Deck 10: B: Within-Subjects Designs: Can Watching Reality Tv Shows Be Good for Us

Question 1

In a 2009 study researchers examined the impact of deservingness on schadenfreude and sympathy and found that:

A) participants experienced less schadenfreude,or enjoyment of misfortune of others,from a student with undeserved achievements.
B) participants experienced greater schadenfreude,or enjoyment of misfortune of others,from a student with undeserved achievements.
C) participants experienced greater schadenfreude,or enjoyment of misfortune of others,from a student with deserved achievements.
D) there was no difference among participants' feelings of enjoyment whether the students deserved or did not deserve the noted achievements.

Answer 1

participants experienced greater schadenfreude,or enjoyment of misfortune of others,from a student with undeserved achievements.

Question 2

Dr.Matthis was conducting a lecture on design methodology and was describing what type of data is obtained from the use of behavioral diaries.Behavioral diaries main use is for:

A) self-report data.
B) collateral data.
C) projective assessment.
D) cognitive assessment.

Answer 2

self-report data.

Question 3

Dr.Kilgore was explaining the process of behavioral diaries and he described the method as recording behaviors:

A) from the past.
B) desired for the future.
C) in real-time.
D) that are goals,but not actually completed.

Answer 3

in real-time.

Question 4

The key difference between the use of behavioral diaries and naturalistic observation in research is that:

A) in naturalistic observations the observer is recording their own behavior.
B) in naturalistic observations the observer is recording the target person's behavior.
C) in behavioral diaries the target person is recording the observer's behavior.
D) there is no difference between the methods.

Question 5

_____ is a German word meaning "enjoyment obtained from the troubles of others."

A) Streudelfreude
B) Schadenfreude
C) Nachmittag
D) Gehirntumor

Question 6

In a 2010 study examining mediated voyeurism and the guilty pleasure of consuming reality television researchers found:

A) participants who gained more pleasure from voyeurism preferred watching reality TV compared with those who did gain pleasure from voyeurism.
B) participants who gained less pleasure from voyeurism preferred watching more reality TV.
C) there was no difference among watching reality TV between those who enjoyed voyeurism and those who did not.
D) participants who did not gain pleasure from voyeurism were less likely to socially compare themselves with others.

Question 7

William has been having a great deal of trouble falling asleep and staying asleep.He is currently under the treatment of a sleep doctor.His doctor said he needed more data to determine an appropriate diagnosis and treatment plan.William's doctor would most likely request:

A) a pretest-posttest design.
B) a repeated measures design.
C) the use of a behavioral diary.
D) a quasi-experimental design.

Question 8

There are many methods to control for retrospective bias,but the most preferred method by researchers is to have participants:

A) obtain baseline data.
B) include pretest and posttest measures.
C) keep a behavior diary.
D) avoid dropping out.

Question 9

According to researchers social comparison refers to:

A) comparing yourself with others.
B) differentiating distinctions among others.
C) desire to see what one is not supposed to.
D) a lack of interest in what others are doing.

Question 10

According to researchers voyeurism refers to:

A) comparing yourself with others.
B) an indifference to others.
C) desire to see what one is not supposed to.
D) a lack of interest in what others are doing.

Question 11

Mr.McPiln wants to survey customers on whether they were happy with their customer service experience during last year's holiday season.However,Mr.McPiln is hesitant to do so because it has been a while since the customers had this experience.Mr.McPiln is concerned about:

A) sample bias.
B) retrospective bias.
C) hawthorn effect.
D) attrition.

Question 12

In a 2006 study in which researchers looked at the role of envy in relation to the enjoyment of misfortune of others.Participants completed measures of envy and hostility following reading interviews.The first interview was with a male or female who is either an outstanding or average student and the second interview was with the student's supervisor who had either caught the student stealing or was informing the student that he or she must resubmit poorly written academic work.The results suggested:

A) participants experienced greater enjoyment of the individual's misfortune if the participant's gender matched the interviewee's gender.
B) participants experienced less enjoyment of the individual's misfortune if the participant's gender matched the interviewee's gender.
C) participants experienced less enjoyment of the individual's misfortune if the participant's age matched the interviewee's age.
D) participants experienced less enjoyment of the individual's misfortune if the participant's ethnicity matched the interviewee's ethnicity.

