Deck 13: Power and Politics

Question 1

Which of the following statements is true regarding power?

A) A is said to have power over B if B controls something that A desires.
B) The greater A's dependence on B, the greater A's power in the relationship.
C) If A has the capacity to influence the behavior of B, then A is said to have power over B.
D) A can have power over B only if A is B's leader.
E) A can have power over B only when A and B have similar goals.

Answer 1

C
Explanation: If A has the capacity to influence the behavior of B, then A is said to have power over B. The most important aspect of power is that it is a function of dependence. The greater B's dependence on A, the greater A's power in the relationship.

Question 2

For a power situation to exist, one person or group needs to have control over resources the other person or group values.

Answer 2

True
Explanation: For a power situation to exist, one person or group needs to have control over resources the other person or group values. This is usually the case in established leadership situations. However, power relationships are possible in all areas of life, and power can be obtained in many ways.

Question 3

In the last one week, May and Phyllis have been putting in extra hours at work so that the project assigned to them is completed on time. Though the manager was due to assign two more people to this project, he had not done so and, instead, was emphasizing to employees the importance of adhering to the needs of the department in regard to workload. As a result, May and Phyllis, who had double their routine workload, complained to the division manager. May was promptly suspended from work for complaining about her immediate supervisor. This scenario describes ________ power.

A) reward
B) legitimate
C) coercive
D) expert
E) referent

Answer 3

C
Explanation: The coercive power base depends on fear of the negative results from failing to comply. At the organizational level, A has coercive power over B if A can dismiss, suspend, or demote B, assuming B values his or her job.

Question 4

Which of the following types of power can be categorized as personal power?

A) coercive
B) legitimate
C) reward
D) referent
E) positional

Question 5

Which of the following is something that often differentiates power from leadership?

A) lack of dependence of followers
B) use of positive styles over negative tactics
C) downward influence of leader on followers
D) lack of goal compatibility between leaders and followers
E) lack of control on behavior of followers

Question 6

Unlike power, leadership requires some degree of goal compatibility.

Question 7

Research on power is likely to provide information on the most effective ________.

A) leadership styles for motivating followers
B) methods to reduce dependence on leaders
C) tactics for gaining compliance of employees
D) methods of rewarding successful employees
E) modes of assessing employee performance

Question 8

Which of the following is a differentiating factor between power and leadership?

A) control
B) influence
C) ability
D) goal compatibility
E) negative affect

Question 9

________ power is influence wielded as a result of proficiency, special skill, or knowledge.

A) Legitimate
B) Reward
C) Referent
D) Expert
E) Coercive

Question 10

If you want a college degree and have to pass a certain course to get it, and your current instructor is the only faculty member in the college who teaches the course, she has power over you.

Question 11

Define power.

Question 12

The two general groupings into which power may be categorized are ________.

A) informational and personal
B) formal and informal
C) informal and legitimate
D) formal and personal
E) direct and indirect

Question 13

Which of the following statements is true regarding legitimate power?

A) Legitimate power develops out of admiration of another and a desire to be like that person.
B) Legitimate power comes from an individual's unique characteristics.
C) Legitimate power is broader than the power to coerce and reward.
D) Celebrities who endorse products in commercials wield legitimate power over people.
E) Legitimate power is a type of personal power.

Question 14

________ power represents the compliance that is achieved based on the ability to distribute positive benefits that others view as valuable.

A) Legitimate
B) Coercive
C) Reward
D) Personal
E) Reflective

Question 15

Which of the following is true with regard to leadership?

A) It maximizes the importance of lateral and upward influence patterns.
B) It eliminates the requirement of goal compatibility.
C) It stimulates research in the area of tactics of influence.
D) It focuses on downward influence on followers.
E) It encourages dependence of followers on leaders.

Question 16

Contrast leadership and power.

Question 17

Legitimate power is directly based on ________.

A) charisma of the leader
B) interpersonal trust and commitment of the manager
C) structural position of the manager in the organization
D) personality traits of the manager
E) ability of the manager to serve his or her subordinates

Question 18

Power is a function of ________.

A) goal congruency
B) realization
C) inheritance
D) dependence
E) altruism

Question 19

As a regional sales officer, one of Brandon's job responsibilities is to process the yearly appraisal forms of his subordinates and provide them with increments, bonuses, or benefits based on their performance that year. This job responsibility directly reflects his ________.

