Deck 13: Motivation

Question 1

Melissa, a lawyer by profession, was considered one of the best singers in her previous company. After she switched jobs, she registered for all music-related activities in her new company so that her talent could be recognized in the new company as well. In the context of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, this scenario best illustrates Melissa's _____.

A) belongingness needs
B) physiological needs
C) esteem needs
D) safety needs

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Juan wants to take a few insurance policies for financial security. Therefore, he compares different insurance products online to find the ones with good returns. In the context of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, this scenario best illustrates Juan's _____.

A) belongingness needs
B) physiological needs
C) esteem needs
D) safety needs

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Kathleen is elated after getting promoted to senior sales manager. She aims to get her next promotion by the end of the next fiscal year. She wants to gain more recognition in the organization and in the society. In the context of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, this scenario best illustrates Kathleen's _____.

A) belongingness needs
B) esteem needs
C) physiological needs
D) safety needs

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Billy initially started playing golf as a hobby. As he began to get better at the sport, he wanted to represent his club in the championships so that he could get sponsorships and get recognized for his talent. In the context of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, this scenario best illustrates Billy's _____.

A) belongingness needs
B) physiological needs
C) esteem needs
D) safety needs

Question 5

Although Chad, an accountant at a supply chain management company, worked overtime this week, he readily agreed to his supervisor's request to work for five more hours during the weekend. This is because Chad likes to cooperate with his superiors. In the context of McClelland's Learned Needs Theory, Chad is most likely motivated by the need for _____.

A) achievement
B) affiliation
C) power
D) relatedness

Question 6

Ashley is a popular movie star. She decides to start working on her autobiography as she feels that her autobiography would help reinforce her public image as a leading actor. In the context of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, this scenario best illustrates Ashley's _____.

A) esteem needs
B) physiological needs
C) belongingness needs
D) safety needs

Question 7

Larry recently moved to Austin for a new job. He has been staying in an apartment alone ever since. He feels the need to make new friends and hence decides to join a recreational club. In the context of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, this scenario best illustrates Larry's _____.

A) safety needs
B) physiological needs
C) esteem needs
D) belongingness needs

Question 8

In the context of motivation, _____ is concerned with the choices that people make about how long they will put forth effort in their jobs before reducing or eliminating those efforts.

A) initiation of effort
B) persistence of effort
C) direction of effort
D) termination of effort

Question 9

Debra is a fashion model. She recently broke up with her boyfriend of four years. To cope with depression, she keeps herself busy with work and frequently parties with friends. She likes being surrounded by people, and she never misses social gatherings organized by her modeling agency. In the context of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, this scenario best illustrates Debra's _____.

A) belongingness needs
B) physiological needs
C) esteem needs
D) safety needs

Question 10

Jonathan's employer does not provide health coverage for his family members. Therefore, he decides to purchase health insurance for his kids so that he does not have to pay for their vaccinations and doctor visits every time. In the context of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, this scenario best illustrates Jonathan's _____.

A) belongingness needs
B) safety needs
C) esteem needs
D) physiological needs

Question 11

Clarence used to work as a doctor in a federal government hospital. After retiring, he started a private clinic to continue practicing medicine and to maintain his reputation as a doctor. In the context of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, this scenario best illustrates Clarence's _____.

A) belongingness needs
B) physiological needs
C) safety needs
D) esteem needs

Question 12

After two of Mary's colleagues were laid off from their jobs for no specific reason, Mary started looking for a better job. In the context of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, this scenario best illustrates Mary's _____.

A) belongingness needs
B) physiological needs
C) safety needs
D) esteem needs

Question 13

At the peak of her career, Evelyn, a tennis champion, wanted to launch her own sports shoe brand. In the context of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, this scenario best illustrates Evelyn's _____.

A) belongingness needs
B) physiological needs
C) self-actualization needs
D) safety needs

Question 14

As part of his job, Keith was asked to relocate to a country far away from his home country. He has been feeling lonely ever since. As he is unable to adjust with the local language, people, and food, he requests his supervisor to transfer him back to his home country. In the context of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, this scenario best illustrates Keith's _____.

A) belongingness needs
B) self-actualization needs
C) esteem needs
D) safety needs

Question 15

In the context of motivation, which of the following is a difference between initiation of effort and direction of effort?