Question 13

In a 2003 study investigating reality-based television programming and its psychological appeal researchers found:

A) that viewers of reality TV were unaware that the cast members' behaviors were not authentic.
B) that viewers gained pleasure from watching reality TV shows because it showed others who were better off than themselves.
C) that viewers did not gain pleasure from watching reality TV shows.
D) that viewers gained pleasure from watching reality TV shows because it showed others who were worse off than themselves.

Question 14

Dr.Foster noted in his lecture yesterday that key words are extremely important in research and literature review.He further elaborated that key words for particular studies can usually be found in the _____ of a research manuscript.

A) appendix
B) discussion
C) results
D) abstract

Question 15

Professor Alvarado is reviewing with students for an upcoming exam.He is testing them on the advantages and disadvantages of various measurement designs.All of the following would be noted as advantages for behavior diaries,EXCEPT:

A) demand characteristics.
B) real-time data collection.
C) concurrent data collection.
D) reduce retrospective bias.

Question 16

In a 2007 exploratory study examining the uses and gratifications of reality TV shows researchers found:

A) that people watch reality TV to pass time.
B) that fictional TV shows are more appealing to people than reality TV shows.
C) that people do not enjoy the novelty aspect of reality TV shows.
D) that people do not enjoy the entertainment aspect of reality TV shows.

Question 17

The process of using behavioral diaries is similar to what other type of research design?

A) participant observation
B) analogue study
C) active deception
D) naturalistic observation

Question 18

In a 2003 study investigating reality-based television programming and its psychological appeal researchers found:

A) that viewers of reality TV were unaware that the cast members' behaviors were not authentic.
B) that viewers of reality TV were aware that the cast members' behaviors were not authentic.
C) that viewers did not gain pleasure from watching reality TV shows.
D) that viewers gained pleasured from watching reality TV shows because it showed others who were better off than themselves.

Question 19

In a 2004 study looking at why people with certain personalities watch reality television researchers found that:

A) those who like reality TV tended to be less status-oriented and placed higher value on vengeance.
B) those who like reality TV tended to be more status-oriented and placed less value on vengeance.
C) those who like reality TV tended to be more status-oriented and placed higher value on vengeance.
D) those who like reality TV tended to be less status-oriented and placed less value on vengeance.

Question 20

In a 2013 study examining the role of deservingness and emotions in relation to schadenfreude,or enjoyment gained from watching others struggle,researchers used vignettes describing college students from the same or different colleges who either deserved or did not deserve their academic success and who were then rejected from an honors program.The results indicated:

A) participants indicated less pleasure at rejection when the student's success was undeserved and the student was from another institution.
B) participants indicated more pleasure at rejection when the student's success was undeserved and the student was from another institution.
C) participants indicated more pleasure at rejection when the student's success was deserved and the student was from another institution.
D) participants indicated more pleasure at rejection when the student's success was deserved and the student was from the same institution as themselves.

Question 21

Dr.Mahoney is interested in collecting initial assessment data from multiple schools in the county and tracking progress on three different academic goals focused on improving academic and social success among youth in the area.Dr.Mahoney's research would best be addressed by using what type of design?

A) pretest-posttest design
B) mixed model design
C) mixed factorial design
D) repeated-measures design

Question 22

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding repeated-measure research designs?

A) Repeated-measure designs are considered within-subjects designs.
B) Repeated-measure designs are considered mixed factorial designs.
C) Repeated-measure designs are considered counterbalanced designs.
D) Repeated-measure designs are considered between-subjects designs.

Question 23

Why is a pretest-posttest design considered a within-subjects design?

A) Participants are measured twice,once at the beginning of the study and once at the end of the study.
B) Participants are repeatedly measured on the dependent variable over time.
C) Participants are measured on the dependent variable after exposure to each level of the independent variable.
D) Fewer research participants are needed for adequate statistical power.

Question 24

Dr.Okete wants to collect baseline data from her sociology students regarding knowledge of local cultures and then assess the students at multiple points throughout the academic year after each academic module has completed.Dr.Okete is conducting a:

A) pretest-posttest design.
B) repeated-measures design.
C) Latin square design.
D) spurious design.

