Deck 8: Memory

Question 1

Storage is to encoding as ________ is to ________.

A) recognition;recall
B) rehearsal;retrieval
C) retention;acquisition
D) explicit memory;implicit memory

Answer 1

retention;acquisition

Question 2

Which memory test would most effectively reveal that Mr.Quintano,at age 55,still remembers many of his high school classmates?

A) recall
B) recognition
C) rehearsal
D) retrieval

Answer 2

recognition

Question 3

When viewing 2500 slides of faces and places for 10 seconds,participants were able to recognize ________ percent of the slides.

A) 25
B) 46
C) 75
D) 90

Answer 3

90

Question 4

Which measure of memory is used on a test that requires matching glossary terms with their correct definitions?

A) recognition
B) relearning
C) rehearsal
D) recall

Question 5

The process of encoding refers to

A) the persistence of learning over time.
B) the recall of information previously learned.
C) getting information into memory.
D) a momentary sensory memory lasting less than a second.

Question 6

Which measure of memory retention assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again?

A) recognition
B) retrieval
C) relearning
D) recall

Question 7

Which measure of memory did Ebbinghaus use to assess the impact of rehearsal on the retention of nonsense syllables?

A) recall
B) recognition
C) relearning
D) recitation

Question 8

Alzheimer's disease begins with ________ and progresses into ________.

A) speech deficits;damaged memory centers in the brain
B) damaged memory centers in the brain;speech deficits
C) difficulty remembering new information;an inability to complete daily tasks
D) an inability to complete daily tasks;difficulty remembering new information

Question 9

Which measure of memory typically provides the fewest retrieval cues?

A) recognition
B) recall
C) relearning
D) rehearsal

Question 10

The retention of encoded information over time refers to

A) effortful processing.
B) implicit memory.
C) the spacing effect.
D) storage.

Question 11

The persistence of learning over time most clearly depends on

A) chunking.
B) shallow processing.
C) visual encoding.
D) memory.

Question 12

The process of getting information out of memory is called

A) encoding.
B) relearning.
C) retrieval.
D) rehearsal.

Question 13

Jeremy can accurately process and store new information,but when he is tested on what he has learned,he becomes so anxious that he can't easily recall the new information.Jeremy most clearly demonstrates difficulty with

A) iconic memory.
B) encoding.
C) echoic memory.
D) retrieval.

Question 14

To help think about the processes involved in memory,some memory researchers have developed

A) acronyms.
B) information-processing models.
C) parallel processing.
D) massed practice.

Question 15

Which measure of memory retention assesses the ability to draw information out of storage and into conscious awareness?

A) rehearsal
B) relearning
C) recognition
D) recall

Question 16

Ebbinghaus' use of nonsense syllables to study memory led to the discovery that

A) the amount remembered depends on the time spent learning.
B) working memory's central executive focuses attention.
C) information that is automatically processed is rarely forgotten.
D) our sensory memory capacity is essentially unlimited.

Question 17

You are taking an online psychology class and have weekly online quizzes.The quizzes all contain only multiple-choice questions,which are used to assess your ________ of course material.

A) recall
B) memory
C) recognition
D) relearning

Question 18

Brad has attended every class lecture and has read the chapters covered in his textbook.On exam day he is able to retrieve information as needed to answer the questions.In being able to answer the questions,Brad is relying on his

A) memory.
B) relearning.
C) automatic processing.
D) parallel processing.

Question 19

When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened,which measure of memory is being used?

A) recognition
B) rehearsal
C) recall
D) relearning

Question 20

To study the impact of practice on memory retention,Hermann Ebbinghaus practiced learning

A) poems.
B) names.
C) short sentences.
D) nonsense syllables.

Question 21

Working memory is

A) retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection.
B) retention of facts and experiences that one can consciously know.
C) the immediate,very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.
D) a newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious,active processing of incoming auditory and visual information,and of information retrieved from long-term memory.