A) Initiation of effort is concerned with the choices that people make about how much effort to put forth in their jobs, whereas direction of effort is concerned with the choices that people make in deciding where to put forth effort in their jobs.
B) Initiation of effort is concerned with the choices that people make about how long they will put forth effort in their jobs before reducing or eliminating those efforts, whereas direction of effort is concerned with the choices that people make about how much effort to put forth in their jobs.
C) Initiation of effort is concerned with the amount of expectation a manager holds on the efforts that he or she can expect from an employee, whereas direction of effort is concerned with the accountability of each action taken by an employee toward the achievement of set goals.
D) Initiation of effort is concerned with how much effort an employee puts in when comparing his or her current job prospects with the other available opportunities, whereas direction of effort is concerned with the number of job offers an employee rejects before choosing the one that appears the most appropriate to him or her.

Question 16

In industrial psychology, which of the following equations best represents job performance?

A) Job Performance = (Instrumentality × Situational Constraints)/(Expectancy × Valence)
B) Job Performance = Motivation/(Ability × Effort)
C) Job Performance = Instrumentality × Expectancy × Valence
D) Job Performance = Motivation × Ability × Situational Constraints

Question 17

After retirement, Shawn, the founder and chief executive officer of a multinational corporation, wants to start a charity to help the underprivileged in his home country. In the context of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, this scenario best illustrates Shawn's _____.

A) biological needs
B) physiological needs
C) self-actualization needs
D) safety needs

Question 18

Which of the following defines motivation?

A) It is the abundance or shortage of critical organizational resources in an organization's external environment.
B) It is the attractiveness or desirability of a reward or outcome.
C) It is the set of forces that initiates, directs, and makes people persist in their efforts to accomplish a goal.
D) It is the examination of one's own conscious thoughts and feelings.

Question 19

Marilyn, a human resources associate in a public relations firm, maintains friendly relationships with her colleagues. She prefers to work in groups and tends to avoid conflicts as much as she can. She makes sure that she does not miss opportunities to build close interpersonal relationships with every member in her team. In the context of McClelland's Learned Needs Theory, Marilyn is most likely motivated by the need for _____.

A) affiliation
B) achievement
C) power
D) relatedness

Question 20

Norman, a renowned painter, wants to open a new studio. He also wants to set up art exhibitions in different cities in the United States to display his artwork. In the context of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, this scenario best illustrates Norman's _____.

A) belongingness needs
B) self-actualization needs
C) physiological needs
D) safety needs

Question 21

Lois has been working as an illustrator in a marketing communications company. She is good at her work and knows how to use different illustration software packages. She enjoys her job as she gets to learn new styles of artwork. She is extremely content with her growth in the organization. This scenario best illustrates a(n) _____.

A) persistence reward
B) intrinsic reward
C) tangible reward
D) financial reward

Question 22

Edna, a fashion photographer at a media company, feels demotivated at work because her colleague, Barry, a forensic photographer, gets paid more than her even though he has fewer responsibilities than her. Which of the following theories of motivation does this scenario best illustrate?

A) Expectancy theory
B) Equity theory
C) Alderfer's ERG Theory
D) McClelland's Learned Needs Theory

Question 23

Siddiqi has been a team leader in a company for five years. He was promoted to a managerial role after taking his leadership qualities and his ability to inspire his teammates into consideration. According to McClelland's Learned Needs Theory, Siddiqi was motivated by the _____.

A) need for existence
B) need for power
C) need for belongingness
D) need for safety

Question 24

Edwin has been working as a commissioning editor in a publishing firm for the past two years. To reward him for his excellent performance, the company promotes him to the position of head editor. This scenario best illustrates a(n) _____.

A) monetary reward
B) extrinsic reward
C) natural reward
D) actualization reward

Question 25

Peggy loves her new job as a media planner mainly because she feels that her superiors are fair to her despite her being a new employee. She feels that she is treated at par with other employees of the firm. Which of the following theories of motivation does this scenario illustrate?

A) Expectancy theory
B) McClelland's Learned Needs Theory
C) Alderfer's ERG Theory
D) Equity theory

Question 26

Lori is considered one of the most successful lawyers in Sambatton, a law firm. She likes working on challenging cases and prefers working independently. In the context of McClelland's Learned Needs Theory, Lori is most likely motivated by the need for _____.

A) affiliation
B) achievement
C) power
D) relatedness

Question 27

Jude, a salesman, received a bonus of $1,000 from his employer for meeting his quarterly sales target. This scenario best illustrates a(n) _____.

