Deck 15: Chi Square and Other Nonparametric Procedures

Question 1

In the context of ,expected frequency is the frequency we

A)expect in a category if the sample data represent the distribution of frequencies in the population described by .
B)observe in a category of sample data.
C)expect in a category if the sample data represent the distribution of frequencies in the population described by .
D)expect in a category of sample data if the experiment is repeated.

Answer 1

expect in a category if the sample data represent the distribution of frequencies in the population described by .

Question 2

Which of the following violates the assumptions of the one-way ?

A)The independent variable is a categorical or nominal variable.
B)Subjects may be measured in more than one category.
C)The computations are based on the responses of all subjects in the study.
D)The in any category is equal to 5 or more.

Answer 2

Subjects may be measured in more than one category.

Question 3

A soft drink company claims that 3 out of 4 people prefer the taste of their cola (Brand A)over their competitor (Brand B).You conduct a taste test and find that 63 people indicated they preferred Brand A.The remaining 38 people said they preferred Brand B.For a one-way chi-square test,what is ?

A)2.25
B)6.76
C)9.01
D)11.34

Answer 3

9.01

Question 4

Which of the following statements about nonparametric procedures is false?

A)Nonparametric procedures do not assume that samples come from population distributions.
B)Nonparametric procedures do not assume a normal distribution.
C)Nonparametric procedures do not assume homogeneous variance.
D)The data used with nonparametric procedures may be nominal or ordinal.

Question 5

The null hypothesis in the test for goodness of fit is

A)the data fit the expected frequencies.
B)the data do not fit the expected frequencies.
C)the variables are independent.
D)the variables are dependent.

Question 6

Assume that you have conducted a one-way in which the is that the frequencies in the categories are equal.If the was not significant,the appropriate conclusion is

A)other models of need to be tested.
B)we expect that the population of interest is distributed among the categories to the same degree as the sample.
C)there is insufficient evidence one way or the other regarding how the population of interest is distributed among the categories.
D)the population of interest is distributed equally among the categories.

Question 7

The larger the ,

A)the less likely our data represent .
B)the larger the differences between the expected frequencies.
C)the less likely our data represent .
D)the more likely our data represent .

Question 8

When is true, should be

A)0.0.
B)1.0.
C)the value of the overall N of the experiment.
D)the value of the overall N of the experiment divided by the number of categories in the experiment.

Question 9

The goodness of fit test is so named because it tests

A)how well the sample data match the distribution of frequencies in the population described by .
B)how "good" the "fits" the
.
C)how well the sample data match the distribution of frequencies in the population described by .
D)how "good" the "fit" is between the model of the distribution of frequencies and .

Question 10

In a one-way chi-square test,the null hypothesis states that if the observed frequencies do not equal the expected frequencies,it is

A)because the data do not meet the assumptions of the test.
B)because the data represent a population distribution other than the expected one.
C)because of design insufficiencies.
D)because of sampling error.

Question 11

Nonparametric procedures are usually not our first choice among statistical procedures because

A)the probability of making a Type I error is too high.
B)the probability of making a Type II error is too high.
C)nonparametric procedures are not inferential statistics.
D)they are less powerful than parametric procedures.

Question 12

When are nonparametric procedures used instead of parametric procedures?

A)When a more powerful test is needed
B)When our data do not meet the assumptions of parametric procedures
C)When our sample is relatively small
D)When measurement is interval or ratio

Question 13

Suppose you ask 100 people whether they like the taste of beer.Beer companies would like to claim that 55% of the population likes the taste of beer.In testing whether this sample represents such a population,what would the values be for this study?

A)YES, = 45;NO,
= 55
B)YES, = 55;NO,
= 45
C)YES, = 55;NO,
= 55
D)YES, = 45;NO,
= 45

Question 14

The sum of the observed frequencies from all categories must equal

A)the expected frequencies for each category.
B)the frequencies expected in the population.
C) .
D)N.

Question 15

In a chi-square procedure we test whether,"the frequencies in each category in the sample data

A)change in a consistent fashion."
B)have equal variances."
C)represent specific frequencies in the population."
D)represent the category means in the population."