A) active power
B) expert power
C) referent power
D) reward power
E) coercive power

Question 20

________ power is based on the fear of the negative results from failing to comply.

A) Legitimate
B) Coercive
C) Punitive
D) Referent
E) Abusive

Question 21

Will Paten is the manager of a team of twelve people in the marketing division of Palmer Inc. Will, who has been working in the company for eleven years, is held in high regard and liked by all his colleagues and subordinates. However, Aaron and Abby, two of his subordinates, are noted for frequently flouting his rules and directives. They continue behaving in this manner even after Will had categorically requested them to refrain from upsetting the momentum of the team. Which of the following, if true, would best explain Aaron and Abby's continued noncompliance with Will's requests?

A) The promotions and bonuses of the team members depend heavily on Will's performance ratings.
B) The company had provided Will with additional duties, and he was left with little time to ensure that his team members performed well.
C) Will believes that since the job demands in marketing are ambiguous and ever-changing, a supportive approach to leadership would suffice.
D) Will is uncomfortable exercising coercive measures to control employees.
E) Will is considered an expert at analyzing market trends and making accurate projections about demand and revenue.

Question 22

At the PR firm where Gerald works, everyone considers him to be very good with his work and depends heavily on his knowledge to help the organization to solve its problems. Gerald is often seen teaching interns a simpler way to present an article, helping project managers with scheduling, and even the CEO often asks him for his opinion on important matters because of his experience and skill. Gerald's specialized knowledge depicts his ________.

A) expert power
B) coercive power
C) legitimate power
D) referent power
E) reward power

Question 23

When the contract with one of their major suppliers was about to expire, the management of Pierre and Collins began seeking tenders from potential vendors. One of the top management executives, Todd Hughes, wanted the contract to go to a vendor he personally knew. In order to do so, he held separate discussions with two key members of the organization wherein he downplayed the potentials of the competing tenders and convinced them to support this offer. At the meeting to finalize a supplier, Todd and his supporters strongly supported the tender of the supplier they had chosen amongst themselves and convinced their CEO to hire this supplier despite the higher price quoted by him. Which of the following power tactics is being used here?

A) ingratiation
B) legitimacy
C) coalition
D) pressure
E) inspirational appeals

Question 24

Which of the following types of power is most likely to be negatively related to employee satisfaction and commitment?

A) expert power
B) reward power
C) legitimate power
D) coercive power
E) referent power

Question 25

One tool to assess the exchange of resources and dependencies within an organization is social network analysis.

Question 26

________ power is based on identification with a person who has desirable resources or personal traits.

A) Coercive
B) Legitimate
C) Referent
D) Expert
E) Reward

Question 27

How does reward power contribute to sexual harassment?

Question 28

Joanna Mills has recently been promoted to the position of a project manager at Palmer Inc., a software development firm. As a project manager, she now has the authority to delegate work, provide supervision and feedback, and monitor employee performance. Ever since her promotion, she has been preparing herself to guide her subordinates in different project activities. However, she feels that the employees do not proactively approach her for help. Which of the following, if true, would best explain this situation?

A) Joanna has several years of experience in working on software programs.
B) The sole criterion for Joanna's promotion was her effectiveness in meeting individual targets.
C) Employees identify with Joanna because she successfully rose from the position of a programmer to that of a manager.
D) The managers who promoted her believed that her approachable nature would be a key factor in improving team performance.
E) The company follows a 360-degree performance evaluation system.

Question 29

Which of the following power tactics involves increasing the target's support by involving him or her in decision making?

A) legitimacy
B) rational persuasion
C) consultation
D) ingratiation
E) pressure

Question 30

List and discuss the bases of formal power.

Question 31

Levin and Co. is a group of oil refineries that has been in the news recently. The company had to stop production for over two weeks because their key supplier refused to sell them crude oil at the old prices. Even after rounds of negotiations, the supplier refused to give in to the demands of Levin and Co., and finally, the company had to acquire the raw material from the same supplier because alternative suppliers, though abundant, could not provide the quantities the company demanded at such short notice. This shows the role of ________ in increasing the power one enjoys.

A) alternatives
B) dependence
C) abundance
D) substitutability
E) exchange

Question 32

Which of the following power tactics uses warnings and threats and is typically the least effective of all the power tactics?

A) coalitions
B) exchange
C) pressure
D) rational persuasion
E) consultation

Question 33

Mike Ford is a senior accountant at Coleman and Co., which is a financial management company. Mike has wanted to be on the board of representatives of his company for a long time, but the company stipulates a minimum number of years an employee must work at the organization before he or she makes it to the board. Mike is unwilling to work two more years to reach that stipulated experience and so he found a way to transgress this rule. He met up with one of the existing board members who was having problems accounting for allocated funds that went missing and offered to settle that for him in his department provided he nominate Mike to the board. Which of the following power tactics is being used here?