A) extrinsic reward
B) esteem reward
C) natural reward
D) actualization reward

Question 28

Which of the following is an example of an extrinsic reward?

A) A sense of accomplishment
B) A feeling of responsibility
C) A chance to learn something new
D) A promotion to a higher position

Question 29

McClelland stated in his theory that:

A) people are motivated by their highest unsatisfied need.
B) people can only be motivated by one need at a time.
C) needs are learned, not innate.
D) rewards are tangible, not intangible.

Question 30

Leon, the production manager at a furniture manufacturing company, decides to underperform at work by not meeting his monthly targets. This is because he feels that no matter how well he performs, his incentives are only half of what the marketing manager receives. Which of the following theories of motivation does this scenario illustrate?

A) Expectancy theory
B) Equity theory
C) Alderfer's ERG Theory
D) McClelland's Learned Needs Theory

Question 31

In the context of motivation, identify a difference between lower-order needs and higher-order needs.

A) Lower-order needs are concerned with belongingness, relatedness, and affiliation, whereas higher-order needs are concerned with safety.
B) Unlike higher-order needs, lower-order needs are concerned with influence.
C) Lower-order needs are concerned with physiological and existence requirements, whereas higher-order needs are concerned with esteem, self-actualization, and growth.
D) Unlike higher-order needs, lower-order needs are concerned with challenges and accomplishments.

Question 32

_____ says that people will be motivated at work when they perceive that they are being treated fairly.

A) Contingency theory
B) Goal-setting theory
C) Equity theory
D) Reinforcement theory

Question 33

Miguel is a fashion designer at an apparel company. Despite his seniority in the company, his salary is lower than that of the entry-level fashion designers in the company. As a result, Miguel is looking for another job. Which of the following theories of motivation does this scenario best illustrate?

A) Expectancy theory
B) Alderfer's ERG Theory
C) Equity theory
D) McClelland's Learned Needs Theory

Question 34

Which of the following exemplifies an intrinsic reward?

A) Richard enjoys his job and sees it as a chance to learn something new.
B) Samantha receives a cash reward for good job performance.
C) Dorothy gets promoted at work.
D) Rani receives an annual bonus.

Question 35

Nathan, a civil engineer in a construction company, is one of the best performers in the organization. He is assigned challenging projects by his manager. He delegates low-risk tasks in projects and takes up the high-risk ones. In the context of McClelland's Learned Needs Theory, Nathan is most likely motivated by the need for _____.

A) affiliation
B) relatedness
C) power
D) achievement

Question 36

As the chief innovation officer of a textile firm, Leroy has the ability to motivate employees to work toward organizational goals. He has an entrepreneurial outlook and an adventurous personality. He also has extensive knowledge of the company's products and target audience. In the context of McClelland's Learned Needs Theory, Leroy is most likely motivated by the need for _____.

A) power
B) achievement
C) affiliation
D) relatedness

Question 37

According to Maslow, which of the following is on the top of the hierarchy of needs?

A) Self-actualization needs
B) Physiological needs
C) Self-esteem needs
D) Safety needs

Question 38

Which of the following is a difference between extrinsic rewards and intrinsic rewards?

A) Examples of extrinsic rewards include a sense of accomplishment and a sense of responsibility, whereas examples of intrinsic rewards include pay and promotions.
B) Extrinsic rewards are not visible to others in a company, whereas intrinsic rewards are visible to everyone working in a company.
C) Unlike intrinsic rewards, extrinsic rewards are offered to employees by the management for doing something well.
D) Unlike intrinsic rewards, extrinsic rewards are intangible.

Question 39

Victor, a software engineer, accepted a project for developing an easy-buy application for cell phones. The project had a stringent deadline that other engineers deemed impossible to complete. With proper planning and motivation, Victor was able to develop the application on time. Victor's accomplishment was rewarded with a pay increment. In this scenario, Victor was awarded a(n) _____ for his efforts.

A) intrinsic reward
B) extrinsic reward
C) intangible reward
D) natural reward

Question 40

Although Marvin, a sales manager, did not perform well as a human resource manager, he performs exceptionally well in his current supervisory role. His subordinates complete their tasks despite complaining about his constant supervision and inflexible nature. Marvin's team has been meeting quarterly targets ever since he became the supervisor. In the context of McClelland's Learned Needs Theory, Marvin is most likely motivated by the need for _____.

