Deck 14: Psychological Disorders

Question 1

If research indicated that phobias result from a chemical imbalance in the central nervous system,this would most clearly give added credibility to

A) epigenetics.
B) the medical model.
C) the biopsychosocial approach.
D) the DSM-5.

Answer 1

the medical model.

Question 2

Brad has problems with extreme mood swings.His behavior has produced interpersonal,family,and occupational problems.Brad likely has

A) a psychological disorder.
B) hormonal problems.
C) a moral problem.
D) epigenetics.

Answer 2

a psychological disorder.

Question 3

The medical model of psychologically disordered behavior is most likely to be criticized for neglecting the importance of

A) social circumstances and psychological factors.
B) biological evolution.
C) the DSM-5.
D) genetically influenced abnormalities.

Answer 3

social circumstances and psychological factors.

Question 4

Alexis is socially withdrawn and has few close friends.This behavior is most likely to be diagnosed as a symptom of a psychological disorder if it is

A) also noticeable in other members of her family.
B) preventing her from functioning effectively.
C) not caused by a biological disorder.
D) difficult for her to change.

Question 5

Which of the following has provided support for the medical perspective on psychological disorders?

A) dysfunctional or maladaptive symptoms associated with some psychological disorders
B) the effectiveness of moral treatment in therapies for those with psychological disorders
C) the epigenetic links between gene expression and environmental factors and psychological disorders
D) how brain structure abnormalities and biochemistry relate to psychological disorders

Question 6

Dr.Wiseman believes that psychological disorders are influenced by genetic predispositions and physiological states.He is also aware that inner psychological dynamics,social dynamics,and culture play a role in psychological disorders.Which of the following illustrates Dr.Wiseman's view?

A) the biopsychosocial approach
B) the medical model
C) epigenetics
D) genetics

Question 7

A syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in a person's thoughts,emotion regulation,or behaviors is most clearly an indication of

A) epigenetics.
B) trauma.
C) moral treatment.
D) a psychological disorder.

Question 8

Both the inseparability of mind and body and the interaction of nature and nurture are most clearly emphasized by

A) the DSM-5.
B) the medical model.
C) epigenetics.
D) the biopsychosocial approach.

Question 9

The major problem associated with explanations of psychological disorders in terms of evil spirits is that these explanations

A) were relevant only to severe disorders such as schizophrenia.
B) encouraged many to believe there was no such thing as insanity.
C) led to some harsh and ineffective remedial treatments.
D) relieved people of personal responsibility for their own behavior.

Question 10

The discovery that psychologically disordered behavior could result from syphilis infections facilitated the credibility and acceptance of

A) the biopsychosocial approach.
B) the medical model.
C) the DSM-5.
D) epigenetics.

Question 11

A psychological disorder is a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance

A) that is aggressive,persistent,and intentional.
B) that is selfish,habitual,and avoidable.
C) in a person's cognition,emotion regulation,or behaviors.
D) that is biologically influenced,unconsciously motivated,and difficult to change.

Question 12

Psychological disorders consist of emotions,behavior,and cognitive processes that are all of the following EXCEPT

A) maladaptive.
B) dysfunctional.
C) that they interfere with daily functioning.
D) immoral.

Question 13

The removal of homosexuality as a psychological disorder demonstrates the

A) maladaptive nature of the disorder.
B) power of shifting societal beliefs.
C) stigma associated with the disorder.
D) increased prevalence of the disorder.

Question 14

Dysfunctional behaviors are maladaptive,which means that they

A) interfere with normal day-to-day life.
B) are socially unacceptable.
C) differ from those of most other people in your culture.
D) can result only from genetic changes.

Question 15

Professor McIntosh emphasizes that depression often involves the interactive influences of self-focused rumination,rejection from others,and low serotonin levels.The professor's emphasis best illustrates

A) the medical model.
B) correlational studies.
C) genetic influences.
D) a biopsychosocial approach.

Question 16

In 1973,the American Psychiatric Association discontinued classifying homosexuality as a disorder because mental health workers no longer considered same-sex attraction as inherently

A) stress-related.
B) dysfunctional.
C) compulsive.
D) illegal.

