Deck 10: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

The arousal theory of motivation would be most useful for explaining an infant's urge to

A) cry.
B) sleep.
C) eat.
D) explore.

Answer 1

explore.

Question 2

Like evolutionary psychology, instinct theory most clearly assumed that behavior is influenced by

A) unit bias.
B) set points.
C) incentives.
D) genetic predispositions.

Answer 2

genetic predispositions.

Question 3

A drive refers to

A) a rigidly patterned and unlearned behavior characteristic of a species.
B) anything that is perceived as having positive or negative value in motivating behavior.
C) an aroused, motivated state that is often triggered by a physiological need.
D) the body's resting rate of energy expenditure.

Answer 3

an aroused, motivated state that is often triggered by a physiological need.

Question 4

The influence of personal and cultural experience on our wants and desires can most clearly be seen in the influence of ________ on motivation.

A) instincts
B) homeostasis
C) incentives
D) set points

Question 5

Contemporary psychologists are most likely to consider ________ to be a human instinct.

A) infant sucking
B) the need to belong
C) religious ritual
D) achievement motivation

Question 6

It is characteristic of robins to build nests. This is an example of

A) a set point.
B) homeostasis.
C) a drive.
D) an instinct.

Question 7

Internal push is to external pull as ________ is to ________.

A) incentive; set point
B) instinct; need
C) need; drive
D) need; incentive

Question 8

Which of the following is most clearly NOT an example of an incentive?

A) social disapproval
B) a pornographic movie
C) a low blood glucose level
D) the smell of rotten eggs

Question 9

The term homeostasis literally means

A) "common to all."
B) "unique to humans."
C) "staying the same."
D) "motivational dynamics."

Question 10

An instinctive behavior is one that

A) is common to an entire species.
B) is unlearned.
C) is rigidly patterned.
D) has all of these characteristics.

Question 11

Which of the following refers to a physiological state that usually triggers a state of motivational arousal?

A) need
B) homeostasis
C) drive
D) incentive

Question 12

An incentive is a

A) rigidly patterned behavior characteristic of an entire species.
B) state of deprivation that triggers arousal.
C) positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.
D) state of arousal triggered by deprivation.

Question 13

When we are too hot, we perspire in order to lower our body temperature and thereby

A) preserve body warmth.
B) arouse drives.
C) maintain homeostasis.
D) lower the set point.

Question 14

Which theory most clearly emphasizes the importance of homeostasis in motivation?

A) instinct theory
B) drive-reduction theory
C) arousal theory
D) hierarchy of needs theory

Question 15

Dr. Ligorano has devoted his professional life to researching the desires and needs that energize and direct behavior. His area of research has obviously been

A) emotion.
B) cognition.
C) motivation.
D) behavior genetics.

Question 16

A lack of sufficient oxygen intake is an example of a(n)

A) drive.
B) instinct.
C) need.
D) set point.

Question 17

Lack of body fluids is to thirst as ________ is to ________.

A) motivation; emotion
B) need; drive
C) homeostasis; hunger
D) incentive; instinct

Question 18

The arousal theory of motivation would be most helpful for explaining why

A) recreational skydivers jump out of airplanes.
B) hungry fishermen venture across dangerous ocean waters.
C) starving prisoners are preoccupied with thoughts of food.
D) sexually active teens learn to practice effective birth control.

Question 19

The body's tendency to maintain a constant internal state is known as

A) unit bias.
B) instinct.
C) homeostasis.
D) metabolism.

Question 20

A thick, juicy hamburger is to hunger as ________ is to ________.

A) need; drive
B) incentive; drive
C) homeostasis; thirst
D) incentive; instinct

Question 21

The level of arousal typically associated with peak performance tends to be

A) lower on easy tasks.
B) higher on difficult tasks.
C) higher on well-learned tasks.
D) lower on well-learned tasks.

Question 22

Abraham Maslow suggested that self-transcendence needs motivate people to strive for

A) self-esteem.
B) self-actualization.
C) transpersonal meaning.
D) optimal arousal.

Question 23

Professor Sanford explains that the need for physical safety must be met before city dwellers will be motivated to form close friendships with neighbors. Professor Sanford is providing an example of

A) settling points.
B) a hierarchy of motives.
C) the Yerkes-Dodson law.
D) neophobia.