A) affiliation
B) existence
C) power
D) relatedness

Question 41

According to equity theory, employees compare the rewards they receive from their organization with the contributions they make toward their organization. This comparison is known as the _____.

A) receivables turnover ratio
B) outcome/input ratio
C) interest coverage ratio
D) debt/asset ratio

Question 42

In the context of equity theory, when people perceive that they have been underrewarded, they may try to restore equity by:

A) keeping inputs and outcomes constant.
B) fixing a referent as constant.
C) decreasing outcomes.
D) withholding their inputs.

Question 43

Which of the following steps can managers take to use equity theory to motivate employees?

A) Keeping inputs and outcomes constant
B) Reducing outcomes
C) Reducing employees' inputs
D) Fixing a referent as constant

Question 44

In the context of equity theory, _____ occurs when a referent's outcome/input (O/I) ratio is better than one's own O/I ratio.

A) distributive justice
B) overreward
C) underreward
D) procedural justice

Question 45

Kiara, a waitress, received a salary increment. Even though Kiara's coworkers received a five percent higher increment than her, Kiara perceived the hike to be in line with her performance and experience. In the given scenario, Kiara _____ to restore equity.

A) decreased her inputs
B) increased her outcomes
C) changed her referent
D) rationalized her outcome/input ratio

Question 46

When the employees of a company feel that rewards are fairly allocated, it illustrates _____.

A) distributive justice
B) procedural justice
C) restorative justice
D) retributive justice

Question 47

Ruth, a cashier at a private bank, strongly believes that no matter how much effort she puts in or how many hours she works overtime, she will not be offered a promotion in the next 10 years. In this scenario, Ruth's beliefs are in accordance with _____.

A) expectancy theory
B) equity theory
C) Alderfer's ERG Theory
D) McClelland's Learned Needs Theory

Question 48

Gordon, a bookings coordinator at a leading television channel, has been effectively supporting the work of the post-production personnel in the company. He believes that his efforts would make him eligible for promotion next year. Which of the following theories of motivation does this scenario best illustrate?

A) McClelland's Learned Needs Theory
B) Equity theory
C) Alderfer's ERG Theory
D) Expectancy theory

Question 49

In the context of equity theory, pay, fringe benefits, status symbols, and job titles and assignments are examples of _____.

A) outcomes
B) referents
C) inputs
D) valences

Question 50

_____ says that people will be motivated to the extent to which they believe that their efforts will lead to good performance, that good performance will be rewarded, and that they will be offered attractive rewards.

A) Expectancy theory
B) Temporal motivation theory
C) Herzberg's two-factor theory
D) Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory

Question 51

Derek is a manager. When Pamela, one of Derek's subordinates, was also promoted as a manager, he decided to work overtime so that he could finish more work and receive more incentives than Pamela. Which of the following theories of motivation does this scenario illustrate?

A) Alderfer's ERG Theory
B) Equity theory
C) Expectancy theory
D) Herzberg's two-factor theory

Question 52

Pyramid Inc. conducted its employee performance appraisals. One of the clerks, Fiona, is unsatisfied with her appraisal as she feels that she was underrewarded in comparison with her co-workers, despite her hard work. She is frustrated and tries to talk to her boss about it in the hope that the issue will be resolved. In this scenario, Fiona is trying to _____ to restore equity.

A) increase her inputs
B) increase her outcomes
C) change her referent
D) distort her inputs and outcomes

Question 53

Which of the following is a basic component of equity theory?

A) Valences
B) Referents
C) Situational constraints
D) Goal specificity

Question 54

In the context of equity theory, _____ are the contributions employees make to their organization.

A) outcomes
B) inputs
C) referents
D) valences

Question 55

Jay's motivation to work decreased after he found out that newly recruited sales representatives in his team were receiving twice the pay than what he was getting for the same position. Which of the following theories of motivation does this scenario illustrate?

A) Expectancy theory
B) Herzberg's two-factor theory
C) Alderfer's ERG Theory
D) Equity theory

Question 56

Donna, a senior engineer at Ampersand Inc., often takes out time from her busy schedule to train her subordinates. She hopes that she gets recognized for the hard work she puts in. Which of the following theories of motivation does this scenario illustrate?

