Deck 20: Challenges to the Global Environment

Question 1

In his research on US landfill sites,Bullard found that toxic waste facilities were more likely to be located in areas with large __________ and ____________ populations.

A)poor;Aboriginal
B)black;Hispanic
C)black;Southeast Asian
D)Hispanic;undereducated

Answer 1

B

Question 2

__________ suffers from limited water resources.

A)Canada
B)The United States
C)Europe
D)Africa

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What is an example of a systemic barrier to recycling in Canada?

A)Distance from a person's home to the nearest recycling depot
B)Individual denial about the threat of climate change
C)People being too busy to recycle
D)Composting giving off an unpleasant odour

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Recent research shows that greenhouse gas levels are higher today than they have been at any point in the past _____ years.

A)25
B)150
C)500
D)800 000

Question 5

According to the World Health Organization (WHO),close to this percentage of the world's population lives in areas with harmful air pollution.

A)25
B)40
C)50
D)75

Question 6

__________ percent of all diseases in the Global South are water related.

A)Sixty
B)Seventy
C)Eighty
D)Ninety

Question 7

What environmental issue was very apparent during the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing?

A)Water shortages
B)Climate change
C)Air pollution
D)Threats to biodiversity

Question 8

In Canada,climate change will affect the foods and crops we currently grow as __________ and __________ will become more common.

A)lower temperatures;permafrost
B)lower temperatures;drought
C)higher temperatures;drought
D)higher temperatures;permafrost

Question 9

The number of species that exist within a given ecosystem is called its __________ diversity.

A)genetic
B)species
C)eco
D)Anthropocene

Question 10

By increasing the amount of this substance,humans have altered global weather patterns.

A)Greenhouse gases
B)Plastic waste
C)Carbon
D)Genetically modified materials

Question 11

Gulf Coast communities have suffered from the environmental pollution and related health complications caused by the oil refineries that dominate the region,in particular,

A)cancer.
B)premature births.
C)infant mortality.
D)unemployment.

Question 12

Which of the following is not an effect of climate change?

A)Increasing reserves of fossil fuel
B)Altering what farmers can grow
C)Melting the ice caps
D)Thawing permafrost

Question 13

This refers to a community of plants,animals,and smaller organisms that live,feed,reproduce,and interact in the same area.

A)Environment
B)Biosphere
C)Ecosphere
D)Ecosystem

Question 14

The study of the interaction between human society and the physical environment is known as ___________________ sociology.

A)environmental
B)ecological
C)biospheric
D)naturalistic

Question 15

The type of discrimination against minority groups and people from poor countries who are subjected to a disproportionate share of environmental hazards and polluting industries is known as

A)ecological racism.
B)environmental discrimination.
C)environmental racism.
D)racist environmentalism.

Question 16

The view of human beings as separate from,and above,the rest of nature is known as

A)anthropocentrism.
B)ecocentrism.
C)new environmental paradigm.
D)human exemptionalism.

Question 17

Which of the following orientations is in line with anthropocentrism?

A)The physical environment is a warehouse of raw materials to be exploited by humans.
B)The physical environment has an almost sacred and spiritual value;humans are obligated to protect the physical environment.
C)The physical environment is superior and human beings will always be subject to the forces of nature.
D)The physical environment and human beings exist in a harmonious relationship wherein human needs can be achieved without damaging the physical environment.

Question 18

Which of the following factors in Saskatchewan contributes most significantly to Canada's carbon dioxide emissions?

A)Oil and gas extraction
B)High energy consumption
C)Wind energy production
D)Landfills

Question 19

__________ is the view that human social actions occur within an ecosystem that has its own processes and limits.

A)New environmental paradigm
B)New ecological paradigm
C)Human exemptionalism paradigm
D)Ecocentrism

Question 20

The fact that Canadian landfill sites are often located near Aboriginal communities is an example of

A)environmental racism.
B)human exemptionalism paradigm.
C)ecocentrism.
D)anthropocentrism.

