Deck 6: Learners With Learning Disabilities

Question 1

Research on the neurological basis of learning disabilities

A)has been relatively consistent in pointing to the left temporal lobe as being involved.
B)has made it possible to use neuroimaging as a screening tool for learning disabilities.
C)has largely failed to find any connection between brain function and learning disabilities.
D)has largely failed to find any connection between brain structure and learning disabilities.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

All of the following are TRUE EXCEPT

A)Learning disabilities tend to run in families.
B)Premature birth can result in learning disabilities.
C)Toxins have been ruled out as a potential cause of learning disabilities.
D)Most geneticists agree that there is no single gene that causes learning disabilities.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In a typical school of 1000 students,about how many students identified as learning disabled would you expect to find?

A)10
B)50
C)150
D)250

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Research using neuroimaging suggests that some cases of learning disability are caused by

A)poor nutrition.
B)brain damage.
C)structural and functional differences in the brain.
D)allergies to food additives.

Question 5

In the Video Example in the text,Author Hallahan refers to research suggesting that variability is the lowest from state to state in prevalence of students identified as

A)emotionally disturbed.
B)learning disabled.
C)mentally retarded/intellectually disabled.
D)blind.

Question 6

All of the following have been identified as concerns about response to intervention EXCEPT

A)Most of what is validated about RTI is focused just on reading.
B)Most of the research on RTI has focused on grades 3-5,leaving a vacuum of what we know about its implementation in 1 and 2,where it is most important to intervene.
C)Some students do well enough in Tier 2 to return to Tier 1,but then they experience difficulties,resulting in returning to Tier 2.
D)Currently,many general education teachers are failing to use evidence-based instruction in Tier 1.

Question 7

Dyslexia refers to a severe impairment in the ability to

A)read.
B)write.
C)compute.
D)use expressive language.

Question 8

The ability to understand that specific words can be broken down into individual sounds is referred to as

A)phonological awareness.
B)phonemic awareness.
C)decoding.
D)reading fluency.

Question 9

John,Jim,and Ann are fifth-grade students with learning disabilities.Which one of the following statements best illustrates the concept of interindividual differences?

A)John has problems with math,while Ann has problems with reading.
B)In comparison to the nondisabled students in her class,Ann scores lower in reading and math.
C)Jim does well in reading,but not in math.
D)John has high intelligence,but low achievement in spelling.

Question 10

Students with poor phonological skills are most likely to have problems with which aspect of written language?

A)handwriting
B)spelling
C)metacognitive strategies
D)creative writing

Question 11

One of the major advantages of the response to intervention method of identifying learning disabilities is that

A)it is easy to implement.
B)it is not subject to the same "wait-to fail" criticism.
C)it ensures that a student's low achievement is not simply due to ineffective instruction.
D)a great deal of research has been done to show how best to implement RTI.

Question 12

By definition,every student with learning disabilities has

A)academic problems.
B)brain damage.
C)hyperactivity.
D)deficits in all academic areas.

Question 13

Which poses the most difficulty for most children with learning disabilities?

A)reading
B)spelling
C)handwriting
D)math

Question 14

Freda,Sam,and Liz are eighth-grade students with learning disabilities.Which one of the following statements best illustrates the concept of intraindividual variation?

A)Freda scores high in math,but not in spelling.
B)In comparison to eighth graders nationally,Sam scores lower in reading and written expression.
C)In comparison to Freda and Sam,Liz has higher achievement in math.
D)Liz has lower reading scores than any of the nondisabled students in her class.

Question 15

Increases in the number of students in the learning disabilities category between 1975 and 2000 has been attributed to all of the following factors EXCEPT

A)poor diagnostic procedures.
B)teachers' reluctance to change teaching methods when students aren't doing well.
C)increase in poverty and stress on families and children.
D)increase in prevalence of mental retardation.

Question 16

The most commonly used definition of learning disabilities is that endorsed by

A)AAIDD.
B)NJCLD.
C)LDA.
D)the federal government.

Question 17

According to law,states

A)must require the use of severe discrepancy between intellectual ability and achievement,but may permit the use of response to intervention.
B)must not require the use of severe discrepancy between intellectual ability and achievement,and must permit the use of response to intervention.
C)must require the use of severe discrepancy between intellectual ability and achievement,and must require the use of response to intervention.
D)must not require the use of severe discrepancy between intellectual ability and achievement,and must not require the use of response to intervention.