Question 17

According to the medical model,psychological disorders are

A) sicknesses that need to be diagnosed and in most cases cured.
B) maladaptive responses to a troubling environment.
C) purely imaginary symptoms of distress.
D) learned habits that need to be extinguished.

Question 18

The first person to promote "moral treatment" for psychological disorders,instead of the brutal treatments used during his time,was

A) Sigmund Freud.
B) Philippe Pinel.
C) David Rosenhan.
D) Lee Robins.

Question 19

The interaction of genetic predispositions,mental processes,and cultural circumstances is most clearly emphasized by the

A) DSM-5.
B) medical model.
C) immigrant paradox.
D) biopsychosocial approach.

Question 20

Dr.Dominguez believes that psychological disorders are produced by neurological problems centering on neurotransmitter imbalances.Dr.Dominguez's emphasis best illustrates

A) the medical model.
B) epigenetics.
C) genetic influences.
D) a biopsychosocial approach.

Question 21

Field trials indicate that the DSM-5 does NOT

A) include a very broad range of different psychological disorders.
B) estimate the frequency of different psychological disorders.
C) generate the same levels of diagnostic agreement for every different form of psychological disorder.
D) classify psychological disorders that have been shown to be genetically influenced.

Question 22

Field trials assessing clinician agreement when using the new DSM-5 categories indicate that diagnoses of generalized anxiety disorder fared ________ and diagnoses of autism spectrum disorder fared ________.

A) well;well
B) poorly;poorly
C) well;poorly
D) poorly;well

Question 23

Epigenetics is defined as the

A) concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed,treated,and cured.
B) study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change.
C) idea that that individual characteristics combine with environmental stressors to increase or decrease the likelihood of developing a psychological disorder.
D) notion that disorders reflect genetic predispositions and physiological states,inner psychological dynamics,and social and cultural circumstances.

Question 24

The APA's diagnostic manual is used for several purposes,including

A) descriptions of disorders.
B) predict a disorder's future course.
C) suggest appropriate treatment.
D) all of these purposes.

Question 25

Some psychological disorders occur primarily in one culture.However,________ occurs worldwide.

A) taijin-kyofusho
B) anorexia nervosa
C) schizophrenia
D) susto

Question 26

It would be most difficult to use the ________ to explain why anorexia nervosa occurs mostly in Western cultures.

A) psychological perspective
B) medical model
C) social-cognitive perspective
D) biopsychosocial approach

Question 27

The DSM-5's diagnostic criteria and codes resemble those found in the

A) biopsychosocial approach.
B) American Psychological Association's publication manual.
C) Physician's Medical Guide.
D) World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases.

Question 28

Among those seeking professional help for psychological disorders,eligibility for treatment is most likely to be guided by the use of the diagnostic criteria provided by

A) field trials.
B) the biopsychosocial approach.
C) maladaptive behaviors.
D) the DSM-5.

Question 29

The DSM-5's diagnostic classification of psychological disorders aims to provide to psychologists and psychiatrists with all of the following EXCEPT

A) a guide to predict a disorder's future course.
B) suggestions for appropriate treatment.
C) the promotion of research into a disorder's causes.
D) help in creating a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 30

The ________ argues that individual characteristics combine with environmental stressors to increase or decrease the likelihood of developing a psychological disorder.

A) biopsychosocial approach
B) vulnerability-stress model
C) medical model
D) DSM-5

Question 31

Maureen endured food poisoning during her childhood that blocked the expression of some of her genes.As a result,she now suffers from a severe psychological disorder.Her experience best illustrates the importance of

A) the DSM-5.
B) epigenetic effects.
C) natural selection.
D) the social-cultural perspective.

Question 32

Gina and Tina are identical twins.Gina has had a series of traumas and has been diagnosed with schizophrenia.Tina is demonstrating no symptoms of schizophrenia.Because schizophrenia tends to run in families,the difference between the twins can be explained through

A) cultural influences.
B) the medical model.
C) epigenetics.
D) the stress of childbirth.

Question 33

The DSM-5 does NOT

A) include a classification of personality disorders.
B) explain the causes of the various psychological disorders.
C) include a very broad range of psychological disorders.
D) provide guidelines for diagnosing psychological disorders.