Question 21

__________ occurs when companies search in poor or indigenous areas for new biological entities that they can exploit.

A)Bioprospecting
B)Treadmill of production
C)Biocolonialism
D)Biopiracy

Question 22

The idea that the pursuit of human material wealth does not necessarily require the domination of the physical environment is an idea stemming from

A)an economic approach to the environment.
B)deep ecology.
C)sustainable development.
D)scientific approach.

Question 23

An emerging field of research has been investigating __________ as one way to connect people's feelings of citizenry within a larger community with their responsibility to act as stewards of the environment.

A)environmental citizenship
B)biocolonialism
C)ecofeminism
D)the new ecological paradigm

Question 24

__________ challenge patriarchal assumptions,argue that gender roles are learned and therefore open to change,and promote human ideals for all people.

A)Ecofeminists
B)Cultural ecofeminists
C)Treadmill of production theorists
D)Ecological modernization theorists

Question 25

In his environmental sociology paper,Kiel suggests that Stephen Harper is more interested in helping the oil companies make money than in protecting the environment.He is (or should be!)drawing upon which theory?

A)Ecological modernization
B)Deep ecology
C)Ecofeminism
D)Treadmill of production

Question 26

Self-realization that a person is connected with all living things around him or her is a premise of

A)bioprospecting.
B)the new ecological paradigm.
C)ecofeminism.
D)deep ecology.

Question 27

According to this theory,capitalism's insatiable quest for profits and economic expansion is at odds with protecting the environment.

A)Treadmill of production
B)Sustainable development
C)Environmental regulation
D)Ecological modernization

Question 28

In June 2008,this country became the world's first to be brought to court for failing to meet its obligations under the Kyoto Protocol.

A)United States
B)Canada
C)China
D)Afghanistan

Question 29

_____ refers to the number of species in an ecosystem.

A)Genetic diversity
B)Ecosystem diversity
C)Species diversity
D)Biodiversity

Question 30

One of the primary causes of global warming is

A)industrialization.
B)methane.
C)deforestation.
D)carbon emissions.

Question 31

__________ is the belief that economic development can occur without damaging the environment.

A)Sustainable development
B)The alternative environmental paradigm
C)The new ecological paradigm
D)The treadmill of production

Question 32

When a company searches for new sources of chemical compounds,genes,enzymes,proteins,and/or microorganisms in order to exploit their economic potential,that company is engaging in

A)deep ecology.
B)biopiracy.
C)bioprospecting.
D)biocolonialism.

Question 33

Ecofeminists argue that modern patriarchal society devalues both __________ and __________.

A)women;the environment
B)women;capitalism
C)the environment;capitalism
D)capitalism;ecological diversity

Question 34

The idea that cultural accumulation over time suggests that progress is unlimited and therefore that all social problems are solvable is part of what paradigm?

A)New environmental paradigm
B)New ecological paradigm
C)Human exemptionalism paradigm
D)Ecocentric view

Question 35

An ecofeminist would most likely argue that the oppression of women and the destruction of the environment are both products of a(n)______________orientation to the social and physical worlds.

A)capitalist
B)misogynist
C)ethnocentric
D)masculine

Question 36

__________ is the unauthorized appropriation of traditional biological and genetic knowledge,resources,and practices of indigenous peoples.

A)Bioprospecting
B)Biocolonialism
C)Biopiracy
D)Deep ecology

Question 37

According to theorists coming from this perspective,once the demand for environmentally friendly products increases,capitalists will rush to fill this need as an inevitable result of the free market.

A)Ecological modernization
B)Treadmill of production
C)Deep ecology
D)Sustainable development

Question 38

Since the time in which climate change and greenhouse gas emissions became headline news in 1997,Canada's production of greenhouse gases has

A)decreased significantly.
B)decreased slightly.
C)remained the same.
D)increased.