Question 18

Each of the following is suggested as an explanation for why boys outnumber girls in the learning disabilities category EXCEPT

A)greater biological vulnerability of boys.
B)decrease in prevalence of intellectual disabilities.
C)other behavior by boys hyperactivity)leads to referral.
D)lower academic expectations for girls.

Question 19

Each of the following is an element of the NJCLD definition EXCEPT

A)Learning disabilities are due to central nervous system dysfunction.
B)Learning disabilities are a lifelong condition.
C)Spelling is a specific manifestation of learning disabilities.
D)Learning disabilities can occur concurrently with mental retardation.

Question 20

The fact that measures of academic learning in the early grades are relatively insensitive to small gaps in skills

A)has been used as a reason for criticizing the use of IQ-achievement discrepancy to identify students with learning disabilities.
B)has been used as reason for using response to intervention to identify students with learning disabilities.
C)makes it difficult to distinguish between motivation to learn versus fear of failure.
D)has led to an artificial increase in the prevalence of learning disabilities.

Question 21

Difficulties experienced by students with learning disabilities in interpreting the feeling and emotions of others reflects a problem with

A)visual perception.
B)social cognition.
C)affective disorder.
D)referential communication.

Question 22

Making students aware of the stages of problem-solving tasks while they are performing them and bringing behavior under verbal control is

A)self-instruction.
B)self-monitoring.
C)scaffolded instruction.
D)reciprocal teaching.

Question 23

Cognitive training involves all of the following EXCEPT

A)changing thought processes.
B)providing strategies for learning.
C)teaching self-initiative.
D)multisensory training.

Question 24

Visual devices that employ lines,circles,and boxes to organize information are

A)mnemonic organizers.
B)linear organizers.
C)graphic organizers.
D)geometric organizers.

Question 25

Individuals who have a cluster of disabilities in social interaction,math,visual-spatial tasks,and tactual tasks are referred to as having

A)nonverbal learning disabilities.
B)motivational problems.
C)social cognition problems.
D)locus of control deficits.

Question 26

In a Video Example,the teacher states the model she has seen that works best for students with learning disabilities is

A)discovery learning.
B)explicit instruction.
C)universal design for learning UDL).
D)learning styles.

Question 27

Gareth is a twelve-year-old with learning disabilities who makes many grammatical errors when speaking.Gareth has a problem with which aspect of language?

A)phonology
B)semantics
C)pragmatics
D)syntax

Question 28

Researchers have found that one of the major reasons that children with learning disabilities perform poorly on memory tasks is that

A)they fail to use strategies.
B)their working memory is much more advanced so it interferes with short term memory.
C)they have been exposed to too much direct instruction.
D)they are either auditory or visual learners but not both.

Question 29

An academic area that comes closest to reading in causing as much trouble for students with learning disabilities is

A)spoken language.
B)science.
C)written language.
D)math.

Question 30

A method involving breaking down academic problems into their component parts that can be taught separately and then combined is called

A)direct instruction.
B)scaffolded instruction.
C)cognitive training.
D)task analysis.

Question 31

Which approach to mathematics instruction is most efficient for students with learning disabilities?

A)constructivist
B)discovery-oriented
C)teacher-directed
D)student-centered

Question 32

All of the following are features of Direct Instruction EXCEPT

A)fast-paced lessons.
B)emphasis on drill and practice.
C)student-centered lessons.
D)immediate corrective feedback.

Question 33

A method in which the teacher-student relationship is similar to that of an expert and an apprentice is

A)reciprocal teaching.
B)scaffolded instruction.
C)co-teaching.
D)team teaching.

Question 34

A method in which assistance is provided to students when they are first learning tasks,then gradually reduced until the students do the tasks independently is

A)scaffolded instruction.
B)self-monitoring.
C)prompted instruction.
D)self-regulated strategy development.

Question 35

When writing creatively,students with learning disabilities tend to

A)use less complex sentence structures than their peers.
B)write paragraphs that are generally as well organized as their peers.
C)include about the same number of ideas as their peers.
D)have the same type and degree of handwriting problems as their peers.

Question 36

What percentage of children with learning disabilities do recent estimates indicate also have attention problems?