A) Expectancy theory
B) Equity theory
C) Alderfer's ERG Theory
D) Herzberg's two-factor theory

Question 57

In the context of equity theory, which of the following is a difference between underreward and overreward?

A) Unlike overreward, in underreward, one gets more outcomes relative to his or her inputs than the referent being considered for comparison.
B) People experience guilt when they perceive that they have been underrewarded, whereas people experience frustration when they perceive that they have been overrewarded.
C) People have a very high tolerance for underreward, whereas people have a very low tolerance for overreward.
D) Unlike overreward, underreward occurs when a referent's outcome/input ratio is better than one's own outcome/input ratio.

Question 58

According to expectancy theory, one of the factors that affects the conscious choices people make about their motivation is _____.

A) equity
B) valence
C) affiliation
D) goal specificity

Question 59

At Ambrinsent, a start-up company, every employee chooses to go through an additional training process before promotion. The employees believe that their improved capabilities after training would be highly rewarded. Which of the following theories of motivation does this scenario illustrate?

A) Expectancy theory
B) Equity theory
C) Alderfer's ERG Theory
D) Herzberg's two-factor theory

Question 60

When people perceive that they have been underrewarded, they tend to:

A) experience anger or frustration.
B) experience guilt.
C) focus on integrating deep-level diversity differences.
D)exhibit high tolerance.

Question 61

Richa, an instrumentation engineer, has been assigned a challenging task of designing a specialized device to sterilize medical equipment. Richa believes that hard work and perseverance will help her perform well and complete the design on time. Her belief turns out to be a factor of motivation for her. As a result, she completes the project by meeting all the requirements on time. In this context, Richa is motivated by _____.

A) instrumentality
B) valence
C) expectancy
D) reinforcement

Question 62

Janet, a senior accountant at a manufacturing company, wanted to get her maternity leave extended by two weeks. Her supervisor rejected her leave application but gave her an option to take three weeks off in the next calendar year. Janet, however, rejected the offer and decided to quit her job. In the context of expectancy theory of motivation, this scenario best illustrates the factor of _____.

A) instrumentality
B) reinforcement
C) valence
D) affiliation

Question 63

The engineers at Westbloc Inc. who failed to complete their tasks on time were asked to work on weekends without additional pay. Which of the following theories of motivation does this scenario best illustrate?

A) Reinforcement theory
B) Equity theory
C) Alderfer's ERG Theory
D) McClelland's Learned Needs Theory

Question 64

A furniture manufacturing company in the city of Capontash has decided to start operations in the underdeveloped island country of Ballowan. None of its operations staff and trainers want to move to Ballowan because the towns there are not as developed as the towns in Capontash. Therefore, the company gives the top 10 best-performing employees of the next quarter an option to not relocate to Ballowan. Which of the following theories of motivation does this scenario best illustrate?

A) Equity theory
B) Reinforcement theory
C) Alderfer's ERG Theory
D) McClelland's Learned Needs Theory

Question 65

After Herman was appointed the chief financial officer of an e-commerce company, the company recorded the highest ever profits. The company's board of directors decides to offer Herman a luxury car so that he would continue his good work and remain with the organization. Which of the following theories of motivation does this scenario best illustrate?

A) Reinforcement theory
B) Equity theory
C) Alderfer's ERG Theory
D) McClelland's Learned Needs Theory

Question 66

Ampertonde, a company that sells consumer durables, decides to take its top 20 best-performing salespeople on a cruise for two weeks. However, the management mandates that the other salespeople who are not among the top 20 will have to report for work during those two weeks. Which of the following theories of motivation does this scenario best illustrate?

A) Reinforcement theory
B) Equity theory
C) Alderfer's ERG Theory
D) McClelland's Learned Needs Theory

Question 67

Identify a step that managers can take to motivate employees using the expectancy theory.

A) Reduce employees' inputs
B) Overreward employees
C) Avoid publicizing the way in which pay decisions are made
D) Empower employees to make decisions

Question 68

In the context of motivation theories, _____ is defined as the process of changing behavior by changing the consequences that follow behavior.

A) job enrichment
B) cronyism
C) reinforcement
D) self-actualization

Question 69

Rick is a machine operator in a plastic manufacturing company. He believes that if he performs better, he will receive more incentives. In the context of expectancy theory of motivation, this scenario best illustrates the factor of _____.