Question 22

In Alan Baddeley's model of working memory,the hypothetical central executive engages in

A) chunking.
B) coordinating our focused processing of memories.
C) automatic processing.
D) mnemonics.

Question 23

The original Atkinson-Shiffrin three-stage information-processing model introduced distinctions among

A) recall,recognition,and relearning.
B) shallow processing,semantic processing,and deep processing.
C) sensory memory,short-term memory,and long-term memory.
D) the self-reference effect,the spacing effect,and the testing effect.

Question 24

An information-processing model that views memories as emerging from the simultaneous activation of interconnected neural networks is known as

A) the distribution system.
B) mnemonics.
C) connectionism.
D) parallel processing.

Question 25

According to Alan Baddeley's memory model,we consciously process incoming auditory and visual information in our ________ memory.

A) implicit
B) working
C) procedural
D) echoic

Question 26

Which form of memory was NOT included in the original Atkinson and Shiffrin three-stage model of memory?

A) sensory memory
B) short-term memory
C) long-term memory
D) working memory

Question 27

Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin introduced

A) a new concept of long-term memory.
B) the concept of a capacity for short-term memory.
C) a classic three-stage information-processing model that distinguishes among sensory memory,short-term memory,and long-term memory.
D) various strategies that can be used for effortful processing.

Question 28

Which of the following outlines the sequence of the Atkinson and Shiffrin three-stage model of memory?

A) working memory short-term memory  sensory memory
B) short-term memory  sensory memory  long-term memory
C) short-term memory  working memory  long-term memory
D) sensory memory  short-term memory  long-term memory

Question 29

Highly durable memories can often be retrieved from ________ memory into ________ memory.

A) sensory;working
B) working;sensory
C) working;long-term
D) long-term;working

Question 30

The term working memory represents psychologists' newer understanding of

A) long-term memory.
B) implicit memory.
C) short-term memory.
D) sensory memory.

Question 31

Long-term memory refers to

A) the conscious active processing of incoming visual and auditory information.
B) the retention of learned facts rather than learned skills.
C) a photographic or picture-image sensory memory.
D) the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.

Question 32

As Jason walks in the park he hears the birds chirping and feels the wind blowing on his skin.Both of these are examples of information entering his

A) sensory memory.
B) short-term memory.
C) working memory.
D) long-term memory.

Question 33

According to the original Atkinson-Shiffrin three-stage model of memory,your activated but limited-capacity memory is called ________ memory.

A) short-term
B) implicit
C) shallow
D) explicit

Question 34

The original Atkinson and Shiffrin three-stage model of memory has been revised with newer concepts,including

A) working memory.
B) automatic processing.
C) both working memory and automatic processing.
D) neither working memory nor automatic processing.

Question 35

In which stage of the Atkinson and Shiffrin model do we rehearse information?

A) sensory memory
B) short-term memory
C) long-term memory
D) working memory

Question 36

The integration of new incoming information with knowledge retrieved from long-term memory involves the activity of

A) implicit memory.
B) iconic memory.
C) echoic memory.
D) working memory.

Question 37

The encoding of many aspects of a remembered event simultaneously best illustrates our brain's capacity for

A) massed practice.
B) automatic processing.
C) distributed practice.
D) parallel processing.

Question 38

Shelly was able to remember the names of three new class members for only a minute or two after they had been introduced to her.During this time their names were stored in what Atkinson and Shiffrin called her ________ memory.

A) echoic
B) implicit
C) short-term
D) iconic

Question 39

Some information in our fleeting ________ is encoded into short-term memory.

A) shallow memory
B) sensory memory
C) automatic memory
D) long-term memory

Question 40

Kevin's memory of a baseball game involving his favorite team required the use of different neural networks to simultaneously encode the sights,sounds,and smells of that game.This best illustrates

A) distributed practice.
B) implicit memory.
C) parallel processing.
D) chunking.