A) ingratiation
B) legitimacy
C) inspirational appeals
D) pressure
E) exchange

Question 34

The power tactic of using flattery and creating goodwill before making a request is known as ________.

A) ingratiation
B) consultation
C) inspirational appeal
D) motivational appeal
E) affective appeal

Question 35

Carl believes that he is lucky to be working under a manager like Mr. Parker-conscientious, flexible and easy to work with. It was Mr. Parker who helped Carl learn the demands of the job, gave him opportunities to learn from the mistakes he made, and always provided sound advice. Mr. Parker, who has been in the field for over eighteen years, never made Carl feel like a novice and this only increased Carl's personal confidence in his work and his loyalty toward his manager. Carl, who is now doing very well on the job, aims to be a manager like Mr. Parker. From this scenario, which of the following conclusions can be drawn?

A) Mr. Parker is an authoritarian manager.
B) Carl has a low degree of trust propensity.
C) Mr. Parker has a high degree of referent power.
D) Mr. Parker engages in a lot of ingratiation.
E) Mr. Parker exercises a high degree of coercive power.

Question 36

Dependence would be low when ________.

A) the goods have very few suppliers
B) the goods have low accessibility
C) the goods in question are scarce
D) the products are important
E) the goods have substitutes

Question 37

Rational persuasion is a power tactic that involves the use of ________.

A) formal authority
B) logical arguments and factual evidence
C) emotions to target the values, needs, and hopes of the other party
D) benefits or favors in exchange for following a request
E) warnings, repeated demands, and threats

Question 38

Which of the following power tactics is more effective when the audience is highly interested in the outcomes of a decision process?

A) ingratiation
B) consultation
C) personal appeals
D) exchange
E) pressure

Question 39

Which of the following is true with regard to bases of power?

A) Coercive power involves an identification with and imitation of the person in power.
B) Legitimate power is used by companies when they hire celebrities to promote their products.
C) Expert and referent power are the two major types of formal power.
D) The personal sources of power are most effective for increasing employee performance and satisfaction.
E) Reward power is the most common and broad type of power seen in operation in organizations.

Question 40

Expert power is based on identification with a person who has desirable resources or personal traits.

Question 41

Which of the following power tactics would be considered a hard tactic?

A) rational persuasion
B) inspirational appeals
C) personal appeals
D) coalition
E) consultation

Question 42

When the audience does not care about the outcomes, using a combination of ________ can help lessen negative reactions to the feeling that one is dictating outcomes.

A) ingratiation and personal appeals
B) pressure and exchange
C) legitimacy and ingratiation
D) exchange and rational persuasion
E) inspirational appeals and consultation

Question 43

People from collectivistic countries tend to see power in personalized terms and as a legitimate means of advancing their personal ends, while those in individualistic countries see power in social terms and as a legitimate means of helping others.

Question 44

Which of the following power tactics would be considered a soft tactic?

A) rational persuasion
B) exchange
C) coalition
D) politicking
E) pressure

Question 45

A woman is most likely to experience sexual harassment as ________.

A) a sales woman at a luxury car dealership
B) a teacher in an elementary school
C) a waitress at a sports bar
D) a professor at a small liberal arts college
E) a DJ at a hip radio station

Question 46

Dale Fisher is the manager of one branch of a retail chain. He often speaks with his customer service attendants about the value they bring to the company and encourages them to continue doing so. He knows that this approach of enhancing the worth of these executives and shaping their aspirations to do well is a more effective approach than using warnings and ultimatums. Dale is using the power tactic of an inspirational appeal here.

Question 47

Which of the following power tactics can be used most effectively for exerting lateral influence?

A) legitimacy
B) inspirational appeal
C) coalition
D) ingratiation
E) pressure

Question 48

Sexual harassment ________.

A) is proportionally prevalent for women across all types of jobs
B) is virtually non-existent for men
C) is increasing according to the EEOC
D) is more prevalent in male-dominated societies
E) is less likely to occur where there are large power differentials

Question 49

Connie Cole works as a junior market analyst at SPS Services. Her previous manager retired a couple of months back, and she now has a younger male manager who repeatedly insists that she accompany him for a coffee or dinner after work. Initially, Connie was unsuspecting and refused because she did not have the time for such engagements during weekdays. Later, when her manager's requests became frequent, she grew uncomfortable and firmly told him that she was not interested in him and his attempts were not welcome. She realized that this step could backfire because, as her superior, he has complete control over her appraisals, bonuses, and promotions. Her manager even told her that if she does not agree, he will "find other ways." Connie's experiences are best described as ________.

A) whistle-blowing
B) scapegoating
C) domestic abuse
D) sexual harassment
E) ambient abuse

Question 50

Discuss the effectiveness of various influence tactics.

