Deck 14: How Nice People Get Corrupted

Question 1

The most famous and controversial experiments in social psychology were conducted by

A)Sherif.
B)Milgram.
C)Asch.
D)Watson.

Answer 1

Milgram.

Question 2

The experimenter in Milgram's study used all EXCEPT which of the following verbal prods to encourage participants to continue?

A)"It is absolutely essential that you continue."
B)"You will be penalized if you refuse to go on."
C)"You have no other choice,you must go on."
D)"The experiment requires that you continue."

Answer 2

"You will be penalized if you refuse to go on."

Question 3

In a variation of the Milgram study,teachers were required to force the learner's hand into contact with a shock plate.Under these conditions,___% obeyed.

A)100
B)70
C)30
D)15

Answer 3

30

Question 4

When Milgram conducted his first series of experiments with a sample of 20- to 50-year-old men,he found that over 60 percent of them

A)refused to deliver shocks beyond 150 volts.
B)refused to deliver shocks past the 300-volt level.
C)went clear to 450 volts.
D)asked to be released from the experiment by 135 volts.

Question 5

When Milgram's experimental series was reenacted in Bridgeport,Connecticut,far from the prestige and authority of Yale University,the proportion of participants who fully complied with orders to shock the learner _______ compared to the Yale rate.

A)remained unchanged
B)decreased
C)increased slightly
D)increased significantly

Question 6

When participants in Milgram's experiments wanted to quit,they were given

A)shocks to keep them going.
B)money as an incentive to keep going.
C)up to four verbal prods to keep them going.
D)a reward for being one of the few to disobey.

Question 7

A psychiatrist who interviewed 40 of Milgram's participants a year after their participation concluded that

A)none had been harmed.
B)many were suspicious of all authorities.
C)a minority of them had lowered self-esteem.
D)most regretted having served in Milgram's study.

Question 8

In Milgram's research,when the experimenter gave the commands by telephone instead of in person,full obedience

A)dropped to zero.
B)dropped to 21 percent.
C)dropped to 50 percent.
D)increased to 73 percent.

Question 9

Asch's conformity experiments showed that most people

A)go along with others' decisions.
B)conform even when wrong.
C)tell the truth even when others do not.
D)become confused when confronted.

Question 10

In follow-up experiments to his initial study,Milgram made the learner's protests more compelling by having him complain of a heart condition,then scream and plead for release,and finally refuse to answer.With this added condition,

A)the majority of participants still fully obeyed the experimenter's demands.
B)teachers were more reluctant to deliver initial shocks.
C)learners became more real and personal to the teacher.
D)fewer participants went to 450 volts.

Question 11

In a variation of the Milgram study,the learner was in the same room as the teacher.Under these conditions,___% obeyed to 450 volts.

A)100
B)80
C)40
D)20

Question 12

The results of Asch's study is startling because the study did not employ any

A)judgments about ambiguous stimuli.
B)groups larger than four persons.
C)experimental realism.
D)open,obvious pressure to conform.

Question 13

In one variation of his original experiment,Milgram arranged for a confederate "clerk" (posing as a fellow participant)to assume command in the experimenter's absence.As a result of this manipulation,

A)most teachers agreed to comply with the orders of their fellow group member.
B)the teachers competed with him and with each other for the role of leader.
C)participants became more positive about their roles in this cohesive group,and some even became enthusiastic.
D)80% of the teachers refused to comply fully.

Question 14

While control participants were correct about line-length judgments more than 99% of the time in Asch's conformity study,his naive participants conformed to the incorrect judgments of others ___% of the time.

A)12
B)37
C)65
D)87

Question 15

examined soccer matches across five seasons in Germany's premier league.Results indicated that referees

A)referees rarely made mistakes when awarding yellow cards.
B)tended to favor the visiting teams.
C)awarded more yellow cards to the away teams in louder stadiums.
D)showed bias in awarding yellow cards in live games but not in laboratory settings.

Question 16

Milgram's studies explored _______;Asch's studies explored _______.

A)obedience;conformity
B)conformity;norm formation
C)obedience;norm formation
D)conformity;obedience

Question 17

found that expectant women expressed more _______ to their pregnancies after seeing an ultrasound photo of the fetus.

A)apathy
B)resentment
C)commitment
D)hostility

Question 18

In light of the Milgram studies,which of the following is NOT one of the factors that determined obedience?

A)the victim's emotional distance
B)the victim's physical distance
C)the authority's closeness and legitimacy
D)whether or not the authority was institutionalized

Question 19

When Milgram asked 100 psychiatrists,college students,and middle-class adults to predict the results of his experiment,the respondents said that they thought _______ would _______.

A)they themselves;never begin to administer the shocks
B)they themselves;disobey by about 135 volts
C)other people;disobey by about 210 volts
D)other people;would go all the way to 450 volts

Question 20

,22 hospital nurses were telephoned by an unknown physician and ordered to administer an obvious drug overdose.Results showed that

A)most would not act on the order unless the caller named a familiar physician as a reference.
B)most nurses refused to comply unless given the order in writing.
C)less experienced nurses complied but more experienced ones challenged the order.
D)all but one proceeded to comply without delay.

Question 21

If we were to conclude that Milgram's obedient participants were particularly hostile and aggressive people,we would be

A)making a correct inference.
B)committing the fundamental attribution error.
C)ignoring the power of behavior to shape attitudes.
D)ignoring the strength of positive internal dispositions.

Question 22

As an example of the liberating effects of group influence,___% of the participants in a variation of Milgram's study conformed to the confederate's behavior when the confederates defied the experimenter.

A)90
B)45
C)20
D)10

Question 23

_______ occurs when soldiers or employees follow questionable orders,such as when nurses willingly follow a physician's order to give a patient a dangerously high dosage of medication.

A)Norm formation
B)Conformity
C)Obedience
D)Acceptance

Question 24

results of his replication of Milgram's work to the original study.

Question 25

During the 1970s,the military junta in power in Greece initially selected candidates for officers based on their submission to authority.The candidates were first asked to guard prisoners,then to observe torture,and then to eventually practice torture.This process demonstrates how _______ can breed _______.

A)obedience;conformity
B)conformity;obedience
C)compliance;acceptance
D)acceptance;compliance

Question 26

Discuss the ethics of Milgram's study.

Question 27

Describe what was done and what was found in Asch's (1955) study.

Question 28

Describe three of the variations done on Milgram's original obedience experiment.Be sure to discuss how the results varied as a function of these changes.

Question 29

Briefly summarize the studies by Asch and Milgram by listing the topic and method of each.Be sure to also provide a real life example of each study.