Deck 7: Motivation Concepts

Question 1

Which level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs deals with satisfying one's hunger, thirst, and other bodily needs?

A) safety-security
B) physiological
C) social
D) esteem
E) psychological

Answer 1

B
Explanation: Maslow hypothesized that within every human being there exists a hierarchy of five needs. The lowest, most basic needs are physiological. They include hunger, thirst, shelter, sex, and other bodily needs.

Question 2

Which of the following theories proposes the idea of a dual continuum?

A) Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory
B) self-determination theory
C) two-factor theory
D) cognitive evaluation theory
E) McClelland's theory of needs

Answer 2

C
Explanation: Frederick Herzberg postulated the two-factor theory and proposed a dual continuum: The opposite of "satisfaction" is "no satisfaction," and the opposite of "dissatisfaction" is "no dissatisfaction."

Question 3

The level of motivation varies both between individuals and within individuals at different times.

Answer 3

True
Explanation: The level of motivation varies both between individuals and within individuals at different times.

Question 4

The ________ dimension of motivation measures how long a person can maintain effort.

A) direction
B) persistence
C) intensity
D) knowledge
E) experience

Question 5

Motivation is defined as the processes that account for an individual's intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.

Question 6

The church you go to every Sunday is made up of people who have very different lifestyles and are at different stages in their life. Joanna is a 23-year-old single parent who works for minimum wage and shifts from motel to motel for accommodation. Josephine is a single, 45-year-old woman who earns a decent salary and has few interests and friends outside her office. Jonathan is 60 years old, extremely wealthy, has a loving family, and enjoys his work. You have decided to apply Maslow's hierarchy of needs to determine what motivates each of these individuals.
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following is a lower level need?

A) social-belongingness
B) safety-security
C) esteem
D) self-actualization
E) recognition

Question 7

According to the two-factor theory proposed by Herzberg, which of the following is considered a hygiene factor?

A) promotional opportunities
B) quality of supervision
C) achievement
D) recognition
E) responsibility

Question 8

The church you go to every Sunday is made up of people who have very different lifestyles and are at different stages in their life. Joanna is a 23-year-old single parent who works for minimum wage and shifts from motel to motel for accommodation. Josephine is a single, 45-year-old woman who earns a decent salary and has few interests and friends outside her office. Jonathan is 60 years old, extremely wealthy, has a loving family, and enjoys his work. You have decided to apply Maslow's hierarchy of needs to determine what motivates each of these individuals.
Which of the following needs would most likely motivate Joanna?

A) social
B) esteem
C) physiological
D) self-actualization
E) safety-security

Question 9

Describe the three key elements in the definition of motivation.

Question 10

Which of the following is a motivational factor according to Herzberg's two-factor theory?

A) quality of supervision
B) recognition
C) pay
D) relationships with others
E) company policies

Question 11

The church you go to every Sunday is made up of people who have very different lifestyles and are at different stages in their life. Joanna is a 23-year-old single parent who works for minimum wage and shifts from motel to motel for accommodation. Josephine is a single, 45-year-old woman who earns a decent salary and has few interests and friends outside her office. Jonathan is 60 years old, extremely wealthy, has a loving family, and enjoys his work. You have decided to apply Maslow's hierarchy of needs to determine what motivates each of these individuals.
Which of the following needs would most motivate Jonathan?

A) social-belongingness
B) esteem
C) physiological
D) self-actualization
E) safety-security

Question 12

According to the two-factor theory, ________.

A) there exists a hierarchy of needs within every human being, and as each need is satisfied, the next one becomes dominant
B) most employees inherently dislike work and must therefore be directed or even coerced into performing it
C) employees view work as being as natural as rest or play, and therefore learn to accept, and even seek, responsibility
D) the aspects that lead to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction
E) achievement, power, and affiliation are three important needs that help explain motivation

Question 13

The ________ theory is also called motivation-hygiene theory.

A) hierarchy of needs
B) goal-setting
C) self-determination
D) cognitive evaluation
E) two-factor

Question 14

The ________ element of motivation describes how hard a person tries.

A) intelligence
B) experience
C) direction
D) intensity
E) persistence

Question 15

The church you go to every Sunday is made up of people who have very different lifestyles and are at different stages in their life. Joanna is a 23-year-old single parent who works for minimum wage and shifts from motel to motel for accommodation. Josephine is a single, 45-year-old woman who earns a decent salary and has few interests and friends outside her office. Jonathan is 60 years old, extremely wealthy, has a loving family, and enjoys his work. You have decided to apply Maslow's hierarchy of needs to determine what motivates each of these individuals.
Which of the following is the highest level need in Maslow's theory?

A) self-actualization
B) safety-security
C) social-belongingness
D) esteem
E) physiological

Question 16

Why is Maslow's theory criticized?

