Deck 5: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

Question 1

Compared with men, women are more likely to talk with others to

A) communicate solutions.
B) explore relationships.
C) demonstrate leadership skills.
D) express their unique opinions.

Answer 1

explore relationships.

Question 2

Research on gender and aggression indicates that

A) women admit to feeling more hostility than do men.
B) in experiments, men and women are equally likely to give others what they believe are painful electric shocks.
C) throughout the world, men are more likely than women to commit violent crimes.
D) all of these statements are true.

Answer 2

throughout the world, men are more likely than women to commit violent crimes.

Question 3

Understanding gender differences in behavior as a result of the interplay of gender roles, sex hormones, and individual experiences is most clearly provided by

A) cognitive neuroscience.
B) Freudian psychology.
C) a biopsychosocial approach.
D) evolutionary psychology.

Answer 3

a biopsychosocial approach.

Question 4

In a group discussion, women are ________ likely than men to express support for others' opinions. As group leaders, women are ________ likely than men to promote a democratic leadership style.

A) less; more
B) more; more
C) less; less
D) more; less

Question 5

A baby girl receives a(n)

A) Y chromosome from her father.
B) Y chromosome from her mother.
C) Y chromosome from her father and mother.
D) X chromosome from her father and mother.

Question 6

The X chromosome is found ________. The Y chromosome is found ________.

A) only in males; only in females
B) only in females; only in males
C) in both males and females; only in females
D) in both males and females; only in males

Question 7

The prenatal development of the external male sex organs is stimulated by

A) gender schemas.
B) the X chromosome.
C) testosterone.
D) gender typing.

Question 8

Women report that their friendships with women are ________ enjoyable and intimate than their friendships with men. Men report that their friendships with men are ________ enjoyable and intimate than their friendships with women.

A) more; less
B) less; more
C) more; more
D) less; less

Question 9

Compared with the average man, the average woman is

A) less likely to become sexually re-aroused immediately after orgasm.
B) more likely to commit suicide.
C) less likely to express emotions freely.
D) more vulnerable to depression and anxiety.

Question 10

Compared with females, males experience a greater risk of

A) autism spectrum disorder.
B) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
C) antisocial personality disorder.
D) all of these disorders.

Question 11

Gender differences in physical aggression are greatest in cultures characterized by

A) religious freedom.
B) a postindustrial economy.
C) gender inequality.
D) erotic plasticity.

Question 12

Compared with men, women are more likely to show obvious signs of

A) gender typing.
B) a paraphilia.
C) interdependence.
D) self-esteem.

Question 13

Male and female brains show different patterns of prenatal development due to the influence of

A) gender schemas.
B) paraphilias.
C) nocturnal emissions.
D) sex hormones.

Question 14

Compared with the difference in self-esteem between the average woman and the average man, the variation in self-esteem among individual men is ________ and the variations in self-esteem among individual women is ________.

A) larger; smaller
B) smaller; larger
C) larger; larger
D) smaller; smaller

Question 15

At about age 11 in girls and age 13 in boys, a surge of sex hormones triggers the onset of

A) gender typing.
B) puberty.
C) erotic plasticity.
D) paraphilias.

Question 16

On a lengthy visit to a foreign country, you would be most likely to notice

A) more men than women in political leadership positions.
B) women earning the same amount of money as men.
C) men and women equally involved in child care.
D) men and women equally involved in violent crime.

Question 17

During a group conversation, men are more likely than women to

A) stare at other group members.
B) interrupt other speakers
C) talk assertively.
D) behave in all of these ways.

Question 18

The gender gap in aggression is LEAST likely to pertain to ________ another person.

A) spreading rumors about
B) physically hitting
C) poisoning
D) shooting

Question 19

Gender refers to the ________ characteristics by which a culture defines male and female.

A) genetic
B) hormonal
C) universally agreed-upon
D) socially constructed

Question 20

Gender differences in social connectedness peak during

A) early and middle childhood.
B) late childhood and adolescence.
C) late adolescence and early adulthood.
D) middle and late adulthood.

Question 21

Sets of expected behaviors for males or for females are called

A) gender identities.
B) gender roles.
C) sexual orientations.
D) gender types.