Question 34

Clinicians diagnose the presence of insomnia disorder using the ________ in the DSM-5.

A) biological predispositions identified
B) diagnostic criteria
C) biopsychosocial levels of analysis
D) cultural definitions of disorder

Question 35

Environmental influences can determine whether a gene is expressed.For some people,that will be decisive in whether they develop a psychological disorder.This best illustrates the need for

A) the cognitive perspective.
B) the social-cultural perspective.
C) research on epigenetics.
D) the DSM-5.

Question 36

The DSM-5 is most clearly designed to ________ psychological disorders.

A) explain
B) classify
C) cure
D) prevent

Question 37

The DSM-5 refers to real-world tests in order to

A) facilitate the reliability of diagnoses.
B) shorten the time it takes to make a diagnosis.
C) avoid invading clients' psychological privacy.
D) reduce the need for medical terminology in psychological assessments.

Question 38

The occurrence of which of the following disorders is NOT influenced by culture and is worldwide?

A) major depressive disorder
B) anorexia nervosa
C) susto
D) bulimia nervosa

Question 39

Lee suffers from sleep deprivation and he is convinced that he has insomnia.Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of insomnia disorder?

A) sleep disruption causes distress or diminished everyday functioning
B) inability to sleep three or more nights each week
C) inability to sleep occurs during three consecutive months
D) inability to sleep is dependent on substance use

Question 40

Sakura immigrated to the United States with her family when she was 12 years old.Since she moved away from her family to attend college she has demonstrated social anxiety;she also blushes and avoids eye contact with other students and her instructors.A Japanese psychologist is likely to diagnose Sakura with

A) taijin-kyofusho.
B) susto.
C) anorexia nervosa.
D) amok.

Question 41

Which of the following disorders may co-exist with a learning disorder or with defiant and temper-prone behavior?

A) generalized anxiety disorder
B) anorexia nervosa
C) depressive disorder
D) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Question 42

David Rosenhan and his fellow researchers were admitted as patients into various hospitals after they falsely complained of auditory hallucinations.After hospital clinicians analyzed these patients' quite normal life histories

A) the patients were typically discharged from the hospital in less than a day after admission.
B) the clinicians refused to prescribe any medications for these patients.
C) the patients actually began to experience auditory hallucinations.
D) the clinicians identified patient life history dynamics contributing to a psychological disorder.

Question 43

Larry has difficulty organizing his daily schedule of work responsibilities.He often makes careless mistakes or fails to complete his work because he is easily distracted.Larry's behavior is most characteristic of

A) antisocial personality disorder.
B) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
C) generalized anxiety disorder.
D) autism spectrum disorder.

Question 44

A fundamental problem with the diagnostic labeling of psychologically disordered behaviors is that the labels often

A) bias our perceptions of the labeled person.
B) represent attempts by psychologists to explain behavior by simply naming it.
C) interfere with effective research on the causes of these disorders.
D) interfere with effective treatment of these disorders.

Question 45

After George learned that Mrs.Min suffered from schizophrenia,he mistakenly concluded that her tendencies to laugh easily and smile frequently were symptoms of her disorder.This best illustrates the

A) unreliability of the DSM-5.
B) shortcomings of the medical model.
C) biasing power of diagnostic labels.
D) dangers of the biopsychosocial approach.

Question 46

The ability of mental health professionals to quickly communicate the characteristics of their patients' complex symptoms is most clearly facilitated by the use of

A) field studies.
B) diagnostic labels.
C) the medical model.
D) the biopsychosocial approach.

Question 47

ADHD is diagnosed ________ often in girls than in boys.A 2013 study indicated that ________ percent of 4- to 17-year-olds receive the diagnosis after displaying key symptoms.

A) more;9
B) less;5
C) more;18
D) less;11

Question 48

Although Adderall is a ________ drug,it is commonly used in the treatment of ________.