A) The concept of self-actualization was unfounded.
B) There is little evidence that needs are structured or operate in the way it describes.
C) The esteem need is a more powerful motivator than self-actualization.
D) Its terminology tends to alienate those to whom it is applied.
E) It does not adequately describe how an organization can satisfy higher-order needs.

Question 17

The church you go to every Sunday is made up of people who have very different lifestyles and are at different stages in their life. Joanna is a 23-year-old single parent who works for minimum wage and shifts from motel to motel for accommodation. Josephine is a single, 45-year-old woman who earns a decent salary and has few interests and friends outside her office. Jonathan is 60 years old, extremely wealthy, has a loving family, and enjoys his work. You have decided to apply Maslow's hierarchy of needs to determine what motivates each of these individuals.
Which of the following needs in Maslow's hierarchy refers to the drive to become what one is capable of becoming?

A) social-belongingness
B) self-actualization
C) physiological
D) esteem
E) safety-security

Question 18

________ is defined as the processes that account for an individual's intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.

A) Leadership
B) Management
C) Learning
D) Emotional labor
E) Motivation

Question 19

According to Herzberg, when ________ are adequate, people won't be dissatisfied, but they will also not be satisfied.

A) achievement needs
B) affiliation needs
C) motivational factors
D) power needs
E) hygiene factors

Question 20

The church you go to every Sunday is made up of people who have very different lifestyles and are at different stages in their life. Joanna is a 23-year-old single parent who works for minimum wage and shifts from motel to motel for accommodation. Josephine is a single, 45-year-old woman who earns a decent salary and has few interests and friends outside her office. Jonathan is 60 years old, extremely wealthy, has a loving family, and enjoys his work. You have decided to apply Maslow's hierarchy of needs to determine what motivates each of these individuals.
Which of the following needs would most likely motivate Josephine?

A) social-belongingness
B) esteem
C) physiological
D) self-actualization
E) safety-security

Question 21

Erika wants to become the head of the HR department. Although the role comes with a generous salary hike and will put her in charge of several subordinates, she is mainly pursuing this position because she believes she can do the job better than anyone else and wants people to know this. According to McClelland's theory of needs, which of the following needs is Erika primarily driven by in this case?

A) the need for stability
B) the need for achievement
C) the need for security
D) the need for affiliation
E) the need for power

Question 22

McClelland's theory of needs has received little research support, particularly when cultural dimensions are considered.

Question 23

Explain the similarities between Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory and McClelland's theory of needs.

Question 24

Which of following needs best corresponds to McClelland's need for affiliation?

A) safety-security
B) interpersonal relationships
C) esteem
D) self-actualization
E) physiological belongingness

Question 25

You manage a department of five employees. You have identified that Joe has a high need for achievement, Mary has a high need for power, and Tim has a high need for affiliation. Sarah scored high on the need for power and low on the need for affiliation. Doug scored low on both need for power and need for affiliation.
Which of these five employees is most suitable for handling your responsibilities when you are on vacation?

A) Joe
B) Mary
C) Tim
D) Sarah
E) Doug

Question 26

Which of the following theories proposes that people prefer to feel they have control over their actions, so anything that makes a previously enjoyed task feel more like an obligation than a freely chosen activity will undermine motivation?

A) self-serving theory
B) motivation-hygiene theory
C) two-factor theory
D) self-determination theory
E) goal setting theory

Question 27

Which of the following statements is true regarding goal-setting theory?

A) Goal commitment is more likely when individuals have an external locus of control.
B) Externally generated feedback is more powerful than self-generated feedback.
C) Generalized goals produce a higher level of output than specific goals.
D) People do better when they get feedback on how well they are progressing toward their goals.
E) Assigned goals generate greater goal commitment in low rather than high power-distance cultures.

Question 28

According to Herzberg, the opposite of "satisfaction" is "dissatisfaction."

Question 29

The two-factor theory has been well supported in research and is very much in use in research in Asia.

Question 30

The concept of ________ considers how strongly people's reasons for pursuing goals are consistent with their interests and core values.

A) self-serving bias
B) self-fulfilling prophecy
C) self-concordance
D) self-actualization
E) self-efficacy

Question 31

You manage a department of five employees. You have identified that Joe has a high need for achievement, Mary has a high need for power, and Tim has a high need for affiliation. Sarah scored high on the need for power and low on the need for affiliation. Doug scored low on both need for power and need for affiliation.
Which of these five employees is most likely to be suitable for a new assignment that involves a high degree of personal responsibility and feedback?

A) Joe
B) Mary
C) Tim
D) Sarah
E) Doug

Question 32

Which of the following statements is true regarding the cognitive evaluation theory?