A) instrumentality
B) valence
C) reinforcement
D) affiliation

Question 70

Brent, a waiter at a restaurant, always provides good service to the customers. He believes that his supervisor is fair and hopes that his supervisor would appreciate his performance by giving him a salary hike the next year. In the context of expectancy theory of motivation, this scenario best illustrates the factor of _____.

A) reinforcement
B) valence
C) instrumentality
D) affiliation

Question 71

Which of the following statements is true of reinforcement theory?

A) It says that a behavior is a function of the efforts that go into performing that behavior.
B) Negative reinforcement strengthens behavior by following behaviors with desirable consequences.
C) Positive reinforcement strengthens behavior by withholding an unpleasant consequence when a specific behavior is performed.
D) It says that behaviors followed by negative consequences will occur less frequently.

Question 72

Cynthia, a copy editor at a leading daily newspaper, wants one month's leave from work. Because of tight deadlines, her supervisor attempts to persuade her to cancel her leave by offering her a pay hike. However, Cynthia declines his offer. In the context of expectancy theory of motivation, this scenario best illustrates the factor of _____.

A) instrumentality
B) valence
C) reinforcement
D) affiliation

Question 73

In the context of reinforcement contingencies, which of the following is a difference between positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement?

A) Positive reinforcement strengthens behavior, whereas negative reinforcement weakens behavior.
B) Unlike negative reinforcement, positive reinforcement is also referred to as avoidance learning.
C) Unlike positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement withholds an unpleasant consequence when employees perform a specific behavior.
D) Extinction is a type of positive reinforcement, whereas punishment is a type of negative reinforcement.

Question 74

The human resources department of Mevertyn, a public relations firm, decided to stop giving meal coupons to the employees who come late to office. Which of the following theories of motivation does this scenario best illustrate?

A) McClelland's Learned Needs Theory
B) Equity theory
C) Alderfer's ERG Theory
D) Reinforcement theory

Question 75

Which of the following statements describes positive reinforcement?

A) It strengthens behavior by withholding an unpleasant consequence of a specific behavior.
B) It weakens behavior by following behaviors with undesirable consequences.
C) It strengthens behavior by following behaviors with desirable consequences.
D) It weakens a behavior by making it less likely to occur in future.

Question 76

In the context of expectancy theory, _____ is the perceived relationship between performance and rewards.

A) valence
B) instrumentality
C) reinforcement
D) efficacy

Question 77

Sam is a fashion designer for Flix, an apparel store. He usually goes beyond his primary role of designing clothes to suggesting marketing strategies to the marketing team. This gesture is well appreciated by his supervisor as the company sees an increase in the number of its customers. As a result, the supervisor rewards Sam with a bonus for his good performance. Which of the following theories of motivation does Sam's manager use in this scenario?

A) Contingency theory
B) Systems theory
C) Equity theory
D) Reinforcement theory

Question 78

In the context of reinforcement contingencies, which of the following is a difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?

A) Negative reinforcement weakens behavior, whereas punishment strengthens behavior.
B) Negative reinforcement is also referred to as extinction, whereas punishment is also referred to as avoidance learning.
C) Unlike punishment, negative reinforcement withholds an unpleasant consequence when employees perform a specific behavior.
D) Unlike punishment, negative reinforcement weakens behavior by following behaviors with undesirable consequences.

Question 79

Alex works as an accountant in a pharmaceutical company. His job frequently demands that he work overtime. Lately, his health has been affected because of his workload. Alex is eligible for a promotion. However, the new position would demand longer working hours with double the current salary. Alex values his health over his pay check at the end of the month. In the context of expectancy theory, the demand for longer working hours has a _____ for Alex.

A) negative valence
B) positive valence
C) negative reinforcement
D) positive reinforcement

Question 80

In the context of expectancy theory, which of the following is a difference between expectancy and instrumentality?

A) Unlike instrumentality, when expectancies are strong, employees figure that no matter what they do or how hard they work, they will not be able to perform their jobs successfully, so they do not work harder.
B) Unlike expectancy, when instrumentality is weak, employees believe that improved performance will lead to better and more rewards, so they choose to work harder.
C) Expectancy is the perceived relationship between effort and performance, whereas instrumentality is the perceived relationship between performance and rewards.
D) Expectancy is the attractiveness or desirability of various rewards or outcomes, whereas instrumentality is the perceived relationship between effort and rewards.