Question 39

Widespread public interest in environmental issues predominated the

A)1990s.
B)1980s.
C)1970s.
D)1960s.

Question 40

The dominant social paradigm is based on

A)environmental racism.
B)capitalism.
C)ecocentrism.
D)anthropocentrism.

Question 41

Which of the following is not a reason for the sociology of food becoming such a popular area of scholarship?

A)Growing interest in the West to know where our food is coming from
B)Growing recognition that our diets are slowly killing us
C)Questions regarding how the food supply is regulated and governed
D)Questions regarding the impact of climate change on food supply and pricing

Question 42

What is not emphasized by the new environmental paradigm?

A)The opposition toward an anthropocentric view
B)That human social actions occur within an ecosystem
C)That modern industrial society is beginning to exceed the limits of the environment
D)That the physical environment is viewed as a warehouse of raw materials to be exploited

Question 43

Paul Crutzen coined the term

A)Pleistocene.
B)Anthropocene.
C)Palaeocene.
D)Pliocene.

Question 44

Some experts suggest that the next world war will be fought over

A)fresh water.
B)oil and gas.
C)environmental policies.
D)pollution.

Question 45

In 2008,Canadian households produced

A)85 million tonnes of waste.
B)26 million tonnes of waste.
C)67 million tonnes of waste.
D)8.5 million tonnes of waste.

Question 46

Which is not part of the five principles of environmental justice proposed by Bullard?

A)To prevent harm before it occurs
B)To redress existing inequities
C)To shift the burden of proof to polluters
D)To minimize economic downturns

Question 47

In 2008,about _________of all waste in Canadian landfills was generated by households.

A)one-half
B)one-third
C)two-thirds
D)one-quarter

Question 48

The new environmental paradigm was began by

A)Catton and Dunlap.
B)Schneider.
C)Hannigan.
D)Bell.

Question 49

Which one of the following is not a part of what biologists identify as the three central impacts of climate change on biodiversity?

A)Individual species extinction
B)Destruction of ecosystems
C)Forced species migration
D)Global warming

Question 50

While greenhouse gases naturally vary over time,the latest increase is assumed to be the result of

A)industrialization and population growth.
B)the hole in the ozone layer.
C)increased pollution by China and India.
D)Canada's refusal to abide by the Kyoto Protocol.

Question 51

New forestry practices that log without clear-cutting or destroying the natural habitat are an example of

A)the alternative environmental paradigm.
B)sustainable development.
C)bioprospecting.
D)environmental sustainability.

Question 52

____ advocate(s)for smaller,nonhierarchical,decentralized societies.

A)The alternative environmental paradigm
B)Deep ecologists
C)Ecofeminists
D)Sustainable development

Question 53

By 2100,researchers estimate that _____ percent of northern permafrost will disappear.

A)60
B)70
C)80
D)90

Question 54

Twenty-five percent of the world's population live in areas with

A)a shortage of water.
B)threats to biodiversity.
C)air pollution.
D)extreme climate change.

Question 55

Scientists believe that there are between ____ and ____ million species on Earth,and that between ____ and ____ percent of them are located in tropical forests.

A)10 and 40,50 and 80
B)10 and 30,50 and 90
C)10 and 20,50 and 70
D)10 and 50,50 and 60

Question 56

What book became a national bestseller and was instrumental in changing environmental policies?

A)Dumping in Dixie
B)An Inconvenient Truth
C)Chemical Valley
D)Erin Brockovich

Question 57

_____ refers to the number and variety of habitats for organisms within a geographic area.

A)Genetic diversity
B)Species diversity
C)Ecosystem diversity
D)Biodiversity

Question 58

When natural matter,such as vegetation,soils,and oceans,absorbs more carbon than it emits,it is referred to as

A)carbon credit.
B)carbon deficit.
C)carbon sink.
D)carbon source.

Question 59

The expansion on Aboriginal peoples' land has been referred to as

A)environmental racism.
B)biocolonialism.
C)a treadmill of destruction.
D)bioprospecting.