A) People need extrinsic rewards in order to be motivated.
B) Extrinsic rewards tend to reduce intrinsic interest in a task.
C) Intrinsic rewards are almost as effective as extrinsic rewards.
D) Externally imposed standards of work largely improve intrinsic motivation.
E) Extrinsic rewards, including verbal praise, significantly decrease intrinsic motivation.

Question 33

Which of the following statements is true according to McClelland's theory of needs?

A) People with a high achievement need prefer tasks that have a high level of risk.
B) People with a high achievement need are interested in motivating others to do well.
C) People with a high need for power and affiliation often make good managers in large firms.
D) People with a high achievement need experience great satisfaction from success that comes by luck.
E) People with a high need for power and a low need for affiliation often make the best managers.

Question 34

McClelland's theory is based on which of the following needs?

A) stability, growth, and security
B) achievement, power, and affiliation
C) self-actualization, stability, and safety-security
D) hygiene, control, and security
E) control, status, and self-actualization

Question 35

Compared to Maslow's hierarchy, the needs described in McClelland's theory of needs are more akin to motivating factors than strict needs for survival.

Question 36

Briefly explain Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory.

Question 37

Rachel's parents used to pay her an allowance every week to feed the cats and to do a few other chores around the house. However, once her mother lost her job, her parents stopped giving her an allowance. Although Rachel quit making her bed every morning, she still continued to feed the cats. Which of the following best explains why Rachel continues to feed the cats?

A) Without the extrinsic reward, the task itself is eliminated.
B) With the extrinsic reward, the execution of the task relies on internal motivation.
C) Without the intrinsic reward, the execution of the task relies on external motivation.
D) Without the extrinsic reward, the execution of the task relies on internal motivation.
E) With the intrinsic reward, the execution of the task relies on external motivation.

Question 38

Self-determination theory proposes that in addition to being driven by a need for autonomy, people seek ways to achieve ________.

A) competence and positive connections
B) high rewards
C) recognition and status
D) career growth
E) power and control

Question 39

Explain how a manager motivates employees with reference to Herzberg's two-factor theory.

Question 40

McClelland's theory of needs proposes that the factors that lead to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction.

Question 41

________ refers to an individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.

A) Emotional contagion
B) Affect intensity
C) Self-efficacy
D) Self-determination
E) Reinforcement

Question 42

A prevention (but not a promotion) focus is related to higher levels of ________.

A) citizenship behavior
B) innovation
C) safety performance
D) task performance
E) technology

Question 43

Unlike in the case of goal-setting theory, MBO strongly advocates ________.

A) self-generated feedback
B) explicit time periods
C) jointly set goals
D) independent tasks
E) specific performance objectives

Question 44

One of the sources of self-efficacy is ________, becoming more confident because you see someone else doing the task.

A) arousal
B) enactive mastery
C) visualization
D) vicarious modeling
E) verbal persuasion

Question 45

Which of the following ways of increasing self-efficacy is generally used by motivational speakers?

A) arousal
B) enactive mastery
C) focused training
D) vicarious modeling
E) verbal persuasion

Question 46

Which of the following sources of increasing self-efficacy involves gaining relevant experience with a particular task or job?

A) verbal persuasion
B) enactive mastery
C) vicarious modeling
D) arousal
E) cognitive learning

Question 47

Assigned goals appear to generate greater goal commitment in low-power cultures than in high power-distance cultures.

Question 48

Explain what an MBO program is and discuss the common elements of MBO programs and goal-setting theory.

Question 49

According to goal-setting theory, goals are more likely to have a stronger impact on performance when ________.

A) goals have long time frames for completion
B) tasks are complex rather than simple
C) tasks are novel rather than well learned
D) goals are easy rather than difficult
E) tasks are independent rather than interdependent

Question 50

A self-regulation strategy that involves striving for goals through advancement and accomplishment is the prevention focus.

Question 51

People who pursue goals for intrinsic reasons are more likely to attain their goals and are happy even if they do not.

Question 52

Why are people motivated by challenging goals?

Question 53

According to goal-setting theory, a specific goal will produce a higher level of output than a generalized goal.

Question 54

MBO emphasizes goals that are ________.

A) tangible, verifiable, and measurable
B) achievable, controllable, and profitable
C) inspirational, verifiable, and creative
D) tangible, rewarding, and assigned
E) profitable, attainable, and self-set

Question 55

According to Albert Bandura, the most important source of increasing self-efficacy is ________.

A) arousal
B) vicarious modeling
C) verbal persuasion
D) enactive mastery
E) cognitive learning

Question 56

The Pygmalion effect is based on the concept of ________.

A) cognitive evaluation theory
B) self-concordance
C) self-fulfilling prophecy
D) self-determination
E) evaluation theory

Question 57

MBO provides individual employees with ________.

