Deck 23: Training for the Female Athlete, Children, Special Populations, and the Masters Athlete

Question 1

Compared to male athletes,female athletes who participate in jumping and cutting sports are at higher risk for knee injuries,most likely because of

A)dynamic neuromuscular imbalances.
B)fluctuation in sex hormones.
C)gender differences in knee anatomy.
D)the female athlete triad.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

At present,the recommendation for sports participation for people with epilepsy is that

A)the epileptic can participate in any sport when accompanied by a nonepileptic.
B)individuals with only mild seizure problems and with the aid of medication can participate in most sports activities without harm.
C)the individual should limit physical activity to low-intensity sports.
D)epileptics should not participate in sports.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The decline in muscle mass with age is due to

A)a decrease in muscle fiber size
B)a decrease in the number of muscle fibers
C)Both A and B are correct
D)None of the above answers are correct

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The two major causes of bone mineral loss in female athletes are inadequate

A)calcium/vitamin D intake and high blood estrogen levels.
B)calcium/vitamin D intake and low blood estrogen levels.
C)phosphate intake and high blood testosterone.
D)phosphate intake and high blood estrogen levels.

Question 5

Children and adults with asthma can engage in physical conditioning and sports if they

A)are able to control or prevent exercise-induced bronchospasms.
B)train with other asthmatics.
C)engage only in low-intensity activities.
D)learn to ignore breathing difficulties.

Question 6

Which of the following statements about age-related changes in VO₂ max are true?

A)Limited change in VO₂ max occurs until age 40
B)The age-related decline in VO₂ max is approximately 1% per year after age 40
C)The age-related decline in VO₂ max occurs due to impaired pulmonary gas exchange
D)Both A and B are correct

Question 7

Which of the following activities should people with asthma approach with caution?

A)running
B)swimming
C)scuba diving
D)cycling

Question 8

The key to safe participation in sports conditioning for the person with type 1 diabetes is to

A)keep the intensity of the exercise low.
B)perform only short-term,high-intensity exercise.
C)learn to avoid hypoglycemic episodes during training.
D)learn to avoid small increases in blood glucose during training.

Question 9

Which of the following factors are associated with increased risk of seizures during exercise in people with epilepsy?

A)hypoglycemia
B)electrolyte imbalance
C)hyperventilation
D)All of the above answers are correct

Question 10

People with type 1 diabetes should _______________ the dose of insulin they inject on strenuous training days to avoid hypoglycemia.

A)increase
B)decrease
C)double
D)not alter

Question 11

The occurrence of irregular menses in female athletes is generally highest in

A)cyclists.
B)swimmers.
C)distance runners.
D)the occurrence of irregular menses occurs equally in all female athletes.

Question 12

Heavy endurance training in children has been shown to

A)increase the risk of cardiovascular failure.
B)decrease the risk of pulmonary disease.
C)cause permanent musculoskeletal damage.
D)improve maximal aerobic power comparable to adults if proper techniques of physical training are employed.

Question 13

Recently,investigators have suggested that the term "female athlete triad" should be replaced with the term ________________.

A)athlete triad
B)low energy triad
C)relative energy deficiency syndrome
D)None of the above answers are correct

Question 14

Which of the following is a long-standing medical concern for children participating in intense endurance or resistance training?

A)skeletal muscles will grow faster than the bones
B)that mechanical injury will cause premature closure of the growth plate
C)that there will be permanent cardiopulmonary damage
D)all of the above

Question 15

The age-related decline in VO₂ max is due to

A)decreased maximal heart rate
B)decreased maximal stroke volume
C)decreased maximal a-v O₂ difference
D)all of the above answers are correct

Question 16

Low energy availability in female athletes is associated with which of the following results?

A)"switching off' of the menstrual cycle
B)altering the normal pattern of the release of luteinizing hormone
C)reduced estrogen production
D)All of the above answers are correct

Question 17

The major factor that contributes to an age-related decline in endurance performance is:

A)a decrease in the lactate threshold
B)a decline in exercise economy
C)a decline in VO₂ max
D)All of these factors contribute equally to the age-related decline in performance

Question 18

The incidence of anorexia nervosa in the U.S.is estimated to be approximately________.

A)1 out of 10 adolescent girls
B)1 out of 100 adolescent girls
C)1 out of 1000 adolescent girls
D)1 out of 10,000 adolescent girls

Question 19

Growing evidence suggests that compared to sedentary children,those who participate in regular endurance exercise training results in

A)decreased bone mineral content
B)increased risk of knee injury
C)decreased risk of developing asthma
D)increased bone mineral content

Question 20

Aquatic exercise is recommended for pregnant women.Why?

A)It relieves pressure on the fetus.
B)It is associated with lower heart rate and perceived exertion.
C)It accelerates heat loss to maintain a lower body temperature.
D)All of the above.

Question 21

Children can safely engage in endurance exercise,but they cannot improve their maximal aerobic power through training.

Question 22

VO₂ max is defined by the Fick equation as the product of maximal cardiac output times the maximal arterial-venous oxygen difference.The age-related decline in VO₂ max occurs due to a:

A)decline in maximal heart rate
B)decrease in maximal stroke volume
C)decrease in maximal arterial-venous oxygen difference
D)All of the above answers are correct

Question 23

Children with diabetes do not respond to training in the same manner as do nondiabetic children.

Question 24

All cardiac abnormalities that could lead to sudden cardiac death can be identified with routine medical examination.

Question 25

Regular bouts of resistance training can prevent the age-related decline in muscular strength.

Question 26

If medical complications do not exist,it is widely believed that women who are physically fit can perform regular exercise during pregnancy.

Question 27

It is generally believed that regular,but not excessive,physical activity in children promotes optimal bone growth and development.

Question 28

A chronic state of low energy availability in athletes affects many physiological functions including:

A)metabolic rate
B)bone health
C)cellular protein synthesis
D)All of the above answers are correct