Question 60

Over the past 200 years concentrations of carbon dioxide have increased by

A)30 percent.
B)40 percent.
C)50 percent.
D)60 percent.

Question 61

Janice is a microbiologist studying tiny organisms and notes that there has been a vast change in the variety and activity of many of these organisms due to human activity in the geographical areas where she is doing her research.This confirms Crutzen's approach,which is known as

A)ecosystem diversity.
B)genetic diversity.
C)species diversity.
D)Anthropocene.

Question 62

Many Aboriginal groups in Canada have fought to protect their lands from the environmental devastation caused by resource extraction and industrial expansion.They are trying to prevent

A)biocolonialism.
B)the treadmill of destruction.
C)biopiracy.
D)bioprospecting.

Question 63

Some forestry companies are now practising forestry techniques that involve selective cutting and habitat protection rather than clear-cutting and replanting.This is consistent with

A)sustainable development.
B)the dominant social paradigm.
C)the alternative environmental paradigm.
D)environmental racism.

Question 64

The increasing demand by Canadian consumers for more green products that do not harm the environment when used is consistent with

A)ecofeminism.
B)the treadmill of production theory.
C)ecological modernization theory.
D)the dominant social paradigm.

Question 65

Looking at the environmental issues that Canada is currently facing,which one of the following currently contributes to the highest health-care costs?

A)Fresh water supply
B)Air pollution
C)Solid waste
D)Population growth/urbanization

Question 66

If you work for a company and are just as concerned with your environmental impact and social responsibility as you are with its financial performance,you ascribe to the

A)new ecological paradigm.
B)human exemptionalism paradigm.
C)triple bottom line.
D)new environmental paradigm.

Question 67

When asked to reduce the pollution it was producing as a result of its rapid industrialization,China refused,stating that such pollution was a necessary byproduct of the country's rapidly growing economy.This is consistent with

A)sustainable development.
B)the dominant social paradigm.
C)the alternative environmental paradigm.
D)environmental racism.

Question 68

The marketing of a new product based on Aboriginal traditional medicine and healing techniques without Aboriginals' knowledge or authorization is known as

A)deep ecology.
B)biocolonialism.
C)bioprospecting.
D)biopiracy.

Question 69

Although all closely related,which approach is the most ecocentric of the following environmental approaches?

A)New ecological paradigm
B)Human exemptionalism paradigm
C)Triple bottom line
D)New environmental paradigm

Question 70

Stephen Harper's support of the Enbridge Gas Pipeline project along the northwest coast of Canada despite the overwhelming evidence of environmental threat and lack of sustainability is consistent with

A)ecofeminism.
B)the treadmill of production theory.
C)ecological modernization theory.
D)the alternative environmental paradigm.

Question 71

If the US were ever to invade Canada to gain control of one of our natural resources,it would likely be over

A)fish.
B)fresh water.
C)oil and gas.
D)lumber.

Question 72

Mark is studying the land and marine habitats of Haida Gwaii as it is believed that this chain of islands escaped the last ice age and therefore has unique species that exist nowhere else in the world.Mark is therefore studying

A)ecosystem diversity.
B)genetic diversity.
C)species diversity.
D)Anthropocene.

Question 73

Given that 85 percent of Canada's population now live in cities,compared with only 50 percent before World War II,which of the following issues is likely to affect Canada the most in the future?

A)Fresh water supply
B)Air pollution
C)Solid waste
D)Population growth/urbanization

Question 74

In many Aboriginal communities,government-built homes are not built to correct health standards,often resulting in the growth of toxic mold within a few years of completion.This is an example of

A)biocolonialism.
B)the treadmill of destruction.
C)the human footprint.
D)environmental racism.

Question 75

Brenda travels around the world studying the changes to the environment as a result of human activity.Her focus of study is therefore

A)the human footprint.
B)ecosystem diversity.
C)genetic diversity.
D)species diversity.