A) stimulant;PTSD
B) stimulant;ADHD
C) depressant;PTSD
D) depressant;ADHD

Question 49

The DSM-5 is most likely to be criticized for

A) attempting to explain behavior by simply labeling it.
B) classifying an excessively broad range of human behaviors as psychologically disordered.
C) failing to base diagnoses on observable behaviors.
D) inhibiting scientific efforts to discover the underlying causes of psychological disorders.

Question 50

Marge recently lost her long-time partner and is suffering from severe grief.According to revisions in the DSM-5,her symptoms may qualify for a diagnosis of

A) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
B) generalized anxiety disorder.
C) a depressive disorder.
D) autism spectrum disorder.

Question 51

The DSM-5 has broadened the diagnostic criteria for diagnosing children who exhibit persistent irritability and frequent temper outbursts.This pattern of behavior is labeled

A) anorexia nervosa.
B) posttraumatic stress disorder.
C) disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.
D) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Question 52

Some critics note that the DSM-5's labels are subjective,thus creating expectations in clinicians that can ________ when diagnosing and treating a patient.

A) be self-fulfilling
B) lead to a moral treatment
C) lead to psychopathology
D) be seen as a genetic predisposition

Question 53

The ________ helps organize disorders according to behaviors and brain activity.

A) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
B) World Health Organization
C) National Institute of Mental Health
D) Research Domain Criteria project

Question 54

ADHD is often treated with the ________ drugs Ritalin and Adderall.

A) opiate
B) stimulant
C) hunger-arousing
D) sleep-inducing

Question 55

Brian often interrupts his teacher while she is speaking and frequently forgets to complete his homework assignments.He also has difficulty taking turns in playground games with classmates.Brian most clearly exhibits symptoms of

A) generalized anxiety disorder.
B) posttraumatic stress disorder.
C) autism spectrum disorder.
D) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Question 56

The fact that 11 percent of 4- to 17-year-old children and only 2.5 percent of adults meet the criteria for a diagnosis of ADHD may indicate that

A) there is no such thing as ADHD.
B) clinicians are inconsistent in how they diagnose ADHD.
C) symptoms related to ADHD lessen as children grow into adults.
D) there is too much controversy around the disorder.

Question 57

In the DSM-5,a condition formerly known as "Asperger's syndrome" is now included under the label

A) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
B) adult posttraumatic stress disorder.
C) generalized anxiety disorder.
D) autism spectrum disorder.

Question 58

Inattention,hyperactivity,and impulsivity are major symptoms of

A) OCD.
B) PTSD.
C) ADHD.
D) DSM.

Question 59

Terrance was diagnosed with Asperger's syndrome when he was 6 years old.His disorder is now referred to as

A) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
B) generalized anxiety disorder.
C) hoarding disorder.
D) autism spectrum disorder.

Question 60

When children are told that certain classmates have learning disabilities,they may behave in ways that inhibit the success of those students in the classroom.This best illustrates that labeling

A) reduces dysfunction.
B) is dysfunctional.
C) can be self-fulfilling.
D) can be explained through the biopsychosocial approach.

Question 61

Rates of nonsuicidal self-injury in the United States are highest among

A) adolescent males.
B) adolescent females.
C) older adult males.
D) older adult females.

Question 62

Which of the following is NOT a good predictor that a person will engage in violent behavior?

A) use of alcohol or drugs
B) engaging in previous violent behavior
C) mental illness
D) access to a gun

Question 63

Stan is contemplating suicide.Which of the following is NOT a sign that he may give to family members and friends that could forewarn them of Stan's intent?

A) verbal hints
B) giving possessions away
C) a change in mood
D) an increase in sociability

Question 64

The risk of suicide is greatest when people

A) anticipate the onset of a depressive episode.
B) experience the first symptoms of a depressive episode.
C) experience depressive symptoms at their most extreme levels of severity.
D) begin to rebound from their depression.

Question 65

Which of the following statements about people with psychological disorders is true?

A) Multiple studies have found that people with a major mental illness are less violent than those without a psychological disorder.
B) In much of the popular media,people with psychological disorders are portrayed in positive,but stereotyped ways,such as being creative geniuses or artistic prodigies.
C) Research has shown that even people with mild psychological disorders tend to be dangerous and prone to violence.
D) People with psychological disorders are the least stigmatized group in modern society.

