Deck 4: Social Structure and Social Interaction

Question 1

Roles are like fences - they allow a certain amount of freedom but that freedom does not go very far.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The broadest framework that determines what kind of people we will become is social status.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The amount of personal space people require is a cultural universal that is consistent from one culture to the next.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The concepts of Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft are NOT relevant today.

Question 5

Mechanical solidarity and Gemeinschaft both describe the most intimate societies that are personal and have close kinship connections.

Question 6

The sociological significance of social structure is that it guides our behavior.

Question 7

The difference between role and status is that we occupy a status and play a role.

Question 8

Because of their close-knit structure and separation from modernization,the Old Order Amish have been able to resist all change that has challenged the core values of their community.

Question 9

The more industrialized a society becomes the less formal its social institutions tend to be.

Question 10

Conflict theorists and functionalists would most likely focus on such things as social class and group relationships and would use the macrosociological approach.

Question 11

Stereotypes deeply influence how we react to one another.

Question 12

In studied nonobservance,the individual in a compromised position is able to successfully rationalize the reason for his or her awkward behavior.

Question 13

In Amsterdam,a 21-year-old prostitute is scantily clothed,exhibiting her attributes in a storefront,smiling at potential patrons as they walk by. Based on this mental image,which statement BEST describes what is in progress?

A)This is an example of social interaction.
B)A misdemeanor is being committed.
C)The prostitute is guilty of indecent exposure.
D)This a classic example of macrosociology.

Question 14

Ascribed status is involuntary and achieved status is voluntary.

Question 15

Hunting and gathering societies have rigid social divisions.

Question 16

Background assumptions rarely contribute to our expectations.

Question 17

Some people have a contradiction or a mismatch between their statuses.

Question 18

All master statuses are achieved statuses.

Question 19

To belong to a group is to yield to others the right to judge our behavior.

Question 20

When Professor Jones is before his class lecturing,he has assumed the front stage,based on the terminology used in dramaturgy.

Question 21

Andrea is an aspiring associate editor for a major publisher. She is single but feels married to her work. Last year she received a $20,000 bonus for the excellent work she did in promoting new textbooks published by her employer. Based on this information,Andrea's ascribed status is ________ and her achieved status is ________.

A)female; married
B)bonus recipient; associate editor
C)married; bonus recipient
D)female; associate editor

Question 22

John and Doug are both full professors in a state university,holding doctorate degrees from Ivy League schools. Both make about the same salary and enjoy a similar sense of prestige in the community and on campus. Based only on this information,what do John and Doug have in common?

A)They share the same social location in all respects.
B)They have identical social roles.
C)They are members of the same social class.
D)They share a great deal of social solidarity.

Question 23

The difference between status and role is that ________.

A)status identification is strictly enforced,but roles are not
B)we occupy a status that is a social position,but we play a role that is a social expectation
C)status is voluntary,but role is obligatory
D)status determines social position,while role is not significant

Question 24

Which of the following perspectives is most appropriate for a research sociologist to use?

A)microsociology
B)macrosociology
C)neither macro nor microsociology
D)both macro and microsociology,depending upon the situation

Question 25

Bumper stickers such as "Proud Parent of an Honor Student" and "Warning: This Driver Convicted of DUI" are BEST described as being ________.

A)status symbols
B)master statuses
C)negative sanctions
D)positive sanctions

Question 26

Jane is a 49-year-old woman of Irish-German descent. What do these characteristics have in common?

A)These are examples of her ascribed statuses.
B)These are examples of her achieved statuses.
C)These,particularly her Irish-German descent,are part of her master status.
D)These characteristics are examples of status inconsistency.

Question 27

Which of the following topics would most likely be approached based on a macrosociological analysis?

A)a study of the social norms used by street corner men in different neighborhoods within a city
B)a study of the face-to-face interaction of members of a research group
C)a study of the impact of terrorism on the travel plans of business people
D)a study of the ways in which children in a play group develop language skills

Question 28

The typical patterns of a group,such as its usual relationships between men and women or students and teachers,are referred to as ________.

A)social solidarity
B)social imperative
C)social institutions
D)social structure

Question 29

Expectations that define appropriate or inappropriate behavior for the occupant of a status are called ________.

A)folkways
B)roles
C)mores
D)simple norms

Question 30

What are the three primary variables in determining one's social class?

A)race,sex,residence
B)income,education,occupational prestige
C)race,sex,income
D)income,education,sex

Question 31

Expectations that guide our behavior are called ________.

A)values
B)norms
C)statuses
D)roles

Question 32

Which of the following represents an achieved status?