Question 25

Dr.Gustaf is known for his research in romantic partnerships and physical attractiveness.He recently decided to develop a new research study in which he has couples in different stages of their relationships (just met,recently dating,long-term relationship,newly engaged,newly married,married for more than five years,married for more than 10 years)monitor how physically attracted they are to their partner after implementation of different relationship assignments.Dr.Gustaf's research would best be addressed by using what type of design?

A) pretest-posttest design
B) mixed model design
C) mixed factorial design
D) repeated-measures design

Question 26

In addition to being considered a within-subjects design the longitudinal approach is also considered a:

A) between-subjects design.
B) mixed factorial design.
C) repeated-measures design.
D) counterbalanced design.

Question 27

What can be gained from examining pretest and posttest data?

A) determining the impact of the treatment or manipulation on participants
B) determining long-term prognosis
C) determining response in multiple levels of the independent variable and dependent variable
D) testing a between-subjects design

Question 28

Why is a longitudinal design considered a within-subjects design?

A) Participants are measured twice,once at the beginning of the study and once at the end of the study.
B) Participants are repeatedly measured on the dependent variable over time.
C) Participants are measured on the dependent variable after exposure to each level of the independent variable.
D) Fewer research participants are needed for adequate statistical power.

Question 29

Professor Marks is most interested in whether his students' knowledge increased during the progression of his math course.Students took a quiz at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester.Professor Marks used a:

A) longitudinal design.
B) pretest-posttest design.
C) Latin square design.
D) repeated-measures design.

Question 30

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding longitudinal research designs?

A) Longitudinal research designs are considered between-subjects designs.
B) Longitudinal research designs are considered mixed factorial designs.
C) Longitudinal research designs are considered counterbalanced designs.
D) Longitudinal research designs are considered within-subjects designs.

Question 31

Why is a repeated-measures design considered a within-subjects design?

A) Participants are measured twice,once at the beginning of the study and once at the end of the study.
B) Participants are repeatedly measured on the dependent variable over time.
C) Participants are measured on the dependent variable after exposure to each level of the independent variable.
D) Fewer research participants are needed for adequate statistical power.

Question 32

Dr.Ulku is developing a new study and submitting a grant to help fund the implementation of that study.She is going to take baseline measurements at the initial assessment and will be measuring responses before and after exposure to a bright UV light and images of natural disasters.Dr.Ulku is using what design?

A) Latin square design
B) longitudinal design
C) repeated measure design
D) pretest-posttest design

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using a within-subjects design over a between-subjects design?

A) statistical power
B) fewer participants
C) compares two or more stimuli
D) maturation

Question 34

Mr.McGrew needs to conduct an initial assessment on all of his soccer players to see if they are in shape after a summer of no practices.Mr.McGrew is conducting a:

A) longitudinal design.
B) case study.
C) behavioral diary.
D) baseline measurement.

Question 35

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding pretest-posttest research designs?

A) Pretest-posttest research designs are considered between-subjects designs.
B) Pretest-posttest research designs are considered mixed factorial designs.
C) Pretest-posttest research designs are considered counterbalanced designs.
D) Pretest-posttest research designs are considered within-subjects designs.

Question 36

Dr.Pierre just completed an innovative study examining mood reactions before and after exposure to watching videos of childbirth for both humans and animals.Dr.Pierre collected baseline measurement data on the mood of each participant prior to implementation of videos.Dr.Pierre is using what design?

A) nested design
B) pretest-posttest design
C) repeated measure design
D) longitudinal design

Question 37

Mrs.Klein is having her social studies students assessed at multiple points throughout the academic year,after each academic module has completed.However,she does not need a baseline measurement.Mrs.Klein is conducting a:

A) pretest-posttest design.
B) repeated-measures design.
C) Latin square design.
D) spurious design.

Question 38

Dr.Yee is interested in studying how students respond to continued negative feedback after they submit each assignment,quiz,and exam.Dr.Yee is interested in conducting a study using what type of design?

A) pretest-posttest design
B) repeated-measures design
C) mixed factorial design
D) counterbalance design

Question 39

In within-subjects designs _____ participants are measured at different times and in different conditions.

A) the same
B) different
C) more
D) no

Question 40

Rosio needs to complete an initial assessment survey at her new doctor's office.The doctor is likely to use this data as a:

A) posttest measurement.
B) baseline measurement.
C) manipulation check.
D) testing effect.

