Deck 14: Physiology of Training: Effect on Vo2 Max, Performance, and Strength

Question 1

Heritability (i.e. ,genetics)determines approximately _____% of VO2 max variability in sedentary adults.

A)25
B)35
C)50
D)90

Answer 1

C

Question 2

During the first 10 weeks of a resistance training program,the initial increase in muscular strength are due primarily to

A)neural adaptations.
B)muscle fiber hypertrophy.
C)muscle fiber hyperplasia.
D)Both B and C are correct

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Four-to-ten weeks of anaerobic training (high intensity exercise lasting 10-30 seconds)can increase the peak anaerobic capacity by ______ across individuals.

A)3-25%
B)30-40%
C)50-60%
D)65-75%

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Following an acute bout of endurance exercise training,the rise in the activity of calcinurin,calmodulin kinase,and AMP kinases occurs within _____ following the exercise session.

A)seconds
B)minutes
C)hours
D)days

Question 5

Endurance exercise training programs (e.g. ,3 days/week @ 60% VO₂ max for 12 weeks)lasting typically result in a ______% improvement in VO₂ max.

A)1-5% improvement in VO₂ max
B)5-10% improvement in VO₂ max
C)10-15% improvement in VO₂ max
D)15-20% improvement in VO₂ max

Question 6

Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to the endurance exercise training-induced improvement in stroke volume during exercise?

A)increased end-diastolic volume
B)increased peripheral resistance
C)increased cardiac contractility
D)decrease in total peripheral resistance

Question 7

Cross-sectional studies demonstrate that the physiological variable responsible for the large variation in VO₂ max across the normal population is maximal

A)heart rate.
B)stroke volume.
C)arteriovenous O₂ difference.
D)systolic blood pressure.

Question 8

Which of the following physiological factors does NOT contribute to the endurance exercise training-induced increase in the maximal a-vO₂ difference?

A)increased mitochondria volume in the muscle
B)increased capillaries in the muscle
C)increased hemoglobin in the blood
D)increased muscle blood flow

Question 9

The heart rate and ventilatory responses to a fixed submaximal work rate are lower (i.e. ,lower heart rate and lower minute ventilation)following an endurance training program.This training-induced adaptation is primarily due to changes in the

A)central nervous system.
B)spinal cord.
C)trained skeletal muscles.
D)AV node

Question 10

A single bout of resistance exercise training results in an increase in skeletal muscle protein synthesis.This exercise-induced increase in muscle protein synthesis can occur within _____ following the exercise session.

A)seconds
B)minutes
C)hours
D)days

Question 11

Following a single bout of resistance exercise training,muscle protein synthesis can remain elevated above baseline for as much as ______ in both trained and untrained individuals.

A)10-15 hours
B)15-20 hours
C)20-25 hours
D)40-50 hours

Question 12

Endurance exercise training results in an increased turnover of mitochondria in skeletal muscle.The process of removing old and damaged mitochondria is called______.

A)mitophagy
B)mitochondrial biogenesis
C)mitochondrial proteostasis
D)none of the above answers are correct

Question 13

The average VO₂ max value for the young (e.g. ,21 years old)male sedentary population is approximately

A)22 ml $\bullet$ kg^-1 $\bullet$ min^-1.
B)35 ml $\bullet$ kg^-1 $\bullet$ min^-1.
C)45 ml $\bullet$ kg^-1 $\bullet$ min^-1.
D)83 ml $\bullet$ kg^-1 $\bullet$ min^-1.

Question 14

Endurance training has been shown to reduce the oxygen deficit in subjects performing a submaximal exercise.This is due to

A)an increased maximal cardiac output.
B)increases in the number of mitochondria and capillaries.
C)an increased heart rate.
D)a greater anaerobic capacity.

Question 15

The increase in VO₂ max that occurs following 4 months of endurance exercise training results from an increase in both maximal cardiac output and maximal a-vO₂ difference.Relatively short durations of endurance exercise training (e.g. ,1-4 months)increases VO₂ max primarily by increasing

A)the maximal a-vO₂ difference.
B)the maximal cardiac output.
C)the maximal heart rate.
D)both B and C are correct

Question 16

Which of the following endurance training adaptations does NOT result in lower lactate production in the contracting muscles?