Question 24

Blood glucose levels are regulated by secretions of ________ by the pancreas.

A) PYY
B) leptin
C) orexin
D) insulin

Question 25

According to Maslow, our need for ________ must be met before we are prompted to satisfy our need for ________.

A) food; love
B) self-esteem; adequate clothing
C) self-actualization; economic security
D) self-transcendence; self-actualization

Question 26

Electrically stimulating an appetite-enhancing center within the hypothalamus of a well-fed animal is likely to

A) cause the animal to begin eating.
B) decrease the animal's basal metabolic rate.
C) prevent the conversion of the animal's blood glucose to fat.
D) permanently lower the animal's set point.

Question 27

Lillian has the lead role in a high school play. According to the Yerkes-Dodson law she is likely to perform ________ in the play if her physiological arousal during the performance is ________.

A) well; moderate
B) poorly; moderate
C) well; very low
D) well; very high

Question 28

Which of the following appetite hormones is secreted by the hypothalamus?

A) PYY
B) orexin
C) leptin
D) ghrelin

Question 29

Home-life satisfaction is more strongly predictive of subjective well-being in wealthy nations than in poorer ones. This fact would be most clearly anticipated by

A) arousal theory.
B) hierarchy of needs theory.
C) instinct theory.
D) evolutionary theory.

Question 30

Ghrelin is a ________ hormone secreted by the ________.

A) hunger-arousing; hypothalamus
B) hunger-suppressing; hypothalamus
C) hunger-arousing; stomach
D) hunger-suppressing; stomach

Question 31

The arcuate nucleus is located within the

A) pancreas.
B) hypothalamus.
C) frontal lobes.
D) body's fat cells.

Question 32

Maslow's hierarchy of needs suggests that people are unlikely to be motivated to obtain ________ if they are deprived of ________.

A) sexual gratification; self-esteem
B) good grades in school; love and safety
C) food and shelter; political freedom
D) friendship and love; religious fulfillment

Question 33

Several neural areas within the ________ regulate the extent to which we are motivated to eat.

A) hypothalamus
B) medulla
C) amygdala
D) hippocampus

Question 34

When people are hungry, they ________ easily recall such feelings in their own past and they are ________ likely to perceive hunger as a driving force in other people's behavior.

A) more; less
B) less; more
C) more; more
D) less; less

Question 35

The Yerkes-Dodson law refers to the tendency for optimal performance to be associated with

A) homeostasis.
B) moderate arousal.
C) achievement motivation.
D) the spillover effect.

Question 36

Abraham Maslow referred to the need to live up to one's fullest and unique potential as the

A) need hierarchy.
B) need to belong.
C) need for self-esteem.
D) need for self-actualization.

Question 37

The desire to avoid stress is to ________ theory as the desire to avoid boredom is to ________ theory.

A) arousal; incentive
B) instinct; drive-reduction
C) incentive; instinct
D) drive-reduction; arousal

Question 38

The form of blood sugar that provides the major source of energy for body tissues is

A) ghrelin.
B) insulin.
C) glucose.
D) serotonin.

Question 39

In looking at the relationship between hunger and conditions of the stomach, researchers have discovered that

A) hunger cannot be experienced if one's stomach is full.
B) stomach contractions are necessary for experiencing hunger.
C) rats whose stomachs are removed continue to eat regularly.
D) humans and animals without stomachs lose the capacity to feel hungry.

Question 40

Prisoners of war placed on a semistarvation diet in which their food intake is cut in half are likely to

A) lose half their original body weight.
B) show an increased interest in sex and politics.
C) spend a great deal of time daydreaming about food.
D) do all of these things.

Question 41

Lorissa is a fussy eater who refuses to take even a small taste of foods she has not seen before. Her behavior best illustrates

A) ostracism.
B) unit bias.
C) narcissism.
D) neophobia.

Question 42

The concept of a set point best illustrates an explanation of motivation in terms of

A) instincts.
B) incentives.
C) homeostasis.
D) the Yerkes-Dodson law.

