Deck 28: Causes of Conflict

Question 1

In both the Prisoner's Dilemma and the Commons Dilemma,people are tempted to explain their own behavior _______ and others' behavior _______.

A)situationally;situationally
B)dispositionally;dispositionally
C)situationally;dispositionally
D)dispositionally;situationally

Answer 1

situationally;dispositionally

Question 2

Which one of the following is an example of a non-zero-sum game?

A)the Prisoner's Dilemma
B)the Commons Dilemma
C)both the Prisoner's and the Commons Dilemmas
D)neither the Prisoner's nor the Commons Dilemmas

Answer 2

both the Prisoner's and the Commons Dilemmas

Question 3

In the tragedy of the commons,the "commons" refers to

A)disputed border territory.
B)stolen goods or winnings.
C)any jointly used,finite resource.
D)private property that repeatedly changes ownership.

Answer 3

any jointly used,finite resource.

Question 4

If an attorney creates a Prisoner-like Dilemma for two suspects,the attorney's goal is to

A)trick either one of them into revealing what really happened.
B)create an incentive for one of them to confess while the other maintains innocence.
C)create an incentive for both of them to confess privately.
D)achieve the greatest punishment for both suspects.

Question 5

In the Prisoner's Dilemma,if both prisoners confess,each will get a _______;if neither confesses,each will _______.

A)moderate sentence;get a light sentence
B)severe sentence;get a light sentence
C)severe sentence;go free
D)moderate sentence;get a severe sentence

Question 6

When individuals consume more than their share,and the cost of doing so is dispersed among all,the result is called

A)greed.
B)environmental devastation.
C)overconsumption.
D)the tragedy of the commons.

Question 7

In playing the laboratory version of the Prisoner's Dilemma,you would personally obtain the best payoff on any given trial if you _______ and the other person _______.

A)confess;does not confess
B)confess;confesses
C)do not confess;confesses
D)do not confess;does not confess

Question 8

gave Japanese students opportunities to harvest trees in a simulated forest for money.When the students equally shared the costs of planting the forest,the result was that

A)most of the trees were left to grow too tall for harvesting because the students bickered about the criterion to be used in sharing profits.
B)most of the trees were harvested before they had grown to the most profitable size.
C)none of the trees were harvested because the collectivist students did not want to be the first to ask for his or her share.
D)students made maximum profit not only for themselves individually but for the group.

Question 9

In small groups - as opposed to large ones - individuals are

A)more likely to take more than their equal share.
B)less anonymous and thus less cooperative.
C)less likely to take more than their equal share.
D)more open about their conflicts.

Question 10

Pursuing one's self-interest to the collective detriment of one's community or society is the central pattern in

A)mirror-image perception.
B)the jigsaw problem.
C)perceived injustice.
D)a social dilemma.

Question 11

Christina and Massimo have been saving money since they got married.Now Massimo wants to buy a new car,but Christina wants to continue saving for a new house.Massimo and Christina

A)are experiencing conflict.
B)are experiencing dissonance.
C)have mirror-image perceptions.
D)are developing superordinate goals.

Question 12

Conflict is defined as

A)perceived incompatibility of actions or goals.
B)dissatisfaction with relationship outcomes.
C)hostility that results from frustrating interaction.
D)competition for mutually exclusive goals.

Question 13

In real life,which of the following parallels the tragedy of the commons?

A)pollution of rivers and streams
B)gun control
C)the death penalty
D)online auctions

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a feature shared by both the Prisoner's Dilemma and the Commons Dilemma?

A)One party's wins necessarily equals the other party's losses.
B)Participants tend to commit the fundamental attribution error.
C)Participants' motives change in the course of the entrapment.
D)Both are non-zero-sum games.

Question 15

In a non-zero-sum game

A)both can win and both can lose.
B)one side wins and the other loses.
C)one's gains equal another's losses.
D)altruistic motives dominate.

Question 16

Some individuals have many children so that they can ensure someone will take care of them in the future.However,this contributes to the collective devastation of overpopulation.This is an example of

A)mirror-image perception.
B)the jigsaw problem.
C)perceived injustice.
D)a social dilemma.

Question 17

Attempting to explain one's own behavior situationally is a characteristic of

A)the Prisoner's Dilemma.
B)the Commons Dilemma.
C)both dilemmas.
D)neither dilemma.

Question 18

Attempting to explain other's behavior dispositionally is a characteristic of

A)the Prisoner's Dilemma.
B)the Commons Dilemma.
C)both dilemmas.
D)neither dilemma.

Question 19

Despite official government warnings of a severe water shortage,most citizens fail to conserve in the belief that their personal water consumption will have little effect on the community's total water supply.The eventual depletion of the community's water resources provides an example of

A)mirror-image perceptions.
B)individualistic calamity.
C)the tragedy of the commons.
D)rational disaster.

Question 20

Facing the recurring dilemma of cookie-jar depletion within 24-hours of its being re-stocked,Mom and Dad decide to do something.What strategy will be most effective?

A)Do not allow family members to talk to one another about how many cookies they eat.
B)Restrict each family member to just two cookies per day.
C)Stop buying cookies.
D)Call a family meeting and scold everyone for eating too many cookies.