Question 66

Those who support the increase in ADHD diagnoses have most strongly emphasized that

A) children are not designed to sit for hours in chairs inside.
B) stimulant drugs calm hyperactivity and increase the ability to sit and focus.
C) increased diagnoses of ADHD reflects an increased awareness of the disorder.
D) psychological therapies help with the distress associated with ADHD.

Question 67

Those who are skeptical of the rise in ADHD diagnoses have most strongly emphasized that

A) an increased use of stimulant drugs has increased the incidence of ADHD symptoms.
B) today's more frequent diagnoses of ADHD reflect our increased awareness of the disorder.
C) children by nature are not designed to sit for hours in chairs inside.
D) ADHD is a neurobiological disorder associated with abnormal brain functioning.

Question 68

On several recent occasions Sarah intentionally used cigarettes to inflict painful but non-life-threatening burns on her arms.Her behavior best illustrates

A) major depressive disorder.
B) dysthymia.
C) nonsuicidal self-injury.
D) disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.

Question 69

When the need to belong and the need to feel effective are frustrated,the person is especially likely to experience

A) a pessimistic explanatory style.
B) mania.
C) suicidal urges.
D) linkage analysis.

Question 70

Ben has been diagnosed with major depressive disorder and has had suicidal thoughts.When should his friends and family be most worried about Ben acting on his suicidal thoughts?

A) at the onset of a depressive episode
B) when he first experiences the symptoms of a depressive episode
C) when the depressive symptoms are at the most extreme levels of severity
D) when he begins to rebound from his depression

Question 71

Compared with the general population,those who have suffered ________ have at least five times greater risk of suicide.

A) disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
B) mania
C) depression
D) learned helplessness

Question 72

Which of the following is FALSE regarding violent crimes?

A) Mass-killing shooters are more likely to be young males than any other demographic.
B) The use of alcohol and drugs,brain damage,and a history of previous violence are all good predictors of violent crime.
C) Focusing gun restrictions on those suffering from psychological disorders will reduce gun violence substantially.
D) Those diagnosed with psychological disorders are more likely to be victims,rather than perpetrators,of violent crime.

Question 73

The mass-killing shooters have several things in common,including that they tend to

A) be young males.
B) suffer from a psychological disorder.
C) be older men with psychological disorders.
D) be young women with gang affiliations.

Question 74

The vast majority of violent crimes are committed by those with

A) no diagnosed psychological disorder.
B) posttraumatic stress disorder.
C) antisocial personality disorder.
D) autism spectrum disorder.

Question 75

One group of clinical psychologists summarized 50 years of research on suicide's unpredictability and concluded that

A) the vast majority of people who possess a specific risk factor for suicide will never engage in suicidal behavior.
B) most people who possess a specific risk factor for suicide will die by suicide.
C) there are very few specific risk factors for suicide that can be used to predict suicide attempts.
D) the most important risk factor for suicide is a person's age,race,and gender.

Question 76

Jessica,a friend of yours,believes that those who have a psychological disorder are violent.Based on what you have learned about psychological disorders and crime,what would you tell her?

A) "This probably isn't true because distress often leads to dysfunction."
B) "Researchers aren't sure if this is the case because the definition of psychological disorders repeatedly changes."
C) "I agree.People with disorders are more likely to be perpetrators of violent crime than victims of it."
D) "Actually,most violent criminals are not mentally ill,and most mentally ill people are not violent."

Question 77

About ________ of those who think about dying by suicide actually attempt suicide.

A) 1 in 10
B) 2 in 10
C) 3 in 10
D) 4 in 10

Question 78

Gaining relief from negative thoughts through the distraction of pain is one of the motives for

A) mania.
B) rumination.
C) linkage analysis.
D) nonsuicidal self-injury.

Question 79

Suicide rates in the United States are ________ among Whites than Blacks and ________ among men than women.

A) higher;higher
B) lower;lower
C) higher;lower
D) lower;higher

Question 80

Among Americans,drug overdoses account for a ________ of suicide attempts and gun use accounts for a ________ of suicide fatalities.

A) majority;minority
B) minority;majority
C) majority;majority
D) minority;minority