Question 41

Faustino is examining the allergy effects of different brands of men's cologne.He has collected 40 people for each of the cologne conditions and has approximately 300 participants among the conditions.Faustino has set up his study to use a:

A) within-subjects design.
B) between-subjects design.
C) mixed factorial design.
D) correlational design.

Question 42

Which of the following is a possible solution to a threat of internal validity?

A) decrease time between different conditions
B) not using distractor items
C) change instrumentation in the middle of the study
D) use a comparison group not exposed to the treatment

Question 43

Which of the following is an advantage of within-subjects designs?

A) there are no testing effects
B) mortality does not occur
C) individual differences remain constant across comparison groups
D) maturation cannot occur

Question 44

Unlike pretest-posttest designs,repeated-measures designs do NOT include a:

A) case study.
B) sensitization effect.
C) baseline measurement.
D) instrumentation.

Question 45

Mr.Lim has been struggling with the onset of early dementia.He is having a very hard time remembering his address,his grandchildren's names,and his daily routine.Mr.Lim was accepted into a clinical trial for a new drug to test its effectiveness compared with other medications on the market in slowing down the symptoms of dementia.Mr.Lim,without his knowledge,was placed in the placebo group and many of the other participants were randomly selected for placement in five different medication groups.Mr.Lim was initially assessed;he was given a sugar pill for the next 6 months with periodic neurocognitive assessments to monitor any change.Mr.Lim was part of what type of research design?

A) mixed factorial design
B) between-subjects design
C) within-subjects design
D) quasi-experimental design

Question 46

Dr.Nolan conducted an attention task study on Monday,Wednesday,and Friday this week.The same participants attended each of the study workshops.During the Wednesday workshop the fire alarm was set off and all occupants had to vacate the building for 30 minutes.What should Dr.Nolan be most concerned with?

A) testing effects
B) order effects
C) history
D) attrition

Question 47

Mr.Lim has been struggling with the onset of early dementia.He is having a very hard time remembering his address,his grandchildren's names,and his daily routine.Mr.Lim was accepted into a clinical trial for a new drug to test its effectiveness compared with other medications on the market in slowing down the symptoms of dementia.Mr.Lim would transition to each medication group every 3 months.In each group Mr.Lim was initially assessed with periodic neurocognitive assessments to monitor any change.Mr.Lim was part of what type of research design?

A) mixed factorial design
B) between-subjects design
C) within-subjects design
D) quasi-experimental design

Question 48

In a _____ participants are repeatedly measured on the dependent variable over time.

A) Latin square design
B) repeated-measures design
C) longitudinal design
D) pretest-posttest design

Question 49

Which of the following is an advantage of within-subjects designs?

A) fewer research participants needed
B) attrition cannot occur
C) there are no testing effects
D) instrumentation is not necessary

Question 50

Randall is interested in using his psychology classmates to test various brand name and off-brand cereals for his marketing class.He has approximately 75 people in his class.What type of design is he using?

A) within-subjects design
B) between-subjects design
C) mixed factorial design
D) correlational design

Question 51

Dr.Hasimoto lectured on the differences between within-subjects designs and between-subjects designs and noted that a within-subjects design enhances the power of studies because:

A) it increases individual differences between conditions.
B) random assignment is used.
C) of attrition throughout the study.
D) it reduces issues with individual differences between conditions.

Question 52

Unlike the between-subjects design,within-subjects designs use:

A) the same measures.
B) the same participants.
C) different participants.
D) multiple levels of the independent variable.

Question 53

Faustino is examining the allergy effects of different brands of men's cologne.He has collected 40 people for each of the cologne conditions and has approximately 300 participants among the conditions.However,Faustino's research question can only truly be tested if he uses the same participants in all conditions,otherwise he will not have standardized the various allergy conditions and it will be difficult to draw conclusions regarding the cologne's likeliness to cause an allergic reaction.Faustino may want to consider re-designing his study to use a:

A) within-subjects design.
B) between-subjects design.
C) mixed factorial design.
D) correlational design.

Question 54

In between-subjects designs _____ participants are measured at different times and in different conditions.

A) the same
B) different
C) more
D) no

Question 55

Eun Lee is currently the educator for the special education classroom in a local elementary school.She has recently been awarded a grant to test the efficacy of using a computer software program to increase the students' verbalizations and reading comprehension.Eun Lee decides to include an initial assessment and monitor the students after each module is completed on the computer program.Eun Lee is using a:

A) mixed factorial design.
B) between-subjects design.
C) within-subjects design.
D) correlational design.

