significant accomplishment
B)as an unusual and repulsive process
C)as something to be avoided
D)with indifference

Question 77

Which theory,developed by Swedish sociologist Lars Tornstam,describes the transformation of the elderly to feel more at one with the universe and to gain more understanding in their perception of social issues?

A)continuity theory
B)gerotranscendence
C)activity theory
D)disengagement theory

Question 78

What sociological perspective stresses that age has no inherent meaning and that each culture shapes the way that its citizens perceive the elderly?

A)symbolic interactionism
B)functionalism
C)the conflict perspective
D)the feminist perspective

Question 79

If the chromosome set is XY the resulting sex is __________.

Question 80

As the "baby boom" generation reaches retirement age,what can be expected of its effect on the economy?

A)Many jobs will open at roughly the same time.
B)Fewer jobs will be made available.
C)The labor market will become more male-dominated.
D)The Gross National Product (GNP)will rise.