A)increased glycogen utilization
B)increased H₄ form of LDH
C)increased mitochondrial uptake of pyruvate
D)decreased pyruvate formation

Question 17

The enhanced capacity of the trained muscle to use fatty acids as a fuel results in

A)increased uptake of fatty acids.
B)decreased utilization of muscle glycogen.
C)sparing of blood glucose.
D)all of the above answers are correct.

Question 18

A single bout of resistance exercise training increases muscle protein synthesis by as much as ______% above resting levels?

A)10-20
B)50-60
C)120-150
D)200-300

Question 19

High responders to endurance exercise training (i.e. ,individuals that achieve large increases in VO₂ max)can achieve up to______% improvement in VO₂ max following a prolonged and intense training program.

A)20
B)35
C)50
D)100

Question 20

Following an acute bout of endurance exercise training,the increase in mitochondrial biogenesis occurs within _____ following the completion of the exercise session.

A)seconds
B)minutes
C)hours
D)days

Question 21

Following endurance training,maximal cardiac output during exercise is increased due to an increase in the thickness of the left ventricular wall (i.e,ventricular muscle mass increases).

Question 22

Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to the endurance exercise training-induced increases in fat metabolism during exercise?

A)slower blood flow in muscle
B)increased fat storage in the liver
C)increased FFA transporters
D)increased beta oxidation enzymes

Question 23

Which of the following endurance training adaptations assist in maintaining acid-base balance during exercise?

A)increased mitochondrial volume in skeletal muscle
B)increased M₄ form of LDH
C)increased lactate production
D)increased pyruvate formation

Question 24

Following endurance training,afterload decreases during maximal exercise because there is a decrease in sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity in the arterioles of the exercising muscles.

Question 25

In a "two-legged" maximal cycle ergometer test,if each leg were to vasodilate to the extent experienced in a one-legged VO₂ max test,mean arterial blood pressure would fall below normal levels.

Question 26

After a 15-week program of endurance exercise training,which of the following cardiovascular variables does NOT decrease after 14 days of detraining?

A)maximal heart rate
B)VO₂ max
C)maximal cardiac output
D)maximal stroke volume

Question 27

Research indicates that anyone can increase his or her VO₂ max with training,yet a genetic predisposition is required to have a VO₂ max comparable to that of an elite endurance athlete.

Question 28

In theory,concurrent resistance and endurance exercise training can impair muscle protein synthesis following a bout of resistance exercise.The proposed mechanism to explain this inhibition is_____________________________________.

A)AMP kinase activation of TSC2
B)AMP kinase activation of mTOR
C)AMP kinase activation of PGC-1 $\alpha$
D)p38 activation of TSC2

Question 29

The majority of evidence demonstrates that resistance training-induced muscle hypertrophy is the result of muscle fiber hyperplasia.
40.The initial decrease in VO₂ max with detraining occurs because skeletal muscle adaptations (a-vO₂ difference)are lost.

Question 30

Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain why concurrent endurance and resistance (strength)training impedes strength development compared to strength training alone.Which of the following mechanisms have NOT been proposed to explain why concurrent training impedes strength development?

A)neural factors
B)overtraining
C)Depressed muscle protein synthesis
D)none of above are correct

Question 31

It is well known that resistance exercise training promotes an increase in muscle protein synthesis by activating the mechanistic target of rapamyosin (mTOR)which results in increased protein synthesis.Recent evidence suggests that two signaling molecules interact to directly activate mTOR.These molecules are:

A)IGF-1 and Akt
B)IGF-1 and phosphatidic acid
C)IGF-1 and Ras homologue enriched brain (Rheb)
D)phosphatidic acid and Ras homologue enriched brain (Rheb)

Question 32

Reducing the number of motor units required to perform an exercise task may reduce the heart rate and ventilation required to perform the task.