Question 16

A significant one-way indicates the

A)sample data are likely to represent two variables that are independent in the population.
B)sample data are unlikely to represent two variables that are independent in the population.
C)data fit the expected frequencies generated by a model of the population frequencies.
D)data do not represent equal frequencies in all categories in the population.

Question 17

The board of trustees of a small college demanded a more diverse student body.Most of the college's minority students came from a large metropolitan area.The admissions staff asked graduates outside this area and outside the state to help with recruiting.In addition,some money was spent on media advertising.To assess the effect of this campaign,the current year's requests for applications were classified as Large Metropolitan Area (565),Rest of State (410),and Out of State (216).An analysis of addresses over previous years showed Large Metropolitan Area,51%;Rest of State,40%;Out of State,9%.What statistic should be used to analyze these data?

A)The for independence
B)The for goodness of fit
C)The Kruskal-Wallis H
D)The Mann-Whitney U

Question 18

The sampling distribution contains

A)all possible values of when the null hypothesis is true.
B)all possible values of when the null hypothesis is false.
C)all possible observed frequencies for a given number of categories and a given N.
D)all possible expected frequencies for a given number of categories and a given N.

Question 19

What is the consequence of violating one of the necessary assumptions of parametric inferential statistics?

A)The is never rejected.
B)The is never retained.
C)The actual probability of making a Type I error is larger than $\alpha$ .
D)The actual probability of making a Type I error is smaller than $\alpha$ .

Question 20

Which tests whether our sample data are likely to represent the distribution of frequencies in the population when is true?

A) for independence
B) for goodness-of-fit
C) for homogeneity of variance
D) for differences between independent means

Question 21

For the following set of data,what are the associated ranks?

A)
B)
C)
D)

Question 22

A recent news report indicated that out of 75 people polled,35 men and 10 women had given the president a high approval rating,while 20 men and 10 women had given the president a low approval rating.Using a two-way test for independence,what is ?

A)3.00
B)3.33
C)3.58
D)3.72

Question 23

The null hypothesis in the test for independence is

A)the data fit the expected frequencies.
B)the data do not fit the expected frequencies.
C)the variables are independent.
D)the variables are dependent.

Question 24

A significant two-way indicates the

A)sample data are likely to represent two variables that are independent in the population.
B)sample data are unlikely to represent two variables that are independent in the population.
C)data fit the expected frequencies generated by a model of the population frequencies.
D)sample data for the two variables show them to be independent.

Question 25

The TV Design team showed 40 boys and 40 girls prototype shows for two new television programs for children.After they had seen both shows,each child indicated which show he or she liked better.Their choices are shown here.The expected frequencies were 20,20,20,and 20.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Question 26

In procedures,

A)we do not perform post hoc comparisons or compute .
B)we perform post hoc comparisons and compute .
C)we never have an interaction.
D)all means,not just significant ones,are reported.

Question 27

Richard did a study of "Autobiographical Memory of School" for his master's degree thesis.In one part of Richard's study,he had 60 college students write a description of one event from their schooling (any grade,1-12).After obtaining the 60 descriptions,they were classified as shown.The expected frequency was 10 in each cell.

A)
B)
C)
D)

Question 28

The sum of the observed frequencies for all the rows of a test for independence must equal

A)the sum of the expected frequencies for all the rows.
B)the total N for the experiment.
C)the sum of the observed frequencies for all the columns.
D)all of the above.

Question 29

The two-way is a test of

A)goodness of fit of observed frequencies to population frequencies.
B)difference between mean ranks in two categories.
C)whether two variables are independent.
D)difference between mean ranks in more than two categories.

Question 30

The alternative hypothesis for the two-way states

A)the variables are independent.
B)the variables are not correlated.
C)the variables are correlated.
D)using the categories from one variable does not help predict frequencies for the other variable.

Question 31

It is legitimate to compute only when there is a significant

A)2 *3 for independence.
B)2 * 2 for independence.
C)2 * 2 for goodness of fit.
D) for goodness of fit.

Question 32

The square of the contingency coefficient, ,is interpreted the same way as

A) .
B) .
C) .
D)all of these.

Question 33

The contingency coefficient,C,is computed when we have a

A)significant 2 * 2 for independence.
B)significant for goodness of fit.
C)significant for independence that is not 2 * 2.
D)nonsignificant for independence that is not 2 * 2.

Question 34

A nonparametric procedure that corresponds to the independent samples t-test is the

A)Mann-Whitney U.
B)Wilcoxon T test.
C)Kruskal-Wallis H.
D)Friedman .

Question 35

What parametric test is analogous to the two-way chi-square?

A)Two-sample t-test for independent samples
B)Two-sample t-test for related samples
C)Two-way ANOVA
D)There is no analogous parametric test

Question 36

Which of the following is actually a test of whether there is an interaction between two variables?

A) for goodness of fit
B) for independence
C) for homogeneity of variance
D) for differences between independent means

Question 37

is analogous to and can be interpreted in the same way as

A) .
B) .
C) .
D) and .

Question 38

According to ,if the observed frequencies do not equal the expected frequencies in each cell of a for independence,it is because

A)the variables are not independent.
B)of sampling error.
C)the right variables were not selected for the study.
D)the variables are independent.

Question 39

Suppose you conduct an experiment that has 24 participants who are asked to respond to one of three categories.Your turns out to be 9.92,which is statistically significant.Which of the following is the correct way to report it?

A) = 9.92;p < 0.05
B) = 9.92;p < 0.05
C) = 9.92;p > 0.05
D) = 9.92;p < 0.05

Question 40

The phi coefficient, $\phi$ ,is used as a measure of strength of association for a

A)Mann-Whitney U.
B)Kruskal-Wallis H.
C)one-way .
D)2 * 2 .

Question 41

Patricia has collected data on 30 individuals.She measured the pulse rate of 15 individuals after they had watched a violent film clip.She measured the pulse rate of the other 15 people after they had watched a non-violent film clip.Because she knows her study does not meet the assumptions for a two-tailed t-test,what nonparametric test should she run?

A)Wilcoxon T
B)A two-way
C)A Mann-Whitney U
D)a Friedman

Question 42

If you wanted to run determine if there is a relationship between participants' commute time to work and their level of hostility and you need to use a nonparametric test,what test should you run?

A)Spearman
B)Wilcoxon T
C)a Friedman
D)Kruskal-Wallis H

Question 43

The nonparametric procedure that corresponds to the related samples t-test is the

A)Mann-Whitney U.
B)Wilcoxon T test.
C)Kruskal-Wallis H.
D)Friedman .

Question 44

James has conducted a study involving a total of 60 participants.These individuals were randomly assigned to one of three different treatment conditions--No Sound,White Noise,or Conversation.Each was then tested on a reading recall task.Because James knows his study does not meet one of the assumptions for a parametric test,what nonparametric test should he run?

A)Mann-Whitney U
B)Spearman
C)a Friedman
D)Kruskal-Wallis H

Question 45

You have treadmill endurance test scores for 14 college students taken just before final exam period and a second set of scores for the same students obtained on the afternoon of the last day of finals.You are pretty sure that the populations these scores are sampled from are highly skewed,and so you plan to test for differences in physical endurance using a nonparametric procedure.Which one should you use?

A)A Wilcoxon T
B)Spearman
C)A Mann-Whitney U
D)A Friedman

Question 46

The nonparametric procedure that corresponds to the within-subjects ANOVA is the

A)Mann-Whitney U.
B)Wilcoxon T.
C)Kruskal-Wallis H.
D)Friedman .

Question 47

The nonparametric procedure that corresponds to the between-subjects ANOVA is the

A)Mann-Whitney U.
B)Wilcoxon T.
C)Kruskal-Wallis H.
D)Friedman .

Question 48

In Tanisha's study,each person's respiration rate was tested for baseline (no exercise),after 5 minutes of strenuous exercise,and 5 minutes after strenuous exercise had stopped.Because her study does not meet one of the assumptions for a parametric test,what nonparametric test should she run?

A)Mann-Whitney U
B)Wilcoxon T
C)a Friedman
D)Kruskal-Wallis H

Question 49

When a Mann-Whitney U test is significant,we accept

A)our samples are independent.
B)our data represent the predicted difference between our conditions in the population.
C)our samples are not independent.
D)our data do not represent the predicted difference between our conditions in the population.