Question 43

A violent illness that follows our eating of a particular food is likely to influence our taste preferences. This illustrates that taste preferences are influenced by

A) basal metabolic rate.
B) learning experiences.
C) lactose tolerance.
D) the settling point.

Question 44

A drop in basal metabolic rate is most likely to result from

A) high epinephrine levels.
B) a semistarvation diet.
C) a low set point.
D) excess leptin.

Question 45

Murial often tastes free samples of different foods while grocery shopping. She eats many more of these free samples when the grocery store is crowded with shoppers than when there are only a few other shoppers. This best illustrates the impact of

A) unit bias.
B) neophobia.
C) narcissism.
D) social facilitation.

Question 46

When encouraged to eat as much as they want, people tend to eat less if the foods are offered in smaller rather than larger portion sizes. This illustrates

A) unit bias.
B) social facilitation.
C) the Yerkes-Dodson law.
D) the spillover effect.

Question 47

The World Health Organization defines ________ as a BMI of 30 or more.

A) unit bias
B) high cholesterol
C) obesity
D) hypertension

Question 48

The hunger-dampening hormone secreted by fat cells is

A) orexin.
B) insulin.
C) leptin.
D) ghrelin.

Question 49

People eat ________ when given a large rather than a small serving of food. They eat ________ when given a large rather than a small bowl out of which to eat their food.

A) less; less
B) less; more
C) more; less
D) more; more

Question 50

After eating a normal lunch, two patients readily consumed a second lunch 20 minutes later because they had

A) no memory of the previous meal.
B) excessively high blood glucose levels.
C) just received injections of PYY.
D) unusually low levels of ghrelin secretions.

Question 51

In most developing societies today (as in Europe in earlier centuries), obesity is a sign of

A) low achievement motivation.
B) high social status.
C) neophobia.
D) low blood pressure.

Question 52

During his adult life, Jerry has held career positions that varied from being very sedentary to requiring high levels of physical activity. Over all those years, however, his body weight has remained very close to 175 pounds. His stable body weight best illustrates

A) unit bias.
B) a set point.
C) the 10-year rule.
D) the spillover effect.

Question 53

When an organism's weight falls below its set point, the organism is likely to experience a(n) ________ in hunger and a(n) ________ in its basal metabolic rate.

A) increase; increase
B) decrease; decrease
C) increase; decrease
D) decrease; increase

Question 54

Feelings of hunger are ________ by high levels of PYY and ________ by high levels of leptin.

A) increased; decreased
B) decreased; increased
C) increased; increased
D) decreased; decreased

Question 55

In places where agriculture has produced milk, survival patterns have favored people with lactose tolerance. This best illustrates the impact of environments on

A) human genetics.
B) chain migration.
C) basal metabolic rates.
D) settling points.

Question 56

People consume more ice cream when scooping it with a big scoop rather than a small one. This best illustrates

A) a set point.
B) unit bias.
C) social facilitation.
D) homeostasis.

Question 57

The consumption of carbohydrates is most likely to

A) lower the body's set point.
B) decrease blood glucose levels.
C) reduce stress and tension.
D) prevent homeostasis.

Question 58

Carbohydrates such as pasta, chips, and sweets help boost levels of the neurotransmitter

A) orexin.
B) ghrelin.
C) serotonin.
D) epinephrine.

Question 59

Obesity increases the risk of

A) gallstones.
B) arthritis.
C) diabetes.
D) all of these conditions.

Question 60

Some researchers prefer the term settling point to set point because the typical body weight of an adult is influenced by

A) basal metabolic rate.
B) several appetite hormones.
C) the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus.
D) environmental as well as biological factors.

Question 61

Those who trace the origins of social bonding to its survival value are most likely to agree that the need to belong is

A) an incentive.
B) genetically influenced.
C) a settling point.
D) Maslow's highest-level need.

Question 62

In both Taiwan and the United States, excessive Internet socializing and gaming have been associated with

A) chain migration.
B) ostracism.
C) lower school grades.
D) neophobia.

Question 63

Those who consistently employ strategies to distance themselves from close personal relationships best illustrate

A) insecure avoidant attachment.
B) a low settling point.
C) chain migration.
D) unit bias.