Question 41

Claire is looking for her car keys,which she appears to have misplaced when she returned home.She is easily able to retrace her steps and find her keys on the couch.She obtained the information she used to retrace her steps through

A) effortful processing.
B) automatic processing.
C) implicit processing.
D) explicit processing.

Question 42

While shopping for groceries,Abby realized she had misplaced her shopping list.By mentally visualizing the aisles she had walked and the items she had looked at,she was able to recall the exact shelf space where she had placed the list.Her mental visualization most clearly involved

A) iconic memory.
B) working memory.
C) implicit memory.
D) automatic processing.

Question 43

A conscious memory of the name of the first president of the United States is a(n)________ memory.

A) iconic
B) explicit
C) procedural
D) nondeclarative

Question 44

Explicit memories are

A) classically conditioned associations that are automatically processed.
B) memories of physical skills such as how to ride a bike.
C) memories of facts and experiences that we can consciously know and "declare."
D) memories that are formed by massed practice rather than by distributed practice.

Question 45

Explicit memory is also known as

A) procedural memory.
B) working memory.
C) declarative memory.
D) iconic memory.

Question 46

Remembering how to solve a puzzle without any conscious recollection that you can do so best illustrates ________ memory.

A) working
B) short-term
C) implicit
D) sensory

Question 47

The distinction between automatic and effortful processing most clearly highlights the nature of

A) the two-track mind.
B) the self-reference effect.
C) sensory memory.
D) semantic processing.

Question 48

Consciously repeating the name of a new classmate you want to remember illustrates

A) implicit memory.
B) parallel processing.
C) effortful processing.
D) the self-reference effect.

Question 49

Jessica recently learned how to tie her shoes.This is an example of a(n)

A) nondeclarative memory.
B) sensory memory.
C) explicit memory.
D) implicit memory.

Question 50

We encode implicit memories by means of

A) recall.
B) working memory.
C) automatic processing.
D) parallel processing.

Question 51

Carlos knows that Betsy Ross created the first American flag.This is an example of a(n)

A) nondeclarative memory.
B) sensory memory.
C) explicit memory.
D) implicit memory.

Question 52

Effortful processing most clearly requires

A) iconic memory.
B) implicit memory.
C) echoic memory.
D) working memory.

Question 53

Implicit memory is to explicit memory as ________ is to ________.

A) iconic memory;echoic memory
B) automatic processing;effortful processing
C) short-term memory;long-term memory
D) the spacing effect;the self-reference effect

Question 54

Encoding that requires attention and conscious awareness is called

A) massed practice.
B) effortful processing.
C) distributed practice.
D) procedural memory.

Question 55

When Jason was in high school,he learned from a geography course the locations of various countries around the world.He likely learned this information through

A) effortful processing.
B) automatic processing.
C) implicit processing.
D) explicit processing.

Question 56

The original Atkinson and Shiffrin memory model focused on how we

A) engage in automatic processing.
B) process our explicit memories.
C) form implicit memories.
D) develop classically conditioned associations without conscious awareness.

Question 57

Retention of skills and classically conditioned associations without conscious recollection is known as ________ memory.

A) iconic
B) working
C) short-term
D) implicit

Question 58

Automatic processing most clearly occurs without

A) encoding.
B) conscious rehearsal.
C) implicit memory.
D) chunking.

Question 59

Because it happens without our awareness,implicit memory is also called

A) sensory memory.
B) nondeclarative memory.
C) automatic memory.
D) declarative memory.

Question 60

Conscious rehearsal of what you just heard a friend tell you requires

A) implicit memory.
B) automatic processing.
C) working memory.
D) deep processing.

Question 61

________ memory generally lasts only a few tenths of one second,whereas ________ memory lasts 3 or 4 seconds.

A) Implicit;explicit
B) Iconic;echoic
C) Explicit;implicit
D) Echoic;iconic

Question 62

You are most likely to automatically encode information about

A) politicians' names.
B) friends' birthdays.
C) new web addresses.
D) the sequence of your day's events.