Question 51

Explain expert power with reference to the dimensions of importance, scarcity, and nonsubstitutability.

Question 52

Discuss how power affects people and consider whether power is corruptive.

Question 53

Differentiate between rational persuasion and inspirational appeals in terms of their operation and direction of influence.

Question 54

For a person to be recognized as having a high degree of political skill, he or she must have the ________.

A) ability to recognize that power in an organization does not translate into success
B) ability to submit to the demands made by others at all times
C) ability to influence others to enhance their own objectives
D) ability to respect and consider the needs of others first
E) ability to make sacrifices for the betterment of others

Question 55

________ is the only tactic effective across organizational levels.

A) Legitimacy
B) Inspirational appeal
C) Rational persuasion
D) Ingratiation
E) Pressure

Question 56

What power tactics can employees use to translate their power bases into specific actions and how does each one work?

Question 57

You're less likely to be effective if you begin with "softer tactics" that reply on personal power such as personal and inspirational appeals, rational persuasion, and consultation.

Question 58

Which of the following statements is true?

A) The impact of sexual harassment is individual, not organizational.
B) The definition of sexual harassment changes from country to country.
C) Today, the rise of overt forms of sexual harassment presents a major concern for organizations.
D) Women in positions of power in an organization are free from sexual harassment by male subordinates.
E) Curtailing sexual harassment requires higher-order intervention programs as managers cannot be expected to help in this regard.

Question 59

Which of the following factors can lead to greater probability of sexual harassment at the workplace?

A) an active sexual harassment policy
B) large power differentials
C) a no-retaliation policy for victims seeking justice
D) awareness regarding sexual harassment
E) larger percentage of women in positions of power

Question 60

Which of the following statements is true with regard to the effectiveness of tactics?

A) Soft tactics are less effective than hard tactics when used individually.
B) The combination of a soft tactic with reasonable persuasion is more effective than a combination of two hard tactics.
C) All tactics are equally effective with regard to upward influence.
D) Individuals from collectivist cultures are typically more likely to use soft tactics that reflect personal power.
E) Individuals from individualistic cultures are typically more likely to use coalition and other hard power tactics.

Question 61

Reactive and protective behaviors designed to avoid action, blame, or change are termed ________.

A) repressive behaviors
B) defensive behaviors
C) submissive behaviors
D) impression management behaviors
E) proactive behaviors

Question 62

Whistle-blowing is not considered to be a political behavior.

Question 63

Define sexual harassment and identify ways managers can protect themselves and their employees from it.

Question 64

Which of the following defensive behaviors involves rigorously documenting activity to project an image of competence and thoroughness?

A) bluffing
B) justifying
C) scapegoating
D) stretching
E) overconforming

Question 65

Limited resources are one of the major reasons for the development of organizational politics.

Question 66

________ occurs when people within organizations use whatever influence they can to taint the facts to support their goals and interests.

A) Legitimate political behavior
B) Politicking
C) Illegitimate political behavior
D) Sabotage
E) Whistle-blowing

Question 67

Placing the blame for a negative outcome on external factors that are not entirely blameworthy is known as ________.

A) scapegoating
B) buffing
C) stalling
D) justifying
E) overconforming

Question 68

Daphne is one of the three project managers at Virgo Inc., an art and design studio. Raymond and Gabriel, the other two project managers, are unhappy working with Daphne as she always selects projects that suit her area of expertise and avoids projects which require more ambiguous work, have tight deadlines, and represent a low probability of success. Raymond and Gabriel feel that they deserve greater credit than Daphne for being open and accepting different work demands and situations, as opposed to Daphne, who always takes a conservative and risk-averse approach. Daphne is using the defensive behavior of ________ here.

A) scapegoating
B) ingratiating
C) stalling
D) retaliating
E) playing safe

Question 69

Will Cears works at Mesner Corp. as a middle-level manager. Will recognizes that his firm is plagued by organizational politics. Since he is not good at playing games, he frequently engages in defensive behaviors in order to protect himself and his interests. Will is frustrated because he believes that he has little control over his environment and his environment is uncomfortable to him. He has had some success at establishing a sense of control for himself by appearing to be cooperative and supportive to his colleagues. However, he continues to hold his reservations against politicking and does not engage in it. This is an example of ________ in order to avoid action, blame, or change.

A) buffing
B) buck passing
C) scapegoating
D) misrepresenting
E) stalling

Question 70

Which of the following defensive behaviors involves developing explanations that lessen one's responsibility for a negative outcome and apologizing to demonstrate remorse?