Question 22

A person's sense of being male or female is his or her gender

A) identity.
B) role.
C) type.
D) schema.

Question 23

Some individuals are transgender meaning that their gender identity feels mismatched with their

A) sexual orientation.
B) birth sex.
C) erotic plasticity.
D) gender schemas.

Question 24

Unusual combinations of male and female sexual organs are observable in newborns who are

A) paraphilic.
B) intersex.
C) bisexual.
D) asexual.

Question 25

A woman's estrogen levels peak during

A) the refractory period.
B) premature ejaculation.
C) menstruation.
D) ovulation.

Question 26

Children tend to classify toys and songs as either masculine or feminine. This behavior is most likely to facilitate the process of

A) menarche.
B) erotic plasticity.
C) gender typing.
D) natural selection.

Question 27

The term menarche refers to the

A) onset of male sexual potency.
B) first menstrual period.
C) development of the primary sex characteristics.
D) cessation of menstruation.

Question 28

In agricultural societies, children typically socialize into more distinct gender roles than do children in nomadic societies. This best illustrates that gender-role differences between social groups result from

A) cultural influence.
B) erotic plasticity.
C) refractory periods.
D) fraternal birth-order effects.

Question 29

Increased levels of body fat in females has been suggested as partially responsible for an early onset of

A) a refractory period.
B) gender typing.
C) a paraphilia.
D) puberty.

Question 30

The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role is called

A) erotic plasticity.
B) natural selection.
C) gender typing.
D) gender identification.

Question 31

Although biologically female, Robin feels like a male and wishes to publicly identify himself as a male. Robin could best be described as

A) bisexual.
B) transgender.
C) intersex.
D) asexual.

Question 32

It is most likely that in many cultures women's leadership responsibilities have been limited by their

A) gender identity.
B) erotic plasticity.
C) gender roles.
D) sexual response cycle.

Question 33

An example of a primary sex characteristic is a

A) woman's ovaries.
B) man's larynx.
C) woman's breasts.
D) man's adrenal glands.

Question 34

Dominick responds to his daughter's fistfight with, "Good girls don't fight!" When his son has a fistfight he says, "Did you win?!" Dominick's comments are most likely to encourage

A) erotic plasticity.
B) gender typing.
C) refractory periods.
D) the fraternal birth-order effect.

Question 35

Men and women have often tended to classify occupations as masculine or feminine. As a result, they have limited themselves to a narrow range of career options. This best illustrates the impact of

A) refractory periods.
B) sexual orientation.
C) gender schemas.
D) erotic plasticity.

Question 36

The impact of rewards and punishments on the development of gender identity is most clearly emphasized by

A) evolutionary psychology.
B) Freudian psychology.
C) cognitive neuroscience.
D) social learning theory.

Question 37

Nonreproductive sexual characteristics such as the deepened male voice and male facial hair are called

A) sexual scripts.
B) secondary sex characteristics.
C) primary sex characteristics.
D) gender schemas.

Question 38

A male's first nocturnal emission is most likely to be associated with

A) erectile dysfunction.
B) a paraphilia.
C) alcohol dependence.
D) spermarche.

Question 39

Maria has always taken responsibility for preparing family meals because she learned that this was expected of women. Her behavior best illustrates the importance of

A) sex chromosomes.
B) natural selection.
C) refractory periods.
D) gender roles.

Question 40

An intersex condition is often caused by prenatal exposure to atypical

A) gender schemas.
B) refractory periods.
C) hormone secretions.
D) asexual response cycles.

Question 41

A woman's natural testosterone level drops with the removal of ovaries or

A) erotic plasticity.
B) refractory periods.
C) the adrenal glands.
D) the anterior commissure.

Question 42

Distress due to impaired sexual arousal or functioning during sexual intercourse is an indication of

A) a paraphilia.
B) erotic plasticity.
C) a sexual dysfunction.
D) a nocturnal emission.

Question 43

In a complete sexual response cycle

A) the excitement stage comes immediately before orgasm.
B) orgasm comes immediately before the excitement phase.
C) the plateau stage comes immediately before orgasm.
D) the excitement stage comes immediately before the resolution stage.

Question 44

Male sex offenders have lost much of their sexual urge when they took

A) prolactin.
B) Viagra.
C) estrogen.
D) Depo-Provera.