Question 63

The effortful processing of information

A) cannot occur simultaneously with automatic processing.
B) refers to the process of getting information out of memory storage.
C) can become automatic through practice.
D) occurs less frequently among adults than children.

Question 64

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli is called ________ memory.

A) echoic
B) short-term
C) iconic
D) implicit

Question 65

The immediate,very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system is referred to as

A) short-term memory.
B) sensory memory.
C) long-term memory.
D) explicit memory.

Question 66

Jen has been studying for her psychology class regularly.During class today,a student asked Jen a question about implicit memories.Jen took out her textbook and immediately turned to the page that discussed implicit memories.This demonstrates that while she was studying Jen automatically processed information related to

A) space.
B) time.
C) frequency.
D) identification.

Question 67

Echoic memory refers to

A) the encoded meanings of words and events in long-term memory.
B) a vivid memory of an emotionally significant event.
C) the automatic retention of incidental information about the timing and frequency of events.
D) a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli.

Question 68

During her psychology test,Kelsey could not remember the meaning of the term mnemonics.Surprisingly,however,she accurately remembered that the term appeared on the second line of a left-hand page in her textbook.Her memory of this incidental information is best explained in terms of

A) automatic processing.
B) the self-reference effect.
C) echoic memory.
D) effortful processing.

Question 69

When Sperling visually displayed three rows of three letters each for only one-twentieth of a second,research participants

A) recalled only half the letters because they did not have enough time to see all of them.
B) recalled only about seven of the letters due to storage limitations.
C) had a momentary photographic memory of all nine letters.
D) formed a sensory memory of no more than a single letter.

Question 70

Information learned through classical conditioning forms ________ memories.

A) implicit
B) explicit
C) nondeclarative
D) sensory

Question 71

For a moment after hearing his dog's high-pitched bark,Mr.Silvers has a vivid auditory impression of the dog's yelp.His experience most clearly illustrates ________ memory.

A) short-term
B) iconic
C) procedural
D) echoic

Question 72

Procedural memories for well-learned skills such as how to ride a bicycle are typically ________ memories.

A) working
B) implicit
C) sensory
D) explicit

Question 73

Cheri doesn't remember that she got sick after eating oatmeal on several occasions in early childhood.However,whenever she smells oatmeal now she experiences a classically conditioned feeling of nausea.Cheri's conditioned reaction indicates that she retains a(n)________ memory.

A) working
B) echoic
C) iconic
D) implicit

Question 74

The address for obtaining tickets to a popular quiz show flashes on the TV screen,but the image disappears before Sergei has had a chance to write down the complete address.To his surprise,however,he has retained a momentary mental image of the five-digit zip code.His experience best illustrates ________ memory.

A) iconic
B) implicit
C) echoic
D) procedural

Question 75

Information about where,when,and how often you ate a meal in the last couple of days is likely to be

A) a working memory.
B) an iconic memory.
C) automatically processed.
D) procedural memory.

Question 76

What type of information is NOT automatically processed?

A) information about space
B) information about frequency
C) information about identification
D) information about time

Question 77

Brad needs to go to the store but seems to have misplaced his keys.By retracing his steps from the time he got home until now,he is able to find his keys on the kitchen counter.This demonstrates that Brad had automatically processed information related to

A) space.
B) time.
C) frequency.
D) identification.

Question 78

Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory?

A) how to ride a bike
B) how to drive a car
C) how to tie our shoes
D) who the current president is

Question 79

An iconic memory is a ________ memory.

A) sensory
B) short-term
C) working
D) procedural

Question 80

The ability to unconsciously process how many times you checked your email during the past 24 hours best illustrates

A) working memory.
B) automatic processing.
C) iconic memory.
D) distributed practice.