A) scapegoating
B) misrepresenting
C) justifying
D) overconforming
E) stretching

Question 71

Tina Simmons worked as a welder at a shipyard company where she was forced to encounter nude and partially nude pictures posted by her male co-workers in common areas. The men also referred to her using obscene nicknames and made offensive remarks concerning her body. When Tina complained, her supervisor took no corrective action despite having an active sexual harassment policy approved by the EEOC. Tina wished to file a discrimination suit but instead she chose to endure the harassment as she could not risk losing her job. Which of the following, if true, would have strengthened her resolve to file a discrimination suit?

A) The colleagues who sexually harassed Tina shared a great rapport with her supervisor.
B) Tina had heard of only one prior instance wherein an employee in the company had filed a discrimination suit.
C) Tina shared a strained working relationship with her supervisor.
D) The company policy prescribed that Tina would face no backlash if she approached the EEOC.
E) Tina had few female colleagues at the shipyard where she worked.

Question 72

Buck passing is seen when an employee ________.

A) avoids an unwanted task by falsely pleading ignorance or inability
B) prolongs a task to give the appearance of being occupied
C) documents his or her activity rigorously to project an image of competence and thoroughness
D) develops explanations that lessen his or her responsibility for a negative outcome
E) transfers responsibility for the execution of a task or decision to someone else

Question 73

To limit sexual harassment in the workplace, managers should strive to ________.

A) recognize that sexual harassment occurs in most work environments
B) instantly terminate anyone accused of sexual harassment
C) provide general guidelines about sexual harassment, but avoid detailed explanations
D) reassure employees that they will not encounter retaliation if they file a complaint
E) investigate only the most serious complaints

Question 74

Which of the following factors contributes to political behavior in the organization?

A) presence of pure and objective facts
B) existence of uniform goals and interests among all employees
C) provision of clear and objective performance outcomes
D) presence of limited resources in the organization
E) perception that gains of one group are not at the expense of the loss incurred by another group

Question 75

Political behaviors usually ________.

A) lie outside of an individual's specified job requirements
B) are counterproductive to individual goals
C) are seen only in large organizations
D) are sanctioned by organizational leaders
E) are expected as part of each job requirement

Question 76

Define political behavior and explain its features.

Question 77

Timothy Jenkins spent six years at Hartford Mills, a company that takes a strong stand against unionization. Though Timothy's designation was that of a production supervisor, as the company grew, he also took on additional duties like keeping a check on employee safety, ensuring that legal measures are followed, and implementing programs for labor welfare that the company planned. Many believed that Timothy was doing a great job for the company, and so it came as a surprise when Timothy was rumored to face severe disciplinary action, as he was encouraging the workers to join a union. However, he was let off with a mere warning. Which of the following, if true, would explain this paradox?

A) The management had recently instituted a formal employee welfare committee.
B) Timothy stressed the fact that he was a meticulous worker who always adhered to company policies.
C) The management had recently moved from an open shop mechanism to a closed shop mechanism.
D) Timothy claimed that he was only looking to ensure greater employee welfare, which was one of the duties the company had assigned to him.
E) Timothy complained that allowing unionization would hurt employees' work/home balance.

Question 78

Which of the following is true of political behavior in an organization?

A) Political behavior is usually unethical.
B) Using political behavior is not necessary in most organizations.
C) Most experienced managers believe political behavior is a major part of organizational life.
D) Effective managers have been trained to use political behavior.
E) Political behavior is necessary for ensuring role clarity in an organization.

Question 79

Timothy Jenkins had been working for six years at Hartford Mills, a company that takes a strong stand against unionization. Though Timothy's designation was that of a production supervisor, as the company grew, he also took on additional duties like keeping a check on employee safety, ensuring that legal measures are followed, and implementing programs for labor welfare that the company planned. Many believed that Timothy was doing a great job for the company, and so it came as a surprise when Timothy was rumored to face severe disciplinary action, as he was encouraging the workers to join a union. However, he was let off with a mere warning. Timothy argued that he was only doing his job-a job in which he had responsibility for improving the welfare of employees. Which of the following, if true, would help Hartford Mills avoid such situations in the future?

A) ensuring the provision of a retaliatory policy for employees who go against the company
B) holding town hall meetings to explain to employees why Timothy was suspected
C) enlisting the support of popular employees like Timothy to discharge the employee welfare duties
D) engaging in collective bargaining as it is the only way to motivate employees to work efficiently
E) specifying the permissible and prohibited aspects of an employee's formal role in the organization

Question 80

Which of the following is a defensive behavior that is used to avoid change?

A) stalling
B) scapegoating
C) misrepresenting
D) stretching
E) preventing