A)being a high school dropout
B)acting like your mother when she was your age
C)having a prescribed sex (male or female)
D)knowing your particular ethnic descent

Question 33

Signs that identify a position in society that someone occupies are referred to as ________.

A)achieved master status
B)ascribed master status
C)inherited status
D)status symbols

Question 34

Which of the following is an example of social structure?

A)a student reading a sociology textbook
B)a social worker watching a panel discussion on television
C)a homeless man sleeping on a sidewalk heating grate
D)a driver graciously letting another driver turn in front of him

Question 35

A focus on the broad features of society to analyze such things as social class and how groups relate to one another is called ________.

A)macrosociology
B)microsociology
C)meta analysis
D)qualitative analysis

Question 36

Which sociological perspective is most closely linked to microsociology?

A)the conflict perspective
B)structural functionalism
C)symbolic interactionism
D)the feminist perspective

Question 37

What two sociological perspectives are most closely linked to macrosociology?

A)symbolic interactionism and functionalism
B)functionalism and the conflict perspective
C)the conflict perspective and symbolic interactionism
D)symbolic interactionism and feminism

Question 38

Dr. Zalewski expects her students to be on time for class,holds them for the entire class period,and has firm deadlines set for reports and other assignments. Sociologically,which statement BEST describes Dr. Zalewski's approach to teaching?

A)Dr. Zalewski is engaged in the macrosociological approach.
B)Dr. Zalewski is advocating social inequality by maintaining different standards than other faculty.
C)Dr. Zalewski has set up a system of academic social stratification.
D)Dr. Zalewski has created a strong sense of social structure in her classroom.

Question 39

Which statement regarding status is MOST accurate?

A)All master statuses are achieved.
B)Ascribed statuses are voluntary and achieved statuses are involuntary.
C)Status provides the guidelines for how we are to act and feel.
D)Status symbols are always positive,serving as positive reinforcements for following norms.

Question 40

A position in society that cuts across other statuses a person holds,such as being a high-ranking Army officer,a college president,or a handicapped Olympian,would be considered that person's ________.

A)ascribed status
B)social status
C)master status
D)status set

Question 41

What term does Durkheim use to describe the degree to which members of a society are united by shared values and other social bonds?

A)social stratification
B)social class
C)social imperative
D)social integration

Question 42

Scholars who would argue that the members of society united by shared values hold society together would be most aligned with the ________ theory.

A)pastoral
B)symbolic interactionist
C)stereotype
D)social integration

Question 43

Which of the following statements BEST describes how stereotypes affect our interaction with others when we first meet?

A)Stereotypes are usually based on objective facts and hold true.
B)Stereotypes are rarely important in social interaction.
C)Stereotypes provide accurate information about what the person is like.
D)Stereotypes are the assumptions we make that can become self-fulfilling prophecies.

Question 44

According to Durkheim,when a society increases in size,its division of labor becomes more specialized. People begin to depend upon one another and become interdependent. This form of social cohesion was a concept that he termed ________.

A)Gemeinschaft
B)organic solidarity
C)mechanical solidarity
D)Gesellschaft

Question 45

Karl lives in an area with low rainfall. Based on this,it is very likely that he is part of a ______ society.

A)horticultural
B)biotech
C)pastoral
D)symbolic

Question 46

The social institution that is most recognized for allocating power,determining authority,and preventing chaos is ________.

A)the military
B)politics
C)law
D)education

Question 47

Facial expressions,posture,and gestures are all examples of ________.

A)body language
B)personal images
C)interpretations
D)role performance

Question 48

As societies grow larger,they divide work among members based on a characteristic such as interest or ability. This is referred to as ________.

A)social solidarity
B)social imperative
C)division of labor
D)class structure

Question 49

Based on Durkheim's classification of society,the Old Order Amish would fall into which category?

A)mechanical solidarity
B)organic solidarity
C)Gemeinschaft
D)Gesellschaft

Question 50

The organized,usual,or standard ways by which society meets its basic needs are referred to as ________.

A)social institutions
B)social imperatives
C)social aggregates
D)social solidarity

Question 51

The anthropologist recognized for his work on personal space was ________.

A)Talcott Parsons
B)Edward Hall
C)William I. Thomas
D)Robert K. Merton

Question 52

Mechanical solidarity is to Gemeinschaft as ________ solidarity is to Gesellschaft.

A)organic
B)tribal
C)folk
D)natural

Question 53

Jackie enjoys having her boyfriend Seth hold her close when they are watching television. She appreciates it when Professor Jones maintains a distance of at least two feet from her while he assists her with her tutoring. In view of this,which statement applies to the relationships that Jackie shares with Seth and with her professor?