Question 21

The relationship between the size of a commons and a person's feeling of responsibility for it is

A)positive.
B)negative.
C)neutral.
D)curvilinear.

Question 22

Which of the following is cited in the text as an example of changing payoffs to resolve social dilemmas?

A)allowing carpoolers to drive in the faster,freeway lane
B)requiring carpool cars and vans to park in special,larger parking lots farther away from the office building
C)lowering the price of gasoline well below $1 per gallon
D)raising the price of gasoline well above $5 per gallon

Question 23

John believes that he is hardworking and that his wife Rachel is lazy.Rachel believes that she is hardworking and that John is lazy.This is an example of

A)an inequitable relationship.
B)mirror-image perception.
C)a superordinate goal.
D)a social trap.

Question 24

Before they married,Melinda and Michael,who are both employed full time and collect the same pay,agreed to share equally in routine household tasks such as cleaning and grocery shopping.In reality,Melinda is now doing about 80% of the household work.This situation is an example of

A)an integrative disaster.
B)an inequitable relationship.
C)a social dilemma.
D)a zero-sum relationship.

Question 25

Which one of the following is NOT one of the seeds of misperception according to your text?

A)the self-serving bias
B)reduced competition
C)the fundamental attribution error
D)groupthink

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT cited in the text as a method for resolving social dilemmas?

A)regulation
B)making the group smaller
C)communication
D)competition

Question 27

In Sherif's research,the camper groups became hostile towards each other when

A)they learned of the other group's existence.
B)the two groups first met.
C)when competition between the groups was introduced.
D)when competition between the groups ended.

Question 28

As Sherif noted,despite the fact that the behavior of the boys in the warring camps seemed "wicked,disturbed,and vicious," what actually triggered their evil behavior was

A)their leaders' modeling of aggression.
B)their delinquent backgrounds.
C)their ethnic identities.
D)an evil situation.

Question 29

Research on laboratory dilemmas reveals that cooperation is facilitated if

A)one person is 100% cooperative.
B)the opponents can communicate with one another.
C)the game is changed into a zero-sum game.
D)the size of the payoffs is increased.

Question 30

The smaller the commons,the more

A)responsibility each person feels for it.
B)intense the conflict among individual members.
C)apathetic people are about its preservation.
D)the more likely communication will take the form of intimidation and deception.

Question 31

Equity exists when

A)rewards are distributed in proportion to individuals' contributions.
B)partners share equally in the rewards of collective effort.
C)rewards are distributed in relation to individuals' needs or deservingness.
D)group members decide among themselves how rewards should be distributed.

Question 32

The reciprocal views that parties in conflict often hold of one another are referred to as

A)mirror-image perceptions.
B)stereotypic reciprocation.
C)complementary images.
D)reciprocal illusions.

Question 33

In research on social dilemmas,it has been found that group discussion

A)polarized competitive tendencies.
B)had no effect on the outcome.
C)led to greater cooperation and better outcomes for all participants.
D)led to escalated conflict and tension.

Question 34

The Republic of Fredonia believes its long-time enemy,the kingdom of Franistan,is aggressive,greedy,and impulsive.On the other hand,Franistan believes Fredonia is hostile,selfish,and unpredictable.This is an example of

A)an inequitable relationship.
B)a zero-sum relationship.
C)mirror-image perceptions.
D)reciprocal illusions.

Question 35

A common excuse for noncooperation is

A)"I couldn't have made a difference anyway."
B)"The devil made me do it."
C)"That's unfair."
D)"Cooperation is for the weak and cowardly."

Question 36

Rodney and Ralph are twin brothers who each contributed $75 to purchase a new bicycle.Rodney rides it 75% of the time.This would be an example of

A)an inequitable relationship.
B)the tragedy of the commons.
C)a zero-sum relationship.
D)mirror-image perceptions.

Question 37

The misperceptions of those who are in conflict with each other,such as two nations who regard each other with suspicion and hostility,are usually

A)nonreciprocal.
B)unilateral.
C)mutual.
D)inequitable.

Question 38

Which of the following is cited in the text as a method for resolving social dilemmas?

A)communication
B)punishment
C)increasing group size
D)competition

Question 39

What do self-serving biases,group polarization,and negative stereotypes have in common?

A)They illustrate the power of the situation.
B)They are potential seeds of misperception.
C)They illustrate that we are cognitive misers.
D)They negate conflict.

Question 40

,"It is characteristic of such images that they are _______."

A)self-defeating
B)self-confirming
C)self-handicapping
D)self-monitoring

Question 41

One aspect of mirror-image perception is that one side tends to

A)exaggerate their differences from their adversaries.
B)see itself reflected in the way others see it.
C)see the situation as the reflection of an evil situation.
D)agree with the other side.

Question 42

Compare and contrast the Prisoner's Dilemma and the Tragedy of the Commons.

Question 43

found that 12% described the opposing party as _______ and 74% perceived themselves as _______.

A)cooperative;cooperative
B)intelligent;intelligent
C)cooperative;competitive
D)rational;competent

Question 44

Describe an example of a social dilemma that you have learned about in the news.

Question 45

What is your ideal definition of justice in an intimate relationship? Is it the same as your ideal definition of justice in the realm of economics? Why or why not?