Question 45

The male refractory period lasts anywhere from a few

A) seconds to a few minutes.
B) minutes to a couple of hours.
C) minutes to a day or more.
D) hours to a week or more.

Question 46

Research on sex hormones and animal sexual behavior indicates that

A) sexual receptivity in female mammals peaks at the time of ovulation.
B) the level of testosterone is the most important factor determining the sexual receptivity of female mammals.
C) castrated male rats show virtually no reduction in sexual motivation.
D) sex hormones have very little influence on the sexual behavior of most female mammals.

Question 47

Premature ejaculation is one form of

A) erotic plasticity.
B) paraphilia.
C) exhibitionism.
D) dysfunction.

Question 48

Research on the human sexual response cycle indicates that

A) blood pressure rates decrease during the plateau phase and increase during orgasm.
B) conception is not possible without the occurrence of male orgasm.
C) female orgasm increases the likelihood of conception.
D) the resolution phase of the female sexual response cycle is especially lengthy following multiple orgasms.

Question 49

Studies find that around the time of ovulation, women have a slightly ________ voice pitch than usual and they wear ________ sexually attractive clothing than usual.

A) lower; more
B) higher; less
C) lower; less
D) higher; more

Question 50

More than in other mammalian females, in human females the sex drive is facilitated by elevated ________ levels.

A) estradiol
B) estrogen
C) serotonin
D) testosterone

Question 51

Mr. Gander has long been distressed by frequently recurring urges to enter areas of department stores displaying women's undergarments in order to become sexually aroused. His experience is most indicative of

A) an intersex condition.
B) an orgasmic disorder.
C) a refractory period.
D) a paraphilia.

Question 52

Unlike sexual dysfunctions, paraphilias involve sexual behaviors that are

A) medically treatable.
B) common only to females.
C) socially unacceptable.
D) not likely to cause any personal distress.

Question 53

Which of the following is passed much more often from males to females than from females to males?

A) HIV infections
B) refractory periods
C) erotic plasticity
D) paraphilias

Question 54

Anne is distressed due to a persistent delay in or complete absence of orgasm during sexual intercourse. Her difficulty is most clearly an indication of

A) a sexual dysfunction.
B) spermarche.
C) erotic plasticity.
D) a paraphilia.

Question 55

Which of the following is an example of a sexual dysfunction?

A) a nocturnal emission
B) a refractory period
C) erectile disorder
D) erotic plasticity

Question 56

Research on sex hormones and human sexual behavior indicates that

A) the sexual desire of human females is somewhat lower at ovulation than at other times.
B) male sex offenders typically have lower-than-normal testosterone levels.
C) castrated adult males experience a decline in their sex drive.
D) sexual interests are aroused by decreased testosterone levels in women and increased testosterone levels in men.

Question 57

Which of the following is an example of a paraphilia?

A) erectile disorder
B) erotic plasticity
C) premature ejaculation
D) exhibitionism

Question 58

Scott frequently rubs his body against female strangers in crowded public buses in order to become sexually aroused. His behavior is most clearly indicative of

A) erectile disorder.
B) erotic plasticity.
C) a paraphilia.
D) spermarche.

Question 59

The time span after orgasm during which a male cannot be aroused to another orgasm is called the

A) plateau stage.
B) fraternal birth-order effect.
C) excitement stage.
D) refractory period.

Question 60

Most women who experience sexual distress relate it to

A) their short refractory periods.
B) their own body image problems.
C) their emotional relationship with their partner during sex.
D) physical dysfunctions that prevent orgasm.

Question 61

AIDS results from the transmission of ________ from an infected sexual partner.

A) testosterone
B) estrogens
C) estradiol
D) HIV

Question 62

A homosexual orientation is

A) equally likely among members of both sexes.
B) associated with a lack of clear gender identity.
C) not chosen and difficult to change.
D) characteristic of over 10 percent of American males.

Question 63

Women fantasize about sex ________ men. Fantasizing about sex ________ indicate a sexual problem or sexual dissatisfaction.

A) less frequently than; does
B) as frequently as; does not
C) less frequently than; does not
D) as frequently as; does

Question 64

Condoms have been ________ in preventing certain skin-to-skin STIs, such as herpes. Condoms have been ________ in preventing transmission of HIV.