Question 56

Dr.Ito wanted to use a between-subjects design for examining food preferences for males only.He has four different conditions.How many participants would Dr.Ito need?

A) 45 participants total
B) 120 male participants total
C) 120 males and 120 females total
D) 10 participants in each condition

Question 57

Dr.Rappaport is studying short-term memory and attention in relation to a simple and repetitive cognitive task.However,starting in the fifth hour of the 10-hour study he noticed the participants start to yawn and take coffee breaks.Not only were the participants fatigued,but they also were jumpy due to the increased caffeine intake.What should Dr.Rappaport be concerned with?

A) testing effects and maturation
B) order effects and testing effects
C) history and maturation
D) attrition and history

Question 58

Unlike within-subjects designs,between-subjects designs use:

A) the same measures.
B) the same participants.
C) different measures.
D) different participants.

Question 59

If Dr.Tolam wanted to use a within-subjects design for examining computer literacy with various programs,how many participants would Dr.Tolam need?

A) 45 participants total
B) 45 participants in each group
C) 35 participants in each group
D) 45 participants to start,but more participants as the study continues

Question 60

Individual differences are handled in between-subject designs by using:

A) systematic error.
B) the same participants.
C) random assignment.
D) the same measures.

Question 61

Dr.Nova had all participants transition among experimental conditions in the same order.All participants were exposed to the shock condition,followed by the video condition,followed by the ice-cold bath condition.Dr.Nova is concerned that the responses may have more to do with the sequence of conditions rather than the participants' actual responses.This is an example of:

A) maturation.
B) practice effects.
C) order effects.
D) history.

Question 62

What would be the most likely threat to internal validity for adult's anxiety and depression scores during the decade of 1929-1939,known for the stock market crash?

A) testing effect
B) instrumentation
C) sensitization effect
D) history

Question 63

Dr.Williams had participants complete a demographic form first,then a mood form,then a behavioral activity form,and then the relationship satisfaction form,followed by an interview.Dr.Williams noticed that participants did not complete all of the later measures.This could be the result of:

A) order effects.
B) practice effects.
C) maturation.
D) history.

Question 64

Which of the following best addresses the nature of the threat to internal validity that is caused by attrition?

A) changes in how variable is measured during the course of the study
B) the differential dropping out of the participants from a study
C) an unexpected or unrelated event occurring during the study that could influence responses
D) physiological changes occurring in participants during the course of the study

Question 65

Dr.Pullman had an overwhelming number of freshmen sign up for his study once he offered extra credit.He was asking students to be hooked up to an EEG machine as well as to experience a low-voltage shock when they answered questions incorrectly.The participants had to return to the lab on three occasions in order to gain enough data to answer Dr.Pullman's hypotheses.After the first full round of participation,Dr.Pullman was told by the administration that he could not offer extra credit for participation in his experiment,so he had to remove the offer of extra credit.What should Dr.Pullman be concerned with?

A) testing effects and maturation
B) mortality
C) maturation
D) history

Question 66

Which of the following best addresses the nature of the threat to internal validity that is caused by instrumentation?

A) changes in how variable is measured during the course of the study
B) the differential dropping out of the participants from a study
C) an unexpected or unrelated event occurring during the study that could influence responses
D) physiological changes occurring in participants during the course of the study

Question 67

Forty 9-year-olds were studied for 3 years and their attention to tasks and reading comprehension were assessed every month.The researchers implemented an academic program and detail-to-task program for each child over the course of the 3 years.The researchers published a paper noting that there were tremendous increases in attention to detail and reading comprehension from when the child was 9 years old to when the child was 12 years old.Researchers need to be careful claiming credit for this change because _____ may also account for the change.

A) testing effect
B) instrumentation
C) attrition
D) maturation

Question 68

Families signed up to have their child be a part of a new social skills group starting at the local community building.These families all have a child with an autism spectrum disorder and that child has difficulty initiating and maintaining social interaction with peers.The families are told by the clinician that the program is 6 weeks long and has helped many children improve their social skills.The group meets four times a week for 2-hour sessions.After the first week some of the families did not see improvement and the families got together to discuss whether this program was worth the effort and time.What should the program developers be more concerned with?