A)Seth is enjoying intimate distance and the professor is at public distance.
B)Seth is enjoying social distance and the professor is at public distance.
C)Seth is enjoying intimate distance and the professor is at personal distance.
D)Seth is enjoying social distance and the professor is at personal distance.

Question 54

Leo,Ryan,and Matthew regularly interact with one another and share similar values,norms,and expectations. In view of this,which concept MOST applies to their relationship?

A)They are an aggregate.
B)They are a category.
C)They are a group.
D)They are a social institution.

Question 55

In what three states do 75 percent of the Old Order Amish live?

A)Pennsylvania,Ohio,Indiana
B)Kentucky,Tennessee,West Virginia
C)Illinois,Michigan,Wisconsin
D)Virginia,North Carolina,Georgia

Question 56

What must be true for division of labor to develop?

A)Basic survival needs must be met.
B)People must live in a biotech society.
C)People must adhere to societal mandates.
D)Symbolic needs must be established.

Question 57

Ferdinand Tönnies's term for the type of society he referred to as the "intimate community" was ________. The term he used to describe the type of society characterized by "impersonal association" was ________.

A)mechanical society; organic society
B)Gesellschaft; Gemeinschaft
C)organic society; mechanical society
D)Gemeinschaft; Gesellschaft

Question 58

Which of the following groups is LEAST qualified as a social institution?

A)a neighborhood street gang
B)a family
C)a religious group
D)a military unit

Question 59

Hilda is studying at the library. She has placed her coat on the chair next to her and has spread books in front of the other chairs. Hilda is trying to extend her ________ so others do not invade it.

A)intimate space
B)personal space
C)social space
D)public space

Question 60

Which of the following societies has the LEAST social inequality?

A)biotech
B)pastoral and horticultural
C)postindustrial
D)hunting and gathering

Question 61

When would a sociologist use the microsociological approach?

Question 62

The presentation of self in everyday life,also called dramaturgy,was developed by ________.

A)Talcott Parsons
B)Edwin Sutherland
C)Erving Goffman
D)Travis Hirschi

Question 63

Name five of the ten social institutions discussed in the text.

Question 64

How are norms and status inconsistency related?

Question 65

How do social institutions affect the people of a society?

Question 66

How can one avoid role conflict?

A)by segregating statuses
B)by using status symbols
C)by applying sanctions
D)by reading role cues

Question 67

Why do we lose rights to make certain decisions about our own behavior when we join a group?

Question 68

A face-saving technique in which all parties involved in an embarrassing situation ignore it and continue their conversation or interaction as though the embarrassing situation never happened is referred to as ________.

A)redefining the situation
B)teamwork
C)studied nonobservance
D)impression management

Question 69

In the context of dramaturgy,impression management deals with ____________.

A)how we want others to perceive us
B)how our status changes
C)how our roles collide
D)how we adapt to our social environment

Question 70

If people define situations as real,they are real in their consequences. This classic statement is known as the ________.

A)Peter principle
B)Thomas theorem
C)Ouchi principle
D)Garfinkel theorem

Question 71

How would the division of labor in New York City compare to the division of labor in a primitive tribe of the Amazon River basin?

Question 72

To show ourselves as expert role players and to gain positive recognition from others,we often have additional people work with us to help our performance come off as planned. This is referred to as ________.

A)face-saving
B)teamwork
C)cooperation
D)social manipulation

Question 73

An approach to social interaction in which social life is analyzed in terms of the stage is called ________.

A)ethnomethodology
B)functional analysis
C)dramaturgy
D)phenomenological analysis

Question 74

In ethnomethodology,the ideas we take for granted that underlie our behavior and that we violate at our risk are called ________.

A)background assumptions
B)social facts
C)social traits
D)symbols

Question 75

What are the elements that cluster together to determine social class?

Question 76

What is the sociological significance of roles?

Question 77

What is the sociological significance of social structure?

Question 78

Why did Durkheim use the term "mechanical" to describe the intimate community that shared values?

Question 79

Officer Friel has just pulled over a motorist exceeding the speed limit by 40 miles per hour. When he approached the vehicle,he recognizes the driver as his best friend's daughter. Officer Friel is aware that the young lady has had some money problems and the last thing she can afford is a $200 speeding ticket that will also raise her insurance rates. At this point,which of the following terms BEST describes the position facing Officer Friel?

A)Officer Friel is experiencing role strain.
B)Officer Friel is experiencing role conflict.
C)Officer Friel is now engaged in role reversal.
D)Officer Friel is faced with status inconsistency.

Question 80

How does society set the stage for our life experiences?