A) of limited protective value; of limited protective value
B) about 80 percent effective; about 80 percent effective
C) about 80 percent effective; of limited protective value
D) of limited protective value; about 80 percent effective

Question 65

Gina and Nanette are sisters and both are lesbians. According to the research on the origins of sexual orientation, it is highly likely that

A) they were unusually fearful of boys during their childhoods.
B) they have higher testosterone levels than most adult women.
C) their father was not present during their childhood.
D) none of these answers are true.

Question 66

An integrated understanding of sexual motivation in terms of sex hormones, sexual fantasies, and cultural values is most clearly provided by

A) Freudian psychology.
B) a biopsychosocial approach.
C) evolutionary psychology.
D) cognitive neuroscience.

Question 67

Women's sexual orientation tends to be ________ strongly felt than men's, and potentially ________ fluid and changing than men's.

A) more; more
B) less; less
C) more; less
D) less; more

Question 68

Recent studies show a significant link between oral sex and the

A) reduced incidence of AIDS.
B) development of orgasmic disorder.
C) increased incidence of paraphilias.
D) transmission of the human papilloma virus.

Question 69

Our enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex, or both sexes, is called our

A) sexual response cycle.
B) gender identity.
C) gender schema.
D) sexual orientation.

Question 70

Both religious engagement and participation in service learning programs are predictors of

A) sexual orientation.
B) erotic plasticity.
C) teen sexual restraint.
D) gender nonconformity.

Question 71

Mr. and Mrs. Sikora plan to spend their evening watching X-rated sex movies. Watching these films is most likely to increase

A) their levels of sexual arousal.
B) their feelings that sexual promiscuity is morally wrong.
C) Mr. Sikora's sexual arousal, while decreasing Mrs. Sikora's.
D) Mrs. Sikora's estrogen levels and decrease Mr. Sikora's testosterone levels.

Question 72

Research suggests that after 18-year-old Kalani has looked at magazine pictures of sexually attractive women, he will be

A) more likely to perceive himself as attractive.
B) more likely to perceive his girlfriend as attractive.
C) less likely to perceive himself as attractive.
D) less likely to perceive his girlfriend as attractive.

Question 73

An American Psychological Association task force suggested that the sexualization of girls by popular media outlets contributes to

A) an intersex condition.
B) erotic plasticity.
C) eating disorders.
D) homosexual behavior.

Question 74

Sexually active unmarried teens are more likely to use contraceptives if they

A) underestimate their peers' sexual activity.
B) do not want to appear to be sexually promiscuous.
C) are in an exclusive sexual relationship involving open communication.
D) have been exposed to many TV shows in which unmarried people are having sex.

Question 75

Compared with girls living in father-absent families, girls with fathers present are less likely to experience

A) erotic plasticity.
B) gender typing.
C) teen pregnancy.
D) gender identity.

Question 76

Women are somewhat more likely than men to feel bisexual attractions. This best illustrates a gender difference in

A) the plateau phase.
B) refractory periods.
C) erotic plasticity.
D) STIs.

Question 77

Research on the causes of homosexuality suggests that

A) homosexuality arises from a fear of members of the opposite sex.
B) male homosexuality results from abnormally high levels of testosterone in the blood.
C) childhood sexual victimization contributes strongly to homosexual development.
D) genetic influence plays a role in sexual orientation.

Question 78

Premarital sexual activity is higher among American teens who

A) have college-educated rather than high school-educated parents.
B) frequently rather than seldom attend religious services.
C) earn high rather than low grades in school.
D) consume rather than abstain from alcohol.

Question 79

Evidence that brain anatomy differences account for variations in sexual orientation is provided by the fact that these brain differences

A) fully account for gender differences in erotic plasticity.
B) are triggered by the segregation of genders at the time one's sex drive matures.
C) explain the elevated rates of depression experienced by gays and lesbians.
D) seem to develop soon after or even before birth.

Question 80

When exposed to a scent derived from men's sweat, gay and straight men responded differently in the area of the ________ that governs sexual arousal.

A) cerebellum
B) hypothalamus
C) motor cortex
D) reticular formation