Question 64

When people communicate online rather than face to face, they are often ________ focused on others' reactions and ________ inhibited in their self-disclosure.

A) more; less
B) less; more
C) more; more
D) less; less

Question 65

Although Cara has been obese for as long as she can remember, she is determined to lose excess body weight with a low-calorie diet. When dieting, Cara is most likely to have difficulty becoming and staying thin because

A) she may have a higher-than-average set point for body weight.
B) low-calorie diets trigger increased secretions of PYY.
C) muscle tissue is maintained by fewer calories than is fat tissue.
D) her resting metabolic rate will increase and prompt her to overeat.

Question 66

Among dieters who consciously restrain their eating, the urge to eat is likely to be unleashed by

A) drinking alcohol.
B) eating early in the day.
C) brief periods of exercise.
D) focusing attention on what they are eating.

Question 67

The anterior cingulate cortex shows increased activity in response to both physical pain and

A) ostracism.
B) unit bias.
C) social facilitation.
D) drive-reduction.

Question 68

People are more vulnerable to obesity if they experience

A) a lower-than-average settling point.
B) sleep deprivation.
C) the facial feedback effect.
D) neophobia.

Question 69

In a series of experiments, participants were more likely to act in aggressive ways such as blasting people with noise following the experience of

A) chain migration.
B) self-actualization.
C) drive reduction.
D) ostracism.

Question 70

Twelve weeks after severely obese people had weight-loss surgery and lost significant weight, one experiment found that they had

A) improved memory performance.
B) decreased orexin levels.
C) increased set points.
D) increased levels of anxiety.

Question 71

Pictures of loved ones dampen feelings of physical pain by activating the

A) amygdala.
B) arcuate nucleus.
C) prefrontal cortex.
D) anterior cingulated cortex.

Question 72

Sheila is more fearful of loneliness than of remaining in a physically abusive relationship with her boyfriend. This best illustrates the potentially harmful impact of ________ needs.

A) achievement
B) belongingness
C) self-transcendence
D) safety

Question 73

Research on obesity and weight control indicates that

A) people eat less when presented with a greater variety of foods.
B) children with obese parents are no more likely to be obese than children with normal-weight parents.
C) once we become fat, we require less food to maintain our weight than we did to attain it.
D) it is easier for people to lose weight on the second or third attempt at dieting than on the first try.

Question 74

Rudy has been on a strict diet of 1000 calories per day for the last six weeks. He lost considerably more weight in the first three weeks of his diet than in the last three because

A) his metabolic rate has decreased.
B) his set point has increased.
C) lean tissue is maintained by fewer calories than is fat tissue.
D) his fat cells have begun to secrete elevated levels of leptin.

Question 75

Professor Fiekema claims that people are genetically predisposed to live in groups because social attachments enhanced the survival and reproductive success of our human ancestors. The professor's suggestion best illustrates

A) homeostasis.
B) the two-factor theory.
C) the evolutionary perspective.
D) arousal theory.

Question 76

Compared with past years, people in developed countries today are consuming ________ food and engaging in ________ physical activity.

A) less; more
B) more; less
C) less; less
D) more; more

Question 77

Which of the following statements would be the BEST advice for people who plan to lose weight by going on a restricted diet?

A) "The second diet is always easier than the first."
B) "Use soft drinks to reduce your hunger between meal times."
C) "Avoid eating during the day so you can enjoy a big meal in the evening."
D) "Eat simple meals that include only a few different foods."

Question 78

Research on the genetic and environmental influences on body weight has revealed that

A) the weights of adopted children correlate with those of their biological parents, not with those of their adoptive parents.
B) the weights of fraternal twins reared together are more highly correlated than the weight of identical twins reared apart.
C) obesity is somewhat less common among Americans today than 50 years ago.
D) identical twin men are more similar in weight than identical twin women.

Question 79

Which of the following is most clearly a form of ostracism?

A) drive reduction
B) self-transcendence
C) chain migration
D) solitary confinement

Question 80

American and South Korean collegians indicated that the satisfaction of ________ were the top two contributors to their peak moment in the past week.

A) hunger and thirst
B) academic and work responsibilities
C) self-esteem and belongingness needs
D) sexual and recreational desires