A) maturation
B) mortality
C) history
D) testing effects

Question 69

In the "bug-killing paradigm" researchers found that:

A) participants were less likely to kill the bugs after they had killed one.
B) participants were more likely to kill the bugs after they had killed one.
C) participants were less likely to kill the bug when they were told they had to use a grinder.
D) participants were more likely to plea to save the bugs after being told to kill one.

Question 70

Asperger's syndrome is no longer considered a disorder in the current DSM-5,which health care professionals use to diagnose psychological disorders.Many clinicians had trouble conceptualizing this change and changed the measurement practices multiple times within the course of the year to assess their patients.It is now very difficult for the clinicians to compare the data from the year because of:

A) testing effect.
B) instrumentation.
C) attrition.
D) sensitization effect.

Question 71

A current issue in the mental health community is the change from DSM-IV to DSM-5 in 2013.As a result,many diagnoses and questionnaires are not applicable any longer.Many studies that were ongoing had to change their diagnostic labels as well as the way they were measuring constructs among participants.This is an example of:

A) instrumentation.
B) testing effect.
C) attrition.
D) sensitization effect.

Question 72

Which of the following best addresses the nature of the threat to internal validity that is caused by testing effects?

A) participants' scores changing on subsequent measurements simply because of their increased familiarity
B) the differential dropping out of the participants from a study
C) an unexpected or unrelated event occurring during the study that could influence responses
D) physiological changes occurring in participants during the course of the study

Question 73

Dr.Croft studies the relation between political affiliations,personality traits,educational attainment,and financial wealth.She recruited participants in the local area between the ages of 25 years and 55 years.During Dr.Croft's study the United States economy crashed and the dollar lost most of its value.This was a huge economic change for the entire country.What should Dr.Croft be most concerned with when reviewing her data prior to the crash and after the economic crash?

A) testing effects and maturation
B) mortality
C) maturation
D) history

Question 74

What would be the most likely threat to internal validity for children's depression scores on June 6,1944,also known as D-Day?

A) testing effect
B) instrumentation
C) history
D) sensitization effect

Question 75

What type of scale was used for the schadenfreude scale used in the study described throughout the chapter?

A) a ranking scale
B) a visual analogue scale
C) an analogue scale
D) a scale from 1 to 5

Question 76

Which of the following best addresses the nature of the threat to internal validity that is caused by maturation?

A) changes in how variable is measured during the course of the study
B) the differential dropping out of the participants from a study
C) an unexpected or unrelated event occurring during the study that could influence responses
D) physiological changes occurring in participants during the course of the study

Question 77

A seventh-grade world cultures class visited New York City on September 11,2000,and then completed a survey regarding their mood,interest in the city,and cultural differences between the United States and the Middle East.The next year the following seventh grade class visited New York City on September 11,2001.The students were present during the September 11^th attacks and witnessed all of the chaos and terror in the city.When the students safely made it back to school they were asked to complete the same surveys that the students last year did.When considering the data from the current seventh-grade class what should the teacher be most concerned with?

A) maturation
B) mortality
C) history
D) testing effects

Question 78

Forty 9-year-olds were read the same book by their parents every night for one month.The 9-year-olds were tested about the book after the first reading,and then every week thereafter.They were asked to name characters and describe different parts of the books,as well as read passages of the book for themselves.The researchers saw drastic improvement in their skills with this particular book so the performed the same experiment again,but this time they changed the book after a week and asked the same questions.They did not see the same type of improvement as in the initial study.What was the most likely occurring during the initial study?

A) testing effect
B) instrumentation
C) attrition
D) history

Question 79

Which of the following best addresses the nature of the threat to internal validity that is caused by history?

A) changes in how variable is measured during the course of the study
B) the differential dropping out of the participants from a study
C) an unexpected or unrelated event occurring during the study that could influence responses
D) physiological changes occurring in participants during the course of the study

Question 80

The Rosenberg self-esteem scale was used in the research study described in the chapter.The scale used 0 to 3 to range from strongly disagree to strongly agree.Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the scoring of the Rosenberg self-esteem scale?

A) the reverse scoring made it so that a true score was unable to be calculated
B) the lower the score,the higher the self-esteem
C) the higher the score,the higher the self-esteem
D) the higher the score,the lower the self-esteem