A) personal performance objectives
B) greater work supervision
C) predefined targets
D) generalized feedback
E) clear-cut growth paths

Question 58

With reference to the four sources of self-efficacy as proposed by Albert Bandura, verbal persuasion involves becoming more confident ________.

A) because you have gained relevant experience with the particular task or job
B) because you see someone else doing the particular task or job
C) because someone convinces you that you have the skills necessary to be successful
D) because you are rewarded for performing a similar task well
E) because you get energized or "psyched up" to perform the particular task or job

Question 59

Explain what self-determination theory suggests about providing rewards.

Question 60

The ________ theory is also known as the social cognitive theory or the social learning theory.

A) two-factor
B) self-determination
C) goal-setting
D) self-efficacy
E) reinforcement

Question 61

The concept of operant conditioning is a part of the broader concept of ________, which argues that behavior follows stimuli in a relatively unthinking manner.

A) equity theory
B) expectancy theory
C) cognitive behavioral therapy
D) behaviorism
E) humanism

Question 62

What is self-efficacy?

Question 63

The proponents of reinforcement theory view behavior as ________.

A) the result of a cognitive process
B) environmentally caused
C) a reflection of the inner state of the individual
D) a function of one's power need
E) a product of heredity

Question 64

Helen, a high school teacher, wants her students to actively participate more in class. She has decided to use reinforcement theory to get the required results. Which of the following methods is she most likely to use?

A) She is going to call on students who never participate.
B) She is going to yell at students, telling them that they are not making good grades.
C) She is going to ask the students that always participate to allow the others to have a chance.
D) She is going to model what active participation should look like at the beginning of class.
E) She is going to give students an extra mark each time that they contribute.

Question 65

To get the best results while using reinforcement theory, rewards should be ________.

A) small and given only once
B) large and given at irregular intervals
C) given prior to the desired behavior response
D) given immediately following the desired behavior
E) presented publicly with a large number of witnesses

Question 66

If a manager incorrectly assumes that all employees want the same thing, then according to the expectancy theory, it is most likely to result in a weak ________ relationship.

A) performance-achievement
B) effort-performance
C) performance-reward
D) rewards-personal goals
E) effort-satisfaction

Question 67

In the context of social learning, explain the four processes that determine a model's influence on an individual.

Question 68

The best way for a manager to use verbal persuasion is through the ________, a form of self-fulfilling prophecy in which believing something can make it true.

A) confirmation bias
B) Pygmalion effect
C) anchoring bias
D) framing effect
E) Electra complex

Question 69

With reference to the expectancy theory, which of the following examples indicates a weak rewards-personal goals relationship?

A) An employee lacks the skills required to reach the desired performance level.
B) An organization's appraisal system assesses nonperformance factors such as creativity and initiative.
C) An organization rewards its employees based on factors such as seniority and skill level.
D) An employee believes that his manager does not like him and hence expects a poor appraisal.
E) An employee works hard in order to be relocated to the Paris office but instead is transferred to Beijing.

Question 70

Expectancy theory predicts employees will exert a high level of effort if they perceive a strong relationship between effort and performance, performance and rewards, and rewards and satisfaction of personal goals.

Question 71

What are the four ways of increasing self-efficacy as proposed by Albert Bandura?

Question 72

A(n) ________ is any consequence immediately following a response that increases the probability that the behavior will be repeated.

A) conclusion
B) reinforcer
C) goal
D) objective
E) referent

Question 73

Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.

Question 74

Feedback influences self-efficacy.

Question 75

The Pygmalion effect is not a form of self-fulfilling prophecy in which believing something can make it true.

Question 76

In equity theory, individuals assess the ________.

A) cost-benefit ratio
B) efficiency-effectiveness trade-off
C) quantity-quality trade-off
D) outcome-input ratio
E) quality of outcome

Question 77

George is trying to teach his two-year old son to gently caress their cat. George softly strokes the animal and every time his son does the same, he rewards him with kind words like "good job!" The child is very attentive during the process and claps his hands when his father praises him. However, as soon as George leaves, the boy lunges for the cat and grabs it by the tail. Which process of social-learning theory is failing?

A) attentional processes
B) justification processes
C) retention processes
D) motor reproduction processes
E) reinforcement processes

Question 78

________ argues that people learn to behave to get something they want or to avoid something they don't want.

A) Theory Y
B) Theory X
C) Social cognitive theory
D) Operant conditioning theory
E) McClelland's theory of needs

Question 79

According to social learning theory, which of the following processes demonstrates whether an individual is capable of performing the modeled activities?

A) attentional process
B) retention process
C) motor reproduction process
D) reinforcement process
E) motivation process

Question 80

What are the three relationships in Vroom's expectancy theory?