A)less than 10%
B)about 50%
C)about 80%
D)100%

Question 37

Pragmatics is the study of

A)word order within sentences.
B)the sound structure of words.
C)the meaning of language.
D)language use in social settings.

Question 38

Effective writing instruction involves teaching systematic strategies for each of the following EXCEPT

A)planning.
B)handwriting skills.
C)revising.
D)editing.

Question 39

Repeated readings is a technique specifically used to improve

A)phonemic awareness.
B)reading fluency.
C)phonics.
D)reading comprehension.

Question 40

Students with learning disabilities

A)have problems with working memory but not long-term memory.
B)have problems with long term memory but not working memory.
C)can have problems in working memory and/or long-term memory.
D)are no different in memory skills from nondisabled peers as long as they are motivated properly.

Question 41

Describe two reasons why defining learning disabilities has been so problematic.

Question 42

Children and youths with learning disabilities comprise about half of all students who receive special education.

Question 43

In the case of most children with learning disabilities,there is little neurological evidence of actual damage to the brain tissues.

Question 44

The most common testing accommodations for students with learning disabilities are

A)extended time and small group administration.
B)dividing assessment into multiple sessions and individual assessment.
C)having directions read aloud and group administration.
D)extended time and group administration.

Question 45

Describe three explanations for the increase in the number of students identified as having learning disabilities in the last 30 years or so.

Question 46

Response to intervention is the federally preferred method of identifying learning disabilities.

Question 47

Many different kinds of disabilities are more prevalent in males than in females.

Question 48

Define IQ-achievement discrepancy and list three objections to using it for identifying learning disabilities.

Question 49

Rather than talking about identification of learning disabilities at the preschool level,educators emphasize

A)causation/etiology.
B)prediction.
C)adaptive behavior.
D)classification.

Question 50

The most common placement for students with learning disabilities is

A)self-contained special classes.
B)special schools.
C)resource room.
D)general education classroom.

Question 51

Each of the following is TRUE of peer-assisted learning strategies PALS)EXCEPT

A)it involves pairing a higher-performing student with a lower-performing student.
B)it is not effective for high school students without learning disabilities.
C)students take turns being "coach" and "reader."
D)students participate in three 35-minute-long tutoring sessions each week.

Question 52

Psychological processing disorders are considered to be the primary reason for most learning disabilities.

Question 53

Several of the Video Examples in this chapter emphasize the value of using ________ in teaching students with learning disabilities.

A)technology
B)social reinforcement
C)explicit instruction
D)mindfulness techniques

Question 54

The part of the graph typically used with curriculum-based measurement to depict where a student should be performing at a given point in time is the

A)baseline data point.
B)expected growth norm.
C)aim line.
D)goal.

Question 55

Several major professional and parent organizations have developed position papers against placing students with learning disabilities in full-inclusion programs.

Question 56

According to the Council for Exceptional Children,special education teachers of students with learning disabilities should be able to do all of the following EXCEPT

A)address a variety of academic learning problems,such as reading,math,and spelling.
B)help students apply these academic skills in the general education content areas,such as science and social studies.
C)teach the exact same content as the general education teacher.
D)teach academic skills in several different settings,such as individually or in small or large groups.

Question 57

The resource room is the most popular placement for students with learning disabilities.

Question 58

About 50% of students with learning disabilities also have problems with attention.

Question 59

The vast majority of children with learning disabilities develop social-emotional problems.

Question 60

All of the following practices are typical of curriculum-based assessment EXCEPT

A)frequent observation of child's behavior.
B)testing completed by classroom teacher.
C)comparison of child to national norms.
D)use of curriculum the student has been exposed to.

Question 61

Identify the major features of direct instruction DI)and describe the benefit of this approach for students with learning disabilities.

Question 62

Write a scenario illustrating the relationship between "locus of control" and "learned helplessness."

Question 63

Identify the main features of cognitive training and describe two techniques that fall under this heading.

Question 64

Which is a more convincing method for determining whether learning disabilities are inherited: familiality studies the degree to which a certain condition,such as a learning disability,occurs in a single family)or heritability studies comparison of the prevalence of learning disabilities in identical-monozygotic versus dizygotic twins).Why?

Question 65

Describe the problems that many individuals with learning disabilities